The Supreme Court and American Democracy: Case Studies on Judicial Review and Public Policy

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
The Making of the Constitution......Page 14
The Early Years of the Supreme Court......Page 16
The Work of the Supreme Court......Page 17
Constitutional Interpretation......Page 19
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)......Page 22
Judicial Review and Judicial Supremacy......Page 25
The Slavery Legacy......Page 29
Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857)......Page 33
The Reconstruction Amendments......Page 37
The Amendment Process and Stare Decisis......Page 39
What Is “Race”?......Page 42
Overview of the Equal Protection Clause......Page 47
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)......Page 49
Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944)......Page 52
The Aftermath of the Korematsu Case......Page 58
Confronting “Separate but Equal”......Page 59
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)......Page 61
Racial Segregation Cases after Brown......Page 65
Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958)......Page 66
The Discriminatory Purpose Requirement......Page 68
The Fourteenth Amendment “State Action” Requirement......Page 72
Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948)......Page 73
Application of the Shelley Doctrine......Page 75
The Civil Rights Act of 1875......Page 77
Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)......Page 78
Federal Statutes Regulating Private Discrimination......Page 82
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964)......Page 83
Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964)......Page 86
Applying the Commerce Clause to Local Conduct......Page 88
Defining “Affirmative Action”......Page 90
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978)......Page 91
Racial Preferences in Employment......Page 97
Racial Preferences in Public Contracts......Page 99
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995)......Page 100
The Aftermath of the Adarand Decision......Page 104
Racial Preferences in College Admissions......Page 105
The University of Michigan Affirmative Action Cases......Page 108
Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003)......Page 109
Racial Balancing within a Public School System......Page 115
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, ___ U.S. ___ , 127 S.Ct. 2738 (2007)......Page 116
Seeking Other Remedies for Racial Imbalance......Page 129
Substantive Due Process......Page 132
“Incorporation” of Rights in Due Process......Page 134
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)......Page 136
From Contraceptives to Abortion......Page 140
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)......Page 142
Reaction to the Decision......Page 148
Abortion Decisions between Roe and Casey......Page 149
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992)......Page 150
The Turnabout in Casey......Page 157
“Partial Birth” Abortion......Page 158
Gonzales v. Carhart, ___ U.S. ___ , 127 S.Ct. 1610 (2007)......Page 159
The Ninth and Tenth Amendments......Page 164
The Right to Refuse Treatment......Page 166
The Schiavo Case......Page 167
Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 707 (1997)......Page 169
The Legal Status of Homosexuality......Page 176
Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986)......Page 177
Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996)......Page 180
Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003)......Page 186
The Primacy of Freedom of Speech......Page 194
Freedom of Speech Overview......Page 195
Symbolic Speech......Page 197
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969)......Page 198
United States v. O’Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968)......Page 202
Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989)......Page 204
R. A. V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992)......Page 207
Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343 (2003)......Page 212
Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971)......Page 215
Offensive Speech under the First Amendment......Page 217
Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 508 U.S. 476 (1993)......Page 221
Freedom of Expressive Association......Page 223
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640 (2000)......Page 224
The Aftermath of the Boy Scouts Decision......Page 227
Campaign Regulation and the First Amendment......Page 228
The News Media and the First Amendment......Page 232
Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931)......Page 233
New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971)......Page 235
The Prior Restraint Doctrine......Page 236
The Relationship between the Two Religion Clauses......Page 238
Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947)......Page 239
Early Conceptions of the Establishment of Religion......Page 241
Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S. 793 (2000)......Page 243
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 530 U.S. 640 (2002)......Page 247
Prayer in Public Schools......Page 252
Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992)......Page 253
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000)......Page 259
Adding “Under God” to the Pledge of Allegiance......Page 261
Religious Symbols on Public Property......Page 262
Walz v. Tax Comm’n of City of New York, 397 U.S. 664 (1970)......Page 265
Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock, 489 U.S. 1 (1989)......Page 269
Compelled Exemptions......Page 274
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990)......Page 275
City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)......Page 279
The Aftermath of the City of Boerne Decision......Page 282
Locke v. Davey, 540 U.S. 712 (2004)......Page 283
Cantwell v. State of Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940)......Page 285
The Rise of the “Imperial Presidency”......Page 290
Authorizing Acts of War......Page 292
Iraq Military Force Resolution (Joint Congressional Resolution, October 10, 2002)......Page 294
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation, 299 U.S. 304 (1936)......Page 295
Monitoring Foreign Communications......Page 297
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952)......Page 298
The Detention of Enemy Combatants......Page 304
Boumediene v. Bush, ___U.S.___ , 128 S.Ct. 2229 (2008)......Page 307
Prosecuting Enemy Combatants for War Crimes......Page 321
Discrimination in Voting......Page 324
The Federal Voting Rights Act......Page 326
Overcoming the “Political Question” Barrier......Page 327
Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964)......Page 328
Drawing Black-Majority Districts......Page 333
Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993)......Page 334
The Aftermath of Shaw v. Reno......Page 338
Vieth v. Jubelirer, 541 U.S. 267 (2004)......Page 340
Seeking a Test for Political Gerrymanders......Page 343
The Statutory Context of Bush v. Gore......Page 344
Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000)......Page 345
The Death Penalty Reconsidered......Page 352
The Aftermath of the Furman Decision......Page 353
Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002)......Page 356
The Aftermath of the Penry and Atkins Cases......Page 360
Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005)......Page 361
The Death Penalty in Non-Murder Cases......Page 368
Proportionality in Non-Capital Cases......Page 370
From Locke to Kelo......Page 372
Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 524 (2005)......Page 373
The Anti-Kelo Backlash......Page 380
“Regulatory Takings”......Page 381
The Decline of the Contracts Clause......Page 382
The Background of the Heller Case......Page 386
District of Columbia v. Heller, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S.Ct. 2783 (2008)......Page 388
Appendix A: United States Constitution......Page 394
Appendix B: Index of Case Digests......Page 408
Appendix C: Table of Case References by Justice......Page 410
Acknowledgments......Page 424
Selected Bibliography......Page 426
D......Page 430
M......Page 431
W......Page 432