The Study of Orchestration

Preface......Page 7
PART ONE. INSTRUMENTATION......Page 11
1 THE ORCHESTRA­YESTERDAY AND TODAY......Page 13
2 BOWED STRING INSTRUMENTS......Page 17
Construction......Page 18
Tuning......Page 19
Fingering......Page 20
Double, Triple, and Quadruple Stops......Page 21
Divided Strings......Page 22
Vibrato......Page 24
Glissando and"Portamento......Page 25
TheBow......Page 26
Non legato......Page 27
Legato......Page 28
Special On-the-String Bowings......Page 31
Special Off-the-String Bowings......Page 36
Trills and Other Coloristic Effects Using the Bow......Page 38
Coloristic Effects without the Bow......Page 43
Mutes......Page 49
Scordatura......Page 50
Harmonics......Page 51
Contemporary String Techniques......Page 59
Violin......Page 61
Viola......Page 75
Violoncello or Cello......Page 85
Double Bass......Page 93
Harp......Page 99
Guitar......Page 111
Mandolin......Page 113
Banjo......Page 116
Zither......Page 118
Individuality within the Ensemble......Page 121
Foreground-Middleground-Background......Page 128
Contrapuntal Writing for Strings......Page 143
Hornophonic Writing for Strings......Page 153
Using the String Choir to Accompany a Soloist......Page 162
Transcribing from Piano to Strings......Page 169
Construction......Page 174
Classifying Woodwind Instruments......Page 175
The Principle of Transposition......Page 177
Playing Techniques......Page 180
The Woodwind Section of a Symphony Orchestra......Page 187
Scoring for Woodwind Instruments......Page 188
Flute......Page 190
Piccolo......Page 199
Alto Flute......Page 201
Oboe......Page 203
English Horn......Page 209
Other Members of the Oboe Family......Page 211
Clarinet......Page 215
"Piccolo" Clarinet: Carinet in D or Eb......Page 221
Bass Clarinet......Page 222
Other Members of the Clarinet Family......Page 225
Saxophone......Page 227
Bassoon......Page 231
Contrabassoon......Page 235
The Role of Winds in the Symphony Orchestra......Page 239
The Variety of Orchestral Treatments......Page 248
Hornophonic Writing for Winds......Page 262
Contrapuntal Writing for  Winds......Page 271
Using the Wind Choir to Provide a Contrasting Color......Page 280
Using the Wind Choir to Double Other Instruments of the Orchestra......Page 286
New types of Articulations for Woodwinds......Page 293
Special Effects......Page 298
Transcribing from Piano to Winds and Strings......Page 301
9 INTRODUCTION TO BRASS  INSTRUMENTS......Page 305
Composition of the Brass Section......Page 306
Brass Instruments and the Written Orchestral Score......Page 307
Overblowing and the Principle of the Harmonic Series......Page 308
Crooks, Valves, and Slides......Page 311
Tone Production, Articulation, and Tonguing......Page 313
Common Characteristics and Effects on All Brass Instruments......Page 314
Mutes......Page 317
Muting Devices Other Than Mutes......Page 320
Horn......Page 322
Trumpet......Page 335
Comet......Page 347
Other Members of the Trumpet Family......Page 349
Trombone......Page 350
Tuba......Page 359
Other Members of the Tuba Family......Page 364
Early Uses of the Brass Choir......Page 367
Doubling of Brass Instruments within the Modem Orchestra......Page 373
Hornophonic Writing for the Brass Choir......Page 374
Using the Brass Choir to Present the Melody......Page 385
Contrapuntal Writing for the Brass Choir......Page 402
Climactic Uses of the Brass Choir......Page 423
Using the Brass Choir to Provide a Coloristic Effect......Page 434
Historical Uses of Percussion Instruments within the Orchestra......Page 441
Notation of Percussion Instruments......Page 443
Mallets, Beaters, and Sticks......Page 444
Categories of Percussion Instruments......Page 445
Xylophone......Page 447
Marimba......Page 448
Vibraphone......Page 449
Glockenspiel......Page 450
Chimes......Page 451
Crotaies......Page 452
Musical Saw......Page 453
Crystal Glasses......Page 454
Timpani......Page 455
CHORDOPHONES......Page 458
Cimbalom......Page 459
Whistles......Page 461
Cymbals: Crash, Suspended, Hi-Hat, Sizzle, Chinese, Finger......Page 462
Triangle......Page 464
Cowbells......Page 465
Wind Chimes......Page 466
WoodBlocks......Page 467
Castanets......Page 468
Jawbone; Vibraslap......Page 469
Log Drum and Slit Drum......Page 470
Snare Drum......Page 471
Field Drum......Page 472
Tom-Toms......Page 473
Bongos......Page 474
Tambourine......Page 475
Sirens......Page 476
Wind Machine......Page 477
Piano......Page 478
Celesta......Page 485
Harpsichord......Page 488
Organ......Page 490
Harmonium......Page 493
Percussion Layout in the Full Score......Page 496
Percussion Section Setup......Page 504
Uses of the Percussion Section......Page 507
PART TWO. ORCHESTRATION......Page 555
15 SCORING FOR ORCHESTRA......Page 557
The Unison-Octave Tutti......Page 558
The Distribution of Foreground­ Middleground-Background Elements within the Orchestra......Page 568
Orchestrating a Melody or Primary Gesture......Page 609
Using the Orchestra to Create Special Effects......Page 611
The Concerto......Page 621
Accompanying the Vocal Soloist, Ensemble, or Chorus......Page 649
17 TRANSCRIBING FOR ORCHESTRA......Page 676
Transcribing from Keyboard or Small Chamber Combinations to Orchestra......Page 678
Transcribing from Band or Wind Ensemble to Orchestra......Page 725
Transcribing to Various Available Instrumental Combinations......Page 751
The Orchestral Score Setup......Page 767
The Reduced Score......Page 772
The Condensed Score......Page 774
Preparing Individual Parts......Page 776
Scoring for Band......Page 782
The Percussion Section within the Band or Wind Ensemble......Page 783
The Band and Wind Ensemble Score Setup......Page 784
Condensed Scores......Page 788
Transcribing from Orchestra to Band or Wind \tEnsemble......Page 792
A QUICK REFERENCE GUIDES......Page 795
Ranges of the Most Frequently Used Orchestral Instruments......Page 796
Names of Instruments in Four Languages and Their English Abbreviations......Page 803
Frequently Used Orchestral Terms \tin Four Languages......Page 805
Orchestration......Page 807
Individual Instrumental Technique......Page 809
The History of the Orchestra and of Orchestral Instruments......Page 812
Band and Wind Ensemble Scoring, Film Scoring, and Commercial Arranging......Page 813
Computer and Electronic Music......Page 814
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 817
INDEX......Page 825