The Textile Revolution in Bronze Age Europe: Production, Specialisation, Consumption

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Preface and Acknowledgements
One Textile Production and Specialisation in Bronze Age Europe
	Introduction
	Bronze Age Textile Production
		Textile Tools
		Textile Fragments
		Mobility, Sheep, Wool and Textiles
		Textiles, Ancient DNA and Protein Residues
		Wrapping Up
	Concluding Remarks
	Note
	References
Two The Wool Zone in Prehistory and Protohistory
	Introduction
	Surveying 8,700 Textile Tools
	Testing Bronze Age Textile Tools
	Analysing Bronze Age Textile Tools
	Invisible or Absent Textile Tools in the Bronze Age
	Textile Time
	Further Reflections on Textile Tools
	Invisible Textile Production: Identifying Gaps in Knowledge
	The Appearance of Wool: When, Where, Why and How to Find it?
	Discussion and Perspectives on the Impact of Wool
	Is Wool Connected to the Warp-Weighted Loom or to Certain Weaves?
	Note
	References
Three Weaving in Bronze Age Italy: the Case of the Terramare settlement at Montale
	Terramare and Textile Production in the Po Plain
	Ancient Textiles and Community of Practice
	Montale and the Local Evidence for Textile Production
		Archaeozoological Evidence for Wool Production
		Archaeobotanical Evidence for Vegetable Fibres
	The Taxonomical Analyses of Montale Loom Weights
		Cylindrical Loom Weights
		Bun-shaped Loom Weights
		Ring-shaped Loom Weights
		Bell-shaped Loom Weights
		Truncated Pyramidal Loom Weights
		Montale Loom Weights: Summing Up
	Bronze Age Weaving at Montale and in the Po Plain: Comparative Evidence
		Montale Phase IIC Loom Weights
		The Middle Bronze Age 2 Looms from Poviglio’s ‘Small Village’
		The Middle Bronze Age 3 Loom Weights from Mulino Giarella
		The Recent Bronze Age 1 Loom Weights from Beneceto
		The Recent Bronze Age 2 Loom Weights from Poviglio
		Recent Bronze Age 2 Loom Weights from Custoza and Beneceto
		Comparative Evidence: Summing Up
	Weaving and Communities of Practice at Montale and in the Po Plain
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Appendix 3.1 Montale’s Loom Weights
	Notes
	References
Four Loom Weights in Bronze Age Central Europe
	Introduction
		Selection of Material
	Research History
	Types of Loom Weights (Shape)
		Shapes of Loom Weights
	Chronology of Loom Weights
	Distribution of Loom Weights
	Contexts of Loom Weights
		Supra-regional
	The Context of Loom Weights on Sites
	Source Criticism
	Summary
	Acknowledgements
	Appendix 4.1. Classification of the Loom Weights
		1 Cylindrical-shaped Weights
		2 Pyramidal-shaped Weights
		3 Spherical-shaped Weights
		4 Ring-shaped Weights
		5 Triangular Weights
		6 Disc-shaped Weights
		7 Others
	Appendix 4.2. Loom Weights on Site: Case Studies
		Kastanas: Bronze Age Tell Settlement in Greece
		Biskupin: Iron Age Fortified Settlement in Poland
		Zug-Sumpf: Late Bronze Age Pile-Dwelling in Switzerland
		Bundesstraße B6n, Quedlinburg: Route Excavation with Sites from Various Periods in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
		Stillfried an der March: Iron Age Fortified Settlement in Austria
		Győr-Ménfőcsanak: Early Iron Age Settlement in Hungary
	Notes
	References
Five Textiles Remains in Polish Iron Age BI-RITUAL Cemeteries
	Introduction
	Archaeological Evidence
		Lasowice Male, Olesno District, Opole Voivodeship (Klein Lassowitz, Kr. Losenberg)
		Labedy-Przyszówka, Gliwice District, Silesian Voivodeship, Site 4 (Woldenau, Kr. Gleiwitz)
		Swibie, Gliwice District, Silesian Voivodeship (Schwieben, Kr. Gleiwitz)
		Pawelki, Lubliniec District, Silesian Voivodeship, Site 7
		Opatów, Klobuck District, Silesian Voivodshop, Site 1
	Textile Finds and their Function
		Headwear
		Shrouds, Headscarves or Clothing
		Plaited Braids and Strips as Elements of Clothing
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Six To Let Textiles Talk: Fibre Identification and Technological Analyses of Prehistoric Textiles from Denmark
	Introduction
	Seeing Prehistoric Textiles
	Fibre Identification
		Fibre Preservation and Environment
		Fibre Fineness Analysis
	Parameters for the Analysis of Spinning
	Identifying Colours, Fibre Patterns and Dyeing
	Parameters for the Analyses of Weaving
	Investigating Sewing
	Conclusion
	References
Seven The Challenge of Textiles in Early Bronze Age Burials: Fragments of Magnificence
	Introduction
	The Lost Textile of Mold, Flintshire
	Textiles: Recent Finds and Legacy Data
	Glimpsing Textiles: Parts of the Whole
	What Kind of Textiles were Put in Burials in Britain 2000–1600 bc?
	Textiles, the Preparation and Presentation of the Body and its Objects
		Inhumation
		Cremation
	Fragments of Magnificence: Textiles and Visual Appeal
	Networks, Gender and Social Relationships
	Conclusion: Fragments of Magnificence
	Acknowledgements
	Appendix 7.1. Early Bronze Age Inhumations and Cremation in England, Wales and Scotland with Textile Evidence and other Sites Mentioned in the Text
	References
Eight Textile Ceramics as a Complement to Textile Research
	Introduction
	The Bruszczewo Site, Koscian District, Greater Poland
	The Archaeological Material
		Textile Tools in Bruszczewo
		The Textile Ceramics
	Methods
	Results
		Imprints of Textiles
		Placement of the Imprints
			Manufacturing the Imprints
		Used Raw Material
	Textile Ceramics in a Supra-regional Perspective
	Concluding Remarks
	Note
	References
Nine Prehistoric Transhumance in the Northern Mediterranean
	Transhumance and Pastoralism
	Pastoralism and Mobility
	The Origin of Pastoral Mobility
	The Spread of Transhumance in the Mediterranean
		The Eastern Mediterranean
		The Western Mediterranean
	Case study: Bronze Age Transhumance between the Southern Alps, the Central Po Plain and the Northern Apennines
		Early Bronze Age: Pile-Dwellings in the Alpine Lakes
		Middle and Late Bronze Age
		Final Bronze Age and Early Iron Age
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Notes
	References
Ten Wool Production and the Evidence of Strontium Isotope Analyses
	Introduction
	The Strontium Isotope Tracing System
	Strontium Isotope Analyses of Wool Textiles from Danish Bronze Age Oak Coffin Graves
	Discussion: What do the Strontium Isotopes Analyses of Wool Reveal about Production and Trade in the Nordic Early Bronze Age
	Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	Appendix 10.1. Analytical Methods
		Pre-cleaning/Decontamination
		Dissolution and Ion Chromatographic Procedures
		Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry
	Notes
	References
Eleven Wool Textiles in the Early Nordic Bronze Age: Local or Traded?
	Introduction
	The Woollen Textiles
	Local Textile Production versus Trade/Exchange of Textiles in the Nordic Bronze Age
	The Nordic Bronze Age Archaeological Evidence for Textile Tools
	The Archaeological Evidence for Wool Production in the Nordic Bronze Age
	The Scandinavian Evidence Seen in the Light of the Contemporary Bronze Age World
	Discussion: Locally Produced or Traded?
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Notes
	References
Twelve Archaeological Wool Textiles: A Window into Ancient Sheep Genetics?
	Introduction
	Preservation of Archaeological Textiles and the DNA Potential
	The Effects of the Textile Chaîne Opératoire and Deposition on DNA
	Sampling Archaeological Textiles for Genetic Research
	DNA Experiments on Archaeological Textiles: an Overview
	DNA and Textiles from Bogs and Burials
	Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA: Pros and Cons
	Conclusion
	Appendix 12.1. The DNA Code and the Genome
	Appendix 12.2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
	Appendix 12.3. Extraction and Amplification of DNA from Archaeological Textiles Made of Animal Fibres
	Appendix 12.4. DNA Damage
	Notes
	References
Thirteen Skin, Furs, and Textiles: Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis of Ancient Protein Residues
	Introduction
	Analytical Methods for Ancient Protein Characterisation
	MS-Based Analysis of Ancient Protein Residues
	Sample Features and Protein Degradation
	Applications
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Fourteen Wool in the Bronze Age: Concluding Reflections
	Wool and Subsistence Practices
	Trade in Wool, Yarn and/or Textiles
	The Wider Context: Demographic and Economic Trends
	Approaching a Quantification of the Wool Trade
		The Role of Long-Distance Trade and Contacts
	The New Body Culture of Wool and Metal
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Index