The Tectonics of Structural Systems: An Architectural Approach

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
1 Introduction
	Explanation of key concepts
	Research problem
	Objectives of this book
	Methodology for determining structural guidelines
	Methodology for providing analytical tools
	Methodology for discussing the relationship between structural guidelines and tectonics
	Contents of this book
	References
2 Tectonics and Structural Guidelines
	History of the concept of tectonics
	Evaluation of tectonic value
	An analytical approach to tectonics
	An analytical approach to aesthetic value of structures
	An analytical approach to tectonic value of structures
	Notes
	References
PART 1 GENERAL STRUCTURAL GUIDELINES
	3 General Structural Guidelines in Relation to Economy
		Structural efficiency and the optimum
		Possible approaches to the economy of structures
			Designing for evolutionary structural optimisation
			Designing for the optimum structure
			Optimisation of the designed structure
			Percentages of different approaches to economy
		Structural guidelines for different approaches to economy
		Note
		References
	4 General Structural Guidelines Originating from the Requirements of Strength, Stability, Equilibrium and Deformation Limit
		Strength
			Types of forces
			Forces affecting building structures
			Types of stress
		Stability
			Overturning
			Buckling
			Sliding
			Uneven settlement
			Wind instability
		Equilibrium
		Deformation limit
		Structural guidelines originating from these requirements
		Problems to solve
		References
	5 Structural Guidelines in Relation to Form and Size
		Classification of modern structural systems
		Exceptions not fitting into this classification
		Size and proportions of structural systems
		Structural guidelines and building form
		References
PART 2 THE TECTONICS OF MASONRY STRUCTURES
	6 The Tectonics of Traditional Approaches to Masonry Structures
		The tectonics of a traditional approach to stone masonry
			Structural guidelines for a stone wall
			Structural guidelines for a stone building
			Structural guidelines for stone masonry
			Case study 1: Cologne Cathedral, Germany
			Case study 2: The stone tower at Norman Castle, UK
		The tectonics of a traditional approach to brick masonry
			Types of bricks
			Thickness of brick walls
			Structural guidelines for brick masonry
			Case study 3: Summer House, Finland
		The tectonics of a traditional approach to adobe masonry
			Types of adobe masonry walls
			Differences between adobe and stone masonry structures
			Structural guidelines for adobe masonry
			Case study 4: Harran Houses, Turkey
			Case study 5: Great Mosque of Djenne, Mali
		The tectonics of a traditional approach to timber masonry
			Comparing traditional timber masonry with timber balloon frames
			The role of structural elements in traditional timber masonry
			Structural guidelines for timber masonry
			Case study 6: İsmail Haci Çakir House, Turkey
		Conclusions
		Note
		References
	7 The Tectonics of Masonry Roof Structures
		Masonry arch
			Form of masonry arches
			Structural behaviour of masonry arches
			Construction process of masonry arches
			Span of masonry arches
			Structural guidelines for masonry arches
			Case study 7: The arches at Cordoba Mosque, Spain
		Masonry vault
			Form of masonry vaults
			Structural behaviour of masonry vaults
			Construction process of masonry vaults
			Span of masonry vaults
			Structural guidelines for masonry vaults
			Case study 8: The vaults at Cologne Cathedral, Germany
		Masonry dome
			Form of masonry domes
			Structural behaviour of masonry domes
			Construction process of masonry domes
			Span of masonry domes
			Structural guidelines for masonry domes
			Case study 9: The dome at Pantheon, Italy
		Conclusions
		References
	8 The Tectonics of Contemporary Approaches to Masonry Structures
		Types of reinforced masonry
		Flexibility provided by reinforced masonry
		Structural guidelines for reinforced masonry structures
		Hybrids of reinforced masonry and reinforced concrete frame systems
		Hybrids of reinforced masonry and steel frame systems
		Case study 10: Villa Müller, Czech Republic
		Case study 11: Falling Water, USA
		Conclusions
		References
PART 3 THE TECTONICS OF FLEXURAL STRUCTURES
	9 The Tectonics of Frame and Shear Wall Systems
		Elements of frame systems
			Beams
			Columns
			Slabs
			Partition walls
			Stairs
			Foundations
			Expansion joints
		Shear wall systems and use of shear walls with frame systems
		Finding internal forces in frames
			Drawing N, V and M diagrams and the deflected shape of determinate systems
			The Portal Method
		When to use frame systems
		Organisation of elements
		Earthquake-resistant design of frame systems
			Dimensions of columns in relation to dimensions of beams
			Plan irregularities
			Vertical irregularities
		Structural guidelines for frame and shear wall systems
		Case study 12: Villa Savoye, France
		Case study 13: National Assembly in Dacca, Bangladesh
		Case study 14: Church of Light and Sunday School, Japan
		Case study 15: Barcelona Pavilion, Spain
		Discussion on the case studies
		Conclusions
		Problems to solve
		References
	10 The Tectonics of Frame Systems in Interior Architecture
		Making subtractions from frame systems
			Subtraction of columns, beams and shear walls
			Subtraction of slabs
			Subtraction of stairs
			Subtraction of rigid infill walls
			Subtraction of lightweight infill walls
		Making additions to frame systems
			Connection with the existing structure
			Order
			Lightweight structures
			Structural engineering input
		Structural guidelines for subtractions and additions to existing frame systems
		Case study 16: Photographer’s Penthouse, USA
		Case study 17: Suspended Bedroom, France
		Conclusions
		References
	11 The Tectonics of High-Rise Building Structures
		The Cantilever Method
		Strategies to increase height
			Use of aerodynamic form
			Selecting the appropriate structural system
			Use of damping systems
		Structural guidelines for high-rise building structures
		Case study 18: World Trade Center, USA
		Case study 19: Shanghai World Financial Center, Republic of China
		Conclusions
		Problems to solve
		References
PART 4 THE TECTONICS OF FORM-RESISTANT STRUCTURES
	12 The Tectonics of Tensile Structures
		General characteristics and problems of tensile structures
		Cables and suspension structures
			Analysis of Akashi Kaikyo Bridge
			Analysis of the former Federal Reserve Bank Building (now Marquette Plaza)
			Analysis of Dorton Arena
			Analysis of Yale Hockey Rink
			Structural guidelines for cables and suspension structures
			Case Study 20: Zagreb Arena, Croatia
		Cable trusses, bicycle-wheel structures and suspended glass systems
			Structural behaviour of cable trusses
			Construction process of cable trusses
			Bicycle-wheel structures
			Suspended glass systems
			Structural guidelines for bicycle-wheel structures and suspended glass systems
			Case study 21: Science and Technology Museum, France
		Membrane structures
			Structural behaviour and construction of membranes
			Organisation of membrane units
			Structural guidelines for membrane structures
			Case study 22: Olympic Stadium in Munich, Germany
		Pneumatic structures
			Types of pneumatic structures
			Structural guidelines for pneumatic structures
			Case study 23: Swarovski Pavilion, Switzerland
		Negative curvature shells
		Conclusions
		Problems to solve
		References
	13 The Tectonics of Compression Structures
		General characteristics and problems of compression structures
		Steel vaults and domes
			Steel vaults
			Steel domes
			Structural guidelines for steel vaults and domes
			Case study 24: The dome at Parliament Building in Berlin, Germany
		Geodesic domes
			Geometry and the structural behaviour of geodesic domes
			Examples of geodesic domes
			Construction methods of geodesic domes
			Structural guidelines for steel geodesic domes
			Case study 25: US Pavilion at Expo ‘67, Canada
		Shell structures
			Thin and thick shells
			Form of shell structures
			Ways to increase the span of shell structures
			Construction methods of shell structures
			Structural guidelines for shell structures
			Case study 26: Kimbell Art Museum, USA
			Case study 27: Small Sports Palace, Italy
			Case study 28: TWA Airport Building, USA
		Grid shells
			Form and organisation of grid shells
			Details and construction of grid shells
			Structural guidelines for grid shells
			Case study 29: Suan Lien Center, Republic of China
		Conclusions
		Problems to solve
		References
	14 The Tectonics of Tension and Compression Structures
		2D trusses
			Analysis of internal forces in trusses
			Span and depth of trusses
			Use and organisation of trusses in buildings
			Structural guidelines for trusses
			Case study 30: Cluj Arena, Romania
		3D trusses
			Span and depth of 3D trusses
			Structural guidelines for 3D trusses
			Case study 31: Waterloo Terminal, UK
		Space frames
			Span and depth of space frames
			Structural guidelines for space frames
			Case study 32: Water Cube, Republic of China
		Conclusions
		Problems to solve
		References
	15 The Tectonics of Folded Plates
		Form of folded plates
		Structural behaviour and span of folded plates
		Structural guidelines for folded plates
		Case study 33: Yokohama International Port Terminal, Japan
		Conclusions
		References
PART 5 THE TECTONICS OF OTHER STRUCTURES
	16 The Tectonics of Hybrid Structures
		Addition of the same structural units in a different way
		Addition of different structural units in an uncommon way
		Integration of different structural units to form another system
		Addition of unique structural units to form a hybrid structure
		On hybridity of structures
		Case study 34: Sydney Opera House, Australia
		Conclusions
		References
	17 Evaluation of Case Studies and Conclusions
Index