The Tekenu and Ancient Egyptian Funerary Ritual

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures
Introduction and literature review
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Literature review
		1.2.1 The Tekenu as a sacrificial object
		1.2.2 The Tekenu as an element of a ‘skin ritual’
			 Figure 1.2.2.1. Possible burial in a sarcophagus covered by bull? head and skin.
		1.2.3 Archaic Funerary Practices and the Tekenu
		1.2.4 The Tekenu and remnants of the Mummification process
		1.2.5 The Tekenu as an Officiant or Ritualist
		1.2.6 The Tekenu as a specific deity
		1.2.7 The corn mummy and the Tekenu
			 Figure 1.2.7.1. Germinated effigy of Osiris.
		1.2.8 The Tekenu and its link with hair
		1.2.10 The word Tekenu, a philological approach
			Figure 1.2.10.1. Dictionary entry for the word tknw.
		1.2.9 The Tekenu and the 2n4 Object
		1.2.11 The diachronic perspective of the Tekenu
		1.2.12 Summary and conclusions
			Figure 1.2.12.1. Nut with child sitting up in her womb.
Part 1 Formulation of the corpus catalogue
Aims and method
	2.1 Scope
	2.2 aims
	2.3 Method
	2.4 Terms
		Chapter 3
Typology: criteria and creation
	3.1 Identifying a Tekenu
	3.2 Four prototypes
		Figure 3.2.1. TT 82. Amorphous shape on a sledge, dragged by men and identified by the text caption as the Tekenu
		Figure 3.2.2. TT 60 Human figure kneeling /on haunches, dragged on sledge and identified by the text caption as the Tekenu (circled).
		Figure 3.2.3. TT 100. Recumbent form on a table. Human head, hands and palms visible. Identified by the text caption as the Tekenu (circled).
		Figure 3.2.4. TT 11. Standing man holding a skin on a stick. Identified as the Tekenu by the preceding text caption (circled).
	3.3 Context
		Figure 3.3.1. Type 1, TT 82. Tekenu in the funerary procession near sarcophagus, albeit in the next register.
		Figure 3.3.2. Type 2, TT 60. Tekenu in the funerary procession in subregister alongside the canopic chest and followed by the sarcophagus.
		Figure 3.3.3. Type 3, TT 100. Tekenu amongst images of the holy district.
		Figure 3.3.4. Type 4, TT 20. Tekenu, standing, then on a sledge, then standing.
	3.4 Identification criteria
	3.5 Classification by type
		3.5.1 type 1
			Figure 3.5.1.1. Attestations of Type 1 Tekenu
		3.5.2 Type 2
			Figure 3.5.2.1 Attestations of Type 2 Tekenu
		3.5.3 Type 3
			Figure 3.5.3.1 Attestations of Type 3 Tekenu
		3.5.4 Type 4
	3.6 Subdivision of types
		3.6.1 type 1: A–C
			Figure 3.6.1.1 Examples of Type 1A–1C Tekenu
		3.6.2 type 2: A–C
			Figure 3.6.2.1 Examples of Type 2A–2C Tekenu
		3.6.3 TYPE 3: A–B
			Figure 3.6.3.1 Examples of Type 3A–3B Tekenu
		3.6.4 TYPE 4
			Figure 3.6.4.1 Example of Type 4 Tekenu
Corpus catalogue
	4.1 Preliminaries
	4.2 TYPE 1A
		Figure 4.2.1 TT 36 Tomb plan: PM I/1, 64.
		Figure 4.2.2. TT 36. Funerary procession, eastern wall
		Figure 4.2.3. TT 36.Detail of the Tekenu, Source: Kuhlman and Schenkel, Ibi, pl.LXV.
		Figure 4.2.4.TT 49 Tomb plan: PM I/1, 90.
		Figure 4.2.5. TT 49. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.2.6. TT 49. The funerary procession. Source: Davies, compilation, Neferhotep, pl. XX, southern side of doorway.
		Figure 4.2.7. TT 49. Two stages in the preparation of the coffin.
		Figure 4.2.8. TT 49. Burial furniture with possible creation of Type 1A
		Figure 4.2.9. TT 55 Tomb plan: PM I/1, 106.
		Figure 4.2.10. TT 55 The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.2.11. TT 55. Section of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.12.TT 55. Text identifying accompanying people.
		Figure 4.2.14. TT 55. Text above men.
		Figure 4.2.15. TT 55. Text above Tekenu.
		Figure 4.2.16. TT 55. Text identifying people as coming from Pe and Dep.
		Figure 4.2.17. TT 82 Tomb plan.
		Figure 4.2.18. TT 82. The funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.19. TT 82. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.20.TT 82. The Tekenu and text.
		Figure 4.2.21. TT 82. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.2.22. TT 82. Reproduction of text by Hayes.
		Figure 4.2.23. TT 82 Mention of ‘Green Bag’
		Figure 4.2.24.TT 82. The Tekenu in procession towards the Mww-dancers.
		Figure 4.2.25. TT 92. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 186.
		Figure 4.2.26. TT 92. Section of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.27. TT 92. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.2 28. TT 92. Section of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.29. TT 92. Top Register. Bearing the funerary furniture.
		Figure 4.2.30. TT 92. Top Register. Bearing the funerary furniture.
		Figure 4.2.31. TT 92. Third Register. voyage to Sais.
		Figure 4.2.32. TT 104 Tomb plan: PM I/11, 208.
		Figure 4.2.33. TT 104. The funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.34. TT 104. The funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.35. TT 104. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.2.36. TT 123 Tomb plan: PM I/1, 232.
		Figure 4.2.37. TT  123. Procession of the Tekenu and the canopic chest.
		Figure 4.2.38. TT 127 Tomb plan: PM I/1, 238.
		Figure 4.2.39. TT 127. Section of funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.40. TT 279. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 356.
		Figure 4.2.41. TT 279. Section of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.42. TT 279. Detail of the Tekenu.
		Figure 4.2.43. TT 279. Tekenu showing the two ropes attaching the Tekenu and mummy bier.
		Figure 4.2.44. TT 279. Standard bearers. Tekenu shape indicated.
		Figure 4.2.45. TT 389. Tomb plan PM I/1, 438.
		Figure 4.2.46. TT 389 Reconstructed Tekenu with identifying text.
		Figure 4.2.47. TT 389. Reconstructed section of the funerary scene.
		Figure 4.2.48. TT A4. Tomb plan.
		Figure 4.2.49. TT A4. Funerary Scene.
		Figure 4.2.50. TT A4. Reconstructed funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.51. TT A4. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.2.52. TT A4. Text ‘the Green bag!’
		Figure 4.2.53. EK 3. Tomb plan:
		Figure 4.2.54. The funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.55. EK 3. Section of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.56. EK 3. The Tekenu with accompanying text.
		Figure 4.2.57. EK 3. Reproduction of text, G. Hayes.
		Figure 4.2.58. JHj. Tomb plan.
		Figure 4.2.59. JHj. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.2.60. JHj. Fragment depicting remnant of Tekenu.
		Figure 4.2.61. JHj. Tekenu shown as definite type 1A.
		Figure 4.2.62. JHj.Remnants of the Tekenu and hieroglyphic caption.
		Figure 4.2.63. Unknown Tomb The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.2.64. Unknown Tomb The Tekenu and text.
		Figure 4.2.65. Unknown Tomb.
	4.3 Type 1B
		Figure 4.3.1. TT 34. Tomb plan: PM  I/1, 52.
		Figure 4.3.2. TT 34. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.3.3. TT 34. Reconstruction of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.3.4. TT 34. Line drawing. The Tekenu and text.
		Figure 4.3.5. TT 34. Possible position of sarcophagus.
		Figure 4.3.6. TT 34. Possible position of canopic chest.
		Figure 4.3.7. TT 36. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 64.
		Figure 4.3.9. TT 36. Section of the funerary procession which follows pl. LXII.
		Figure 4.3.8. TT 36. Section of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.3.10. TT 36. Detail of position of the rope attached to sarcophagus.
		Figure 4.3.11. TT 36. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.3.12 TT 53. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 90.
		Figure 4.3.13. TT 53. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.3.14. TT 53. Sections of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.3.15. TT 53. Sections of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.3.16. TT 53. Tekenu in the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.3.17. TT 53. Record of tomb.
		Figure 4.3.18. TT 53. text.
		Figure 4.3.20. TT 147. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.3.21. TT 147. The funerary procession.
		Figure. 4.3.19. TT 147. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 256.
		Figure 4.3.22. TT 147. The Tekenu sledge attached to the naos.
		Figure 4.3.23. TT 284. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 356.
		Figure 4.3.24. TT 284. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.3.25. TT 284. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.3.26. TT 284. Section of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.3.27. Djedmout. Anubis and mummy bier with Tekenu either positioned between the wheels of the funerary cart or next to it. Left-hand side of sarcophagus.
		Figure 4.3.28. Djedmout. The Tekenu.
	4.4 TYPE 1C
		Figure 4.4.1. TT 20 Tomb plan. PM I/1, 30.
		Figure 4.4.2. TT 20. Southern wall key plan. Source;  Davies, Five Theban Tombs, pl. XIV.
		Figure 4.4.3. TT 20. Southern wall eastern end.
		Figure 4.4.4. TT 20. Southern wall western end.
		Figure 4.4.5. TT 20. Subscene  Funerary procession. Text highlighted.
		Figure  4.4.6. TT 20. Plate VI, Scene 1 Top register.
		Figure  4.4.7. TT 20. Plate VI, Scene 1 Top register.
		Figure 4.4.10. TT 20. Plate VI, Scene 1 Bottom register. Ped aha indicated.
		Figure 4.4.8. TT 20. Plate VI, Scene 1 Middle register.
		Figure 4.4.9. TT 20. Plate VI, Scene 1 Middle register.
		Figure 4.4.11. Plate VI, Scene 1 TT 20. Bottom register. Text indicated.
		Figure 4.4.12. TT 20. Plate VII, Scene 2. Top register.
		Figure 4.4.13. TT 20. Plate VII, Scene 2. Top register.
		Figure 4.4.14. TT 20. Plate VII, Scene 2. Middle register. Text identified.
		Figure 4.4.15. TT 20. Fragment.
		Figure 4.4.16. TT 20.Plate VII, Scene 2. Middle register.
		Figure 4.4.17. TT 20. Plate VII, Scene 2. Bottom register. Text. indicated
		Figure 4.4.18. TT 20. Fragment sledge indicated.
		Figure 4.4.19. TT 20. Plate VII, Scene 2. Bottom register.
		Figure 4.4.20. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3.Top register. Text indicated.
		Figure 4.4.21. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Top register. Text indicated.
		Figure 4.4.22. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Four textual references to the Tekenu indicated.
		Figure 4.4.23. TT 11. Section of TT 11 analogous to left-hand side Davies pl. VIII top register. Figure identified as the Tekenu. Text indicated.
		Figure 4.4.24. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Middle register. Two scenes indicated.
		Figure 4.4.25. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Middle register. Possible part of sledge indicated.
		Figure 4.4.26. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Bottom register. Two scenes and text indicated.
		Figure 4.4.27. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Bottom register. Text indicated.
		Figure 4.4.28. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene 4. Top register. Text indicated
		Figure 4.4.29. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene 4 Top register.
		Figure 4.4.30. TT 20.Plate IX, Scene 4. Middle register. Text indicated.
		Figure 4.4.31. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene 4. Middle register Berlin print.
		Figure 4.4.32. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene.4. Middle register. Text indicated.
		Figure 4.4.33. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene 4. Bottom register.
		Figure 4.4.34. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene 4. Bottom register showing division of four vignettes
		Figure 4.4.35. Scene from TT 11.
		Figure 4.4.36. TT 20. Scene 3. Top register.
		Figure 4.4.37. TT 20. Plate X Scene 5. Top register.
		Figure 4.4.38. TT 20. fragment 1.
		Figure 4.4.39. TT 20. Plate X scene 5 Top register Berlin print.
		Figure 4.4.40. TT 20. Plate X scene 5. Top register.
		Figure 4.4.41. TT 20. Plate X scene 5. Middle register. Text indicated.
		Figure 4.4.42. TT 20.  TT 20. Plate X scene 5. Middle register.
		Figure 4.4.43. TT 20. Plate X scene 5. Middle register.
		Figure 4.4.44. TT 20. Plate X scene 5. Bottom register:
		Figure 4.4.45. TT 20.Plate X scene 5.Bottom register.
		Figure 4.4.46. TT 20. Plate X scene 6. Text indicated
		Figure 4.4.47. TT 20. Plate X scene 6, bottom register.
		Figure 4.4.48. TT 20.Plate X sscene 7.  Top and middle registers.Text and image indicated.
		Figure 4.4.49. TT 20. Plate X scene 7. Bottom register. Text indicated.
		Figure 4.4.50. TT 20. Plate X scene 7Bottom register. Text indicated.
	4.5 Type 2A
		Figure 4.5.1. 4Htbr Location of tomb within the Ramesseum.
		Figure 4.5.2. 4Htbr The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.5.3. 4Htbr The funerary procession.
		Figure 4.5.4. Funerary rites in the tomb of Paheri.
	4.6. TYPE 2B
		Figure 4.6.1. TT 12. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 20
		Figure 4.6.2. TT 12. Section of funerary procession
		Figure 4.6.3. TT 12. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.4. TT 12. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.5. TT 12. Funerary procession,
		Figure 4.6.6. TT 12. Mww dancers greeting the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.7. TT 12. Registers showing progression of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.8. TT 12. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.9. TT 15. Tomb plan: PM, I/1, 20.
		Figure 4.6.10. TT 15. Funerary scene.
		Figure 4.6.11. TT 15. Section of the funerary scene with Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.12. TT 17. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 30.
		Figure 4.6.13. TT 17. Remnants of the Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.14. TT 17. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.15. TT 17. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.16. TT 24. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 30.
		Figure 4.6.17. TT 24. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.18. TT 24. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.19. TT 39. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 64.
		Figure 4.6.20. TT 39. Northern Chapel showing position of plates.
		Figure 4.6.21. TT 39. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.22. TT 39. Northern wall, funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.23. TT 39. Eastern wall, entrance way. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.24. TT 42.Tomb plan: PM I/1, 80.
		Figure 4.6.25. TT 42. Remnants of funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.26. TT 60. Tomb plan: PM, I/1, 106.
		Figure 4.6.27. TT 60. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.28. TT 60. Section of funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.29. TT 60. Southern wall. Plan of funerary ritual and procession.
		Figure 4.6.30. TT 81. Tomb plan. PM I/1, 160.
		Figure 4.6.31. TT 81. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.32. TT 81. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.33. TT 81. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.34. TT 81. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.35. TT 81. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.36. TT 260. Tomb plan:PM I/1, 334.
		Figure 4.6.37. TT 260. The Tekenu and Mww-dancers. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.38. TT 260. Remnants of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.39. TT 260. Southern wall plan.
		Figure 4.6.40. TT C 4. Tomb plan. Manniche Lost Tombs, pl. XXXVIII.
		Figure 4.6.41. TT C 4. The funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.42. TT C 4. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.43. EK 7. Tomb plan. Tylor, Renni, pl.XVII.
		Figure 4.6.44. EK 7. Section of the funerary scene.
		Figure 4.6.45. EK 7. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.6.46. EK 7. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.6.47. EK 7. Identifying text.
		Figure 4.6.48. EK 7. Moret’s perceived Tekenu being draped.
		Figure 4.6.49. EK 7. Tylor’s perceived statue being draped.
	4.7 TYPE 2C
		Figure 4.7.1. TT 78. Tomb plan. PM I/1, 148.
		Figure 4.7.2. TT 78. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.7.3. TT 78. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.7.4. TT 78. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.7.5. TT 172. Tomb plan.PM I/1, 272.
		Figure 4.7.6. TT 172. Section of the funerary procession.
		Figure 4.7.7. TT 172. The Tekenu.
	4.8 type 3A
		Figure 4.8.1.TT 36.
		Figure 4.8.2. TT 36. Remains of the Tekenu.
		Figure 4.8.3. TT 36. Remnants of funerary ritual.
		Figure 4.8.4. TT 96.Tomb plan. PM I/1, 196.
		Figure 4.8.5. TT 96. The Tekenu .
		Figure 4.8.6. TT 96. Funerary procession.
		Figure 4.8.7. TT 100. Tomb plan. PM I/1, 208.
		Figure 4.8.8. TT 100.. Funerary scene.
		Figure 4.8.9. TT 100. Funerary scene.
		Figure 4.8.10. TT 100. Funerary scene.
		Figure 4.8.11. TT 100. Funerary scene.
		Figure 4.8.12. TT 100. The Tekenu in immediate context.
		Figure 4.8.13. TT 100 Remnants of four men.
		Figure 4.8.14. TT 100. The Tekenu followed by the canopic chest.
		Figure 4.8.15. TT 100. Remnants of mast and sail.
		Figure 4.8.16. TT 100. The Tekenu in context. Text discussed indicated.
		Figure 4.8.17. TT 125. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 238.
		Figure 4.8.18. TT 125. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.8.19. TT 125. Raising the obelisk and part of an hoe.
		Figure 4.8.20. TT 125. The Tekenu on table.
		Figure 4.8.21. TT 125. Suggested Tekenu on sledge.
		Figure 4.8.22. TT 276. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 348.
		Figure 4.8.23. TT 276. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.8.24. TT 276. The Tekenu.
	4.9 type 3B
		Figure 4.9.1. T 41.
		Figure 4.9.2. TT 41.
		Figure 4.9.3. TT 41. The funerary scene.
		Figure 4.9.4. TT 41. The Tekenu.
		Figure 4.9.5. TT 41. Deconstruction of the image, Figure 4.9.4, into two elements.Tekenu/chair and naos/sledge
		Figure 4.9.6. TT 41. Deconstruction of the image, Figure 4.9.4, into four elements, Tekenu, chair, naos and, sledge.
	4.10 type 4
		Figure 4.10.1. TT 11. The Tekenu and text indicated.
	4.11 The atypical cases of tt a26, tt 112 and tt 224
		Figure 4.11.2. TT A 26. Hay’s record of standards.
		Figure 4.11.3. TT A 26. The procession indicating Manniche’s positioning of the Tekenu.
		Figure 4.11.4. TT 112.Text.
		Figure 4.11.5. TT 224. Tomb plan PM I/1, 318.
		Figure 4.11.6. TT 224.Text.
		Figure 4.11.1. TT A 26. The procession indicating where PM places the Tekenu.
	4.12 	Disputed and miscellaneous occurrences of the Tekenu
		Figure 4.12.1. TT 21. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 30.
		Figure 4.12.2. TT 21. The figure discussed indicated.
		Figure 4.12.3. TT 21. The funerary scene.
		Figure 4.12.4. TT 295. Funerary scene, figures discussed indicated.
		Figure 4.12.5. TT 295. Figures discussed. ‘Sleeping’ on the left-hand side; ‘awake’ on the right-hand side. Position of text indicated.
		Figure 4.12.7. TT 295. Text above sem priest.
		Figure 4.12.6. Sem priest in TT 100.
		Figure 4.12.8. TT 295. Reproduction of text
		Figure 4.12.9. Gardiner A 55. Usual determinative for ‘sleep’.
		Figure 4.12.10. The birth room at Luxor Temple. Amenhotep III following the two sledges.
	The Birth Room at Luxor Temple
Part 2 Evaluating the primary sources
Textual references, pictorial representations and context
	5.1 Preliminaries
	5.2 Textual references to the Tekenu
		5.2.1 Textual sources
			Figure 5.2.1.1. TT 20. Tekenu procession.
			Figure 5.2.1.2. TT20 Tekenu procession.
			Figure 5.2.1.3. TT 20. Identified texts numbered 1-4. (reading from right to left)
			Figure 5.2.1.4. TT 20. Variant text positioning.
			Figure 5.2.1.5. Text identifying the Tekenu in TT 11.
			Figure 5.2.1.6. Possible Tekenu in TT 20.
			Figure 5.2.1.7. Remainder of the Tekenu procession in TT 11.
			Figure 5.2.1.8. TT 20. Tekenu procession comparable to TT 11.
			Figure 5.2.1.10. Composite of the Tekenu procession in TT 11 and TT 20 as envisaged by Serrano Delgado.
			Figure 5.2.1.11. TT 11.Text pertaining to the Tekenu.
			Figure 5.2.1.9. TT 20.Tekenu procession comparable to TT 11.
			Figure 5.2.1.12. TT 20. Traces of the phonetic signs for the word tkn.w, the animal hide ideogram, hair, foreleg and heart. A sA srqt before the pit and  a Hm-nTr  srqt kneeling behind the pit.
		5.2.2 Textual references: summary and conclusions
			Figure 5.2.2.1. Canopic shrine of Tutankhamun with Serket on the left and  Isis on the right. XVIII Dynasty. Cairo Museum.
			Figure 5.2.2.2. Heket administering the key of life to Hatshepsut and her double as they are fashioned by Khnum.After: Naville, Temple of Deir El Bahari, pl. XLVIII. Redrawn by N. V. Maksoud, Kanawati, Tomb and its Significance fig. 6a.
			Figure 5.2.2.3. Sun rising over Rw.ty, from the tomb of Ani.
		5.3.1 Preliminaries
			Figure 5.3.1.1. TT 53 The Tekenu.
			Figure 5.3.1.2. TT 53. The Tekenu.
			Figure 5.3.1.3. TT 147. The Tekenu
		5.3.2 The question of human features
			Figure 5.3.2.1. Tekenu without human features.
			Figure 5.3.2.2. Tekenu shape with human features similar to those forms without human features.
		5.3.3 Covering
			Figure 5.3.3.1. TT 60. The Tekenu.
			Figure 5.3.3.2. 4Htbr The Tekenu.
		5.3.4 Hand position
			Figure 5.3.4.1 Tekenu with palms facing upwards.
			Figure 5.3.4.2 Tekenu with palms facing downwards.
			Figure 5.3.4.3. TT 20. Tekenu procession showing Tekenu first standing  upright, then on a sledge and at the far left standing upright.
			Figure 5.3.4.4. TT 20 /2. The Tekenu on a sledge with palms facing upwards.
			Figure 5.3.4.5. Idu palms facing upwards.
			Figure 5.3.4.6. Idu palms facing downwards.
		5.3.5 Eyes
		5.3.6 Human Form
		5.3.7 pictorial representations: Summary and Conclusions
	5.4 The Tekenu in the context of the larger scene
		5.4.1 preliminaries
		5.4.2 The Tekenu Types 1 and 2
			Figure 5.4.2.1. Tomb chapel of Ti. Gesture of the extended finger
			Figure 5.4.2.2. TT 82. Two dancing figures.
			Figure 5.4.2.3. Attestations of two men facing each other.
			Figure 5.4.2.4. TT 100, TT125. Possible two facing men.
			Figure 5.4.2.5. Funerary stela Dynasty 20. Egyptian Museum. Presentation
			Figure 5.4.2.6. The sarcophagus of 9d-Mwt. The Tekenu positioned under/beside the mummy bier.
		5.4.3 The Tekenu types 1 and 2: summary and Conclusions
		5.4.4 The Tekenu Type 1C and Type 4
		5.4.5 The Tekenu type 3
			Figure 5.4.5.1. TT 41. Tekenu with the Mww-dancers and gods of the big gates.
			Figure 5.4.5.2. TT 100 purification of shrines.
			Figure 5.4.5.3. TT 100 preparing the ground with an adze and the erection of obelisks.
			Figure 5.4.5.4. TT 96, TT 125, TT 276. Raising of obelisks.
			Figure 5.4.5.5. TT 96, TT 100, TT 125, TT 276. The Tekenu and censing ceremony.
			Figure 5.4.5.6. TT 100. Text above torches.
			Figure 5.4.5.7. TT 100. Lector priest leading funeral cortège.
		5.4.6 The Tekenu type 3: summary and Conclusions
Special complex scenes: the Tekenu in tt 20 and tt 100
	6.1 The Tekenu in tt 20
		6.1.1 The Tekenu in the funerary procession
			Figure 6.1.1.1. TT 20. The funerary procession which occupies the bottom register of the southern wall.
			Figure 6.1.1.2. TT 20. Rectangular enclosure with ram and djed pillar.
			Figure 6.1.1.3. TT 20. Rectangular enclosure with ram and djed pillar.
			Figure 6.1.1.4. Heket administering the key of life to Hatshepsut and her
		6.1.2 The Tekenu and funerary ritual
			Figure 6.1.2.1. TT 20. Tekenu as part of funerary ritual.
			Figure 6.1.2.2. TT 20. Text above men dragging the Tekenu.
			Figure 6.1.2.3. TT 20. Upon death the body and Tekenu are separated but
			Figure 6.1.2.4. TT 20. Different hair length indicated.
			Figure 6.1.2.5. TT 20. Different hair length indicated.
			Figure 6.1.2.6. TT 20. Text above Type 4 Tekenu..
			Figure 6.1.2.7. TT 11. Text andtype 4 Tekenu.
			Figure 6.1.2.8. TT 20. The Tekenu joins the body.
			Figure 6.1.2.9. TT 20. The three stages. One entity is formed, ensuring the integrity of the burial.
			Figure 6.1.2.10. TT 20 Possible Tekenu sledge.
			Figure 6.1.2.11. TT 20 Sledge borne to pit.
			Figure 6.1.2.12. TT 20 Pit containing sledge.
			Figure 6.1.2.13. TT 20. Pit containing text and parts of slaughtered bull.
			Figure 6.1.2.14. TT 20 Nubians as victims.
			Figure 6.1.2.15. TT 20. Officiants near pit.
			Figure 6.1.2.16. TT 20 Sections of text and image discussed indicated.
			Figure 6.1.2.17. TT 20. Man with identifying text. Scene 5 top register, detail Berlin print.
			Figure 6.1.2.18. TT 20 Fire pit.
			Figure 6.1.2.19. TT 20. Tribunal text.
			Figure 6.1.2.20. TT20.Text qs indicated.
			Figure 6.1.2.21. TT 20. Amongst part of the sledge text x b t.
			Figure 6.1.2.22. TT 20. Text xpr b t above pit.
		6.1.3 Conclusions and suggested journey of the Tekenu in tt 20
			Figure 6.1.3.1 Suggested journey of the Tekenu in TT 20.
	6.2 The Tekenu in TT 100
		6.2.1 Preliminaries
		6.2.2 The possibility of a Type 1 Tekenu
			Figure 6.2.2.1. TT 100. Type 1 Tekenu followed by the canopic chest.
			Figure 6.2.2.2. TT 100.Funerary procession indicating likely position (suggested by author) of Type 1 Tekenu
			Figure 6.2.2.3. TT 125. Tekenu on sledge.
			Figure 6.2.2.4. TT 125. Tekenu on table.
		6.2.3 Inherent problems in analysis
		6.2.4 Interpreting the registers
			Figure 6.2.4.1. TT 100. Funerary procession.
		6.2.5 A possible narrative
			Figure 6.2.5.1. TT 100. The Tekenu on sledge, void, Tekenu on table.
		6.2.6 The three ponds
			Figure 6.2.6.1. TT 100. The three pools of Khepri Heket and Sokar adjacent
			Figure 6.2.6.2. TT 15. Three ponds and gods all in xm chapels.
			Figure 6.2.6.3. TT 81. Three ponds with only gods in xm chapels.
		6.2.7 Conclusions and suggested journey of the Tekenu
			Figure 6.2.7.1. TT 100. The proposed journey of the Tekenu.
Part 3 The search for the origins of the Tekenu
Cattle culture, early dynastic figures and standards
	7.1 Preliminaries
	7.2 The Tekenu’s possible association with the bull
		7.2.1. Cattle culture in the pre-Pharaonic Period
			Figure 7.2.1.1. Qurta rock art. Bovid with scratches over neck and head.
			Figure 7.2.1.2. KDD 85/60-61 Bucranium linking two burials.
			Figure 7.2.1.3. KDD 85/60-61 All the bucranium after the disassembly of the adult skull.
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			Figure 7.2.1.4. Prehistoric bull’s head amulets from the cemeteries of Abadiyeh and Hu.
			Figure 7.2.1.5. Attestation for kA ‘stier’ (bull) Wb V, 94.7–96.8, 97.1–98.2.
			Figure 7.2.1.6. Bulls with imitation hands on their horns.
		7.2.2 Conclusions
	7.3 The Tekenu’s possible association with early dynastic figures
		7.3.1 Preliminaries
		7.3.2 scorpion macehead
			Figure 7.3.2.1. Drawing of scenes from the Scorpion Macehead
			Figure 7.3.2.2. Figure suggested as a possible Tekenu.
		7.3.3 Narmer macehead
			Figure 7.3.3.1. Narmer Macehead. Red square indicating the possible Tekenu.
			Figure 7.3.3.2. Narmer Macehead. Figure in palanquin suggested as a possible Tekenu.
			Figure 7.3.3.3. Den label showing Den seated and running.
		7.3.4 Ebony label of Djer
			Figure 7.3.4.1. Ebony label of Djer. Red square indicating the possible Tekenu.
			Figure 7.3.4.2. Ebony label of Djer showing the figures contended as Tekenu.
		7.3.5 Ivory label of Djer from Abydos
			Figure 7.3.5.1. Ivory label of Djer. Red square indicating possible Tekenu.
			Figure 7.3.5.2. Ivory label of Djer. figure suggested as a Tekenu.
		7.3.6 Sun temple of Niuserre and the palace of King Apries
			Figure 7.3.6.1. Sun temple of King Nuiserre. Figures that Emery regards as Tekenu indicated in red.
			Figure 7.3.6.2. Palace of king Apries. What Ogdon labels ‘The three archaic Tekenu’ indicated in red.
		7.3.7 Conclusions
	7.4 The Tekenu’s possible association with ceremonial standards
		7.4.1 The nature of the standards
			Figure 7.4.1.1. Decorated Ware vessel dated Nagada II C/D, boat with standard indicated.
			Figure 7.4.1.2. Decorated Ware vessel dated Nagada II C/D, depicting boatwith standard, detail.
			Figure 7.4.1.3. Standards on early royal monuments.
		7.4.2 The ‘bilobed’ emblem
			Figure 7.4.2.1. Various forms of the ‘bilobed’ emblem on early royal monuments.
			Figure 7.4.2.2.  F52 and  8wAw.
			Figure 7.4.2.3. Reliefs under the step pyramid. ‘Bilobed’ standard only when Djoser is stationary indicated.
			Figure 7.4.2.4. Reliefs under the south tomb. ‘Bilobed’ standard only when Djoser is stationary indicated.
			Figure 7.4.2.5. ‘Bilobed’ emblem with accompanying text.
			Figure 7.4.2.6. Narmer Palette standard bearers.
			Figure 7.4.2.7. Standard bearer with identifying text.
			Figure 7.4.2.8. Harmhabi. Sketch of object 26, 27.
		7.4.3 Summary and conclusions
Figure 8.1.3. TT 100. The sem priest sitting on lion-legged table. Opening
The Tekenu and The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony
	8.1 TT 100
		Figure 8.1.1. TT 100. The Tekenu recumbent on lion-legged table.
		Figure 8.1.2. TT 100. The sem priest sitting on lion-legged table. Opening of the Mouth scene 9.
	8.2 The significance of episodes nine and ten
	8.3 Comparing TT 21 and TT 295, a critical assessment
		Figure 8.3.1. TT 21. The sem priest on lion-legged chair.
		Figure 8.3.2. TT 295. The sem priest on lion legged-chair. ’Sleeping’ on the
		Figure 8.3.3. TT 15. Officiant purifying mummy, and the.Holy District.
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		Figure 8.3.4. TT 21. Officiant purifying mummy and the Holy District.
		Figure 8.3.5. TT 295. The sem priest on lion-legged chair. ’Sleeping’ on the
		Figure 8.3.6. TT 295 Text above sem priest.
		Figure 8.3.7. TT 295. Reproduction of text.
		Figure 8.3.8. TT 295. Determinative for ‘sleep’.
		Figure 8.3.9. A 55. Usual determinative for ‘sleep’.
	8.4 Conclusions
Summary and conclusions
Appendix A  Tombs containing Tekenu images
Appendix B Tekenu Traits
Appendix C Chronology of scholars’ views of the function of the Tekenu
Appendix DPictorial context: diagrammatical interpretation
Bibliography
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