The Teak Genome

Preface to the Series
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Teak: The King of Timbers
	Abstract
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Timber Properties and Uses
	1.3 Economic Significance of Teak
	1.4 Genetic Resources and Management
	1.5 Emerging Opportunities for Teak in Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR)
		1.5.1 Economic Case for Teak in FLR
		1.5.2 Teak as a Climate Mitigation Option in FLR
		1.5.3 Emerging Landscape Options for Teak in FLR
	1.6 Conclusions
	References
2 Teak Plantations and Wood Production
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Teak Resources
	2.3 Establishment and Management of Teak Plantation
	2.4 Impact of Management Practices on Timber Production
	2.5 Trends of Teakwood Production
		2.5.1 Industrial Round Wood
		2.5.2 Industrial Sawn Wood
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3 Modern Silvicultural Practices and Productivity of Teak
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Silvicultural Characteristics of Teak
	3.3 Planting Techniques
		3.3.1 Teak in Block Plantations
		3.3.2 Teak in Agroforestry System
	3.4 Casuarina and Teak Based Boundary Planting System
	3.5 Pruning and Thinning
		3.5.1 Pruning
		3.5.2 Thinning
	3.6 Irrigation and Fertilization
		3.6.1 Irrigation
		3.6.2 Fertilization
	3.7 Wood Productivity
		3.7.1 Wood Productivity of Block Plantations in Forest Lands
		3.7.2 Productivity of Teak Plantation in Farmlands
		3.7.3 Productivity of Teak in Agroforestry System
		3.7.4 Wood Productivity of Teak in Different Countries
	3.8 Heartwood Formation in Teak
	3.9 Conclusion
	References
4 Analysis and Modeling of Teak Growth: New Perspectives for Productivity Evaluation
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Growth Drivers: External and Internal Drivers, Environment, Management, Genetics
	4.3 Growth Modeling Approaches
	4.4 A Practical and Rigorous Growth Model for Teak Plantations
	4.5 Definition of Optimal Management Schemes
	4.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
5 Economics of Teak
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Economic Importance and Source of Teak Timber for Global Market
	5.3 History of Teak Market
	5.4 Timber Certification
		5.4.1 Concept of Certification
		5.4.2 Certification Actors
		5.4.3 Different Steps for Timber Certification
	5.5 Timber Quantity and Price
		5.5.1 Evaluation of the Quantity and Price of Teakwood
		5.5.2 Typology of Actors
		5.5.3 Profitability of Actors
		5.5.4 Sector Accounts
	5.6 Conclusions
	References
6 Teak Biology and Ecology
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Geographical Distribution and Natural History
	6.3 Taxonomic Classification
	6.4 Morphology of Teak
	6.5 Phylogeny and Biogeography
	6.6 Vegetative and Reproductive Phenology
	6.7 Pollination and Pollinators
	6.8 Wood Quality and Anatomy
	6.9 Ecology
	6.10 Climate
		6.10.1 Soil
		6.10.2 Forest Types and Community Associates
		6.10.3 Natural Regeneration
	6.11 Conclusion
	References
7 Teakwood Chemistry and Natural Durability
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Unique Qualities of Teak and Its Usage
	7.3 Teakwood Properties
		7.3.1 Teakwood Quality Criteria
		7.3.2 Heartwood and Sapwood Ratio
		7.3.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Teakwood
		7.3.4 Teak Natural Durability
			7.3.4.1 Decay Resistance of Teakwood
			7.3.4.2 Teakwood Destroying Termites
		7.3.5 Teakwood from Natural Forest and Plantations
	7.4 Teakwood Chemistry
		7.4.1 Structural Components
		7.4.2 Primary Metabolites
		7.4.3 Secondary Metabolites
	7.5 Relationship Between Chemical Properties and Timber Quality
		7.5.1 Teakwood Extractives Composition and Its Properties
		7.5.2 Chemical Markers of Teakwood’s Natural Durability and Heartwood Formation Process
		7.5.3 Chemicals Influencing the Color of Teakwood
	7.6 Tools for the Prediction of Teak Natural Durability and Its Chemistry
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8 Wood Properties and Their Variations in Teak
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Concept of Variation in Wood Properties
	8.3 Wood Variation Related to Continent and Country
	8.4 Wood Variation Related to Natural and Planted Trees
	8.5 Wood Aspects Within Country
	8.6 Wood Variability by Site or Locality Within a Country
	8.7 Wood Variation Among Provenances
	8.8 Wood Property Variations Among Clones
	8.9 Wood Variations in “Super Teak”
		8.9.1 Heritability and Genetic Gain of Wood Properties
	8.10 Summary
	8.11 Appendix
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Seed Biology and Seed Orchard Dynamics in Teak
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Seed Biology and Source Variation
		9.2.1 What Happens to Teak Drupes in Natural Conditions?
		9.2.2 Seed Source Variation
		9.2.3 Influence of Dry and Wet Zones on Drupe Quality
	9.3 Seed Germination Requirements
		9.3.1 Seed Collection and Processing
		9.3.2 Selection of Mother Tree
		9.3.3 Seed Production Areas (SPA) for Production of Quality Drupes
		9.3.4 Influence of Time and Light on Drupe Production
		9.3.5 Influence of Fruit Grading on Germination
		9.3.6 Multifaceted Seed Dormancy of Teak Seeds
		9.3.7 Pre-Treatment for Teak Drupes
		9.3.8 Seed Germination
	9.4 Drupe Storage Behaviour
	9.5 Seed Orchard Management
		9.5.1 Teak Distribution and Variation
		9.5.2 Seed Orchards
		9.5.3 Progeny Testing
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
10 Clonal Teak
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Rationale for Developing and Planting Teak Clones
	10.3 From Theory to Practice: The Possibility to Mass Clonally Propagate Superior Teak Trees
		10.3.1 Grafting and Budding
		10.3.2 Layering
		10.3.3 Propagation by Rooted Cuttings
		10.3.4 In Vitro Production of Microcuttings
		10.3.5 Specific Predispositions of Teak to Be Clonally Propagated by Rooted Cuttings or Microcuttings
	10.4 Clone Selection
	10.5 Setting Up Clonal Plantations
		10.5.1 Suitable Planting Sites
		10.5.2 Monospecific Versus Multispecies Clonal Plantations
	10.6 Ongoing Concerns and Recommendations
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
11 Clonal Characterization and Variety Registration of Teak
	Abstract
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Descriptors for Teak Clones
		11.2.1 Bark Characters
		11.2.2 Stem and Branching Characters
		11.2.3 Leaf Characters
		11.2.4 Reproductive Characters
	11.3 Conclusion
	References
12 Genetic Diversity and Population Genetic Structure of Teak
	Abstract
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Genetic Structure of Teak from Native Region
	12.3 Genetic Structure of Teak Landraces
	12.4 Population Genetic Diversity of Teak from Native Region
	12.5 Conservation of Teak Genetic Resources
	References
13 Genetic Improvement of Teak
	Abstract
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Selection, Testing and Development of Teak Plus Trees
	13.3 Lessons from Teak Provenance Trials
	13.4 Lessons from Teak Progeny Trials
	13.5 Lessons from Teak Clone Trials
	13.6 Quantitative Genetic Models for Teak Improvement
		13.6.1 Statistical Models
		13.6.2 Genetic Structure of Populations
	13.7 Commercialisation of Genetic Gains
	13.8 Future Perspectives for Teak Improvement
	13.9 Conclusions
	References
14 Molecular Physiology of Teak
	Abstract
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Transcriptomic Studies in Teak
	14.3 General Advances on Gene Regulation of Wood Formation
	14.4 Transcriptional Regulation, Transcription Factors and Their Role in Wood Formation
	14.5 The Role of MYB and NAC Transcription Factors in Wood Formation
	14.6 Genetic Regulation in Teak
	14.7 Electron–Ion Interaction Potential (EIIP) and Information-Spectrum Method (ISM) Applied for Teak Regulatory Networks
	14.8 Common Spectral Features Between the Teak Transcription Factors Selected from the Heatmap
	14.9 Alignments, Phylogeny, Secondary Structure and Binding Domains of TgMYB3, TgNAC2, TgHSP1 and TgGATA1
		14.9.1 Conclusions
	References
15 Genome of Teak: Structure and Features
	Abstract
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Importance of Timber Genomics
	15.3 Teak Genome Assembly and Structure
		15.3.1 Draft Genome Assembly
		15.3.2 Chromosome-Scale Assembly
		15.3.3 Harnessing Genome Information for Timber Durability
		15.3.4 Exploration of Phenylpropanoid Pathway Genes in Teak
		15.3.5 Identification of Terpene Synthases (TPSs) and Functional Verification
	15.4 Conclusion
	References
16 Functional Genomics of Teak
	Abstract
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Teak Transcriptome
	16.3 Protein Families and Differential expression—A Case Study in Teak
	16.4 Functional Characterization of Teak Genes Using Genetic Transformation
	16.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
	Acknowledgements
	References