The Truth about Trade: The Real Impact of Liberalization

About the author
......Page 2
Boxes
......Page 6
Box 3.1 The Doha agenda......Page 37
Box 4.1 The evolution of Korea’s development  strategy......Page 63
Box 5.1 Agriculture and forestry in Brazil......Page 77
Box 6.1 Public sector initiatives in water supply and sanitation......Page 93
Box 6.2 Liberalization of distribution services in Brazil, Kenya and Malaysia......Page 97
Box 8.1 Perceived technical barriers to trade for importing into the EU......Page 114
Preface......Page 8
Note
......Page 11
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 14
Part one | Agendas......Page 16
Introduction......Page 17
The battle in Seattle......Page 18
Sustainable development......Page 20
Trade liberalization......Page 22
Trade, environment and poverty......Page 24
A question for the Trade Commissioner......Page 26
The negotiation process......Page 28
The role of sustainability impact assessment......Page 30
Impact assessment......Page 33
Decision-based evidence-making......Page 35
The SIA methodology......Page 36
Assessing the impacts......Page 39
Interpreting the evidence......Page 41
Part two | Impacts......Page 44
Introduction......Page 45
Trade in manufactured goods......Page 46
Traditional economic gains from liberalizing trade in manufactures......Page 47
Loss of government revenues......Page 50
Production effects......Page 51
Employment......Page 53
Wage levels, working conditions and gender effects......Page 55
Environmental impacts......Page 57
Dynamic effects......Page 59
Overall impact on sustainable development......Page 64
Trade in agricultural products......Page 66
Traditional economic gains from liberalizing agricultural trade......Page 67
Prices and production......Page 68
Food security......Page 70
Energy security and biofuels......Page 71
Employment, incomes and working conditions......Page 72
Environmental impacts......Page 75
Dynamic effects......Page 79
Overall impact on sustainable development......Page 81
Trade in services......Page 83
Services negotiations......Page 85
Varieties of service industry......Page 86
Financial services......Page 88
Environmental services......Page 91
Transport services......Page 95
Overall impact on sustainable development......Page 99
Intellectual property......Page 101
TRIPs and public health......Page 104
Geographical product names......Page 105
TRIPs and industrial development......Page 106
TRIPs and biological diversity......Page 107
Overall impact on sustainable development......Page 110
Trade facilitation......Page 112
Government procurement......Page 115
Competition......Page 117
Investment......Page 120
Overall impact on sustainable development......Page 122
WTO rules......Page 123
Dispute settlement......Page 125
Subsidies, countervailing measures and anti-dumping......Page 126
Special and differential treatment......Page 128
Regional trade agreements......Page 130
Trade and environment......Page 132
The missing element......Page 134
Part three | Responses......Page 138
Introduction......Page 139
A selection of answers......Page 140
Indirect influences......Page 142
Aid for trade......Page 144
11 | Rewriting the rules......Page 148
The global interest and the national interest......Page 149
A new kind of agreement......Page 151
The single undertaking......Page 152
Trade in manufactured goods......Page 154
Agricultural trade......Page 156
Services trade......Page 158
The Singapore issues and intellectual property......Page 159
Beyond Rio and Bretton Woods......Page 160
The impacts......Page 163
A new beginning......Page 165
Notes......Page 169
Bibliography......Page 172
Index......Page 187