The Structure of Values and Norms

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Prolegomena......Page 17
1.1 FORMALIZATION AND IDEALIZATION......Page 19
1.2 THE VIRTUES AND DANGERS OF FORMALIZATION......Page 21
1.3 WHY LOGIC?......Page 23
1.4 A TRADE-OFF BETWEEN SIMPLICITY AND FAITHFULNESS......Page 24
1.5 FORMALIZING CHANGE......Page 26
PART I Values......Page 29
2.1 SOME BASIC CONDITIONS......Page 31
2.2 THE COMPARATIVE VALUE CONCEPTS......Page 33
2.3 A CENTRAL DILEMMA IN PREFERENCE LOGIC......Page 36
2.4 MINIMAL PRINCIPLES FOR CHOICE-GUIDING PREFERENCES......Page 39
2.5 RESTRICTABILITY......Page 42
2.6 OTHER APPROACHES TO RATIONAL PREFERENCES......Page 45
3 Preference States......Page 49
3.1 PREFERENCE SETS......Page 50
3.2 PREFERENCE MODELS......Page 53
3.3 INTERSECTIBLE RATIONALITY POSTULATES......Page 55
4 Changes in Exclusionary Preferences......Page 58
4.1 THE BASIC FRAMEWORK......Page 59
4.2 REVISION......Page 62
4.3 CONTRACTION......Page 66
4.4 SUBTRACTION......Page 70
4.5 ADDITION......Page 71
5.1 CONNECTING THE TWO LEVELS......Page 73
5.2 REPRESENTING RELATA AND ALTERNATIVES......Page 76
5.3 PAIRWISE AND DECISION-GUIDING PREFERENCES......Page 81
6.1 HOW TO COMPARE COMPATIBLE ALTERNATIVES......Page 83
6.2 FROM EXCLUSIONARY TO PAIRWISE PREFERENCES......Page 86
6.3 STRICT PREFERENCE AND INDIFFERENCE......Page 89
6.4 CONSTRUCTING THE REPRESENTATION FUNCTION......Page 91
6.5 TRANSMITTED LOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 99
6.6 SUPERSTRUCTURAL LOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 103
7.1 TWO APPROACHES TO DECISION MAKING......Page 110
7.2 WEIGHTED PREFERENCES......Page 113
7.3 BASIC CRITERIA FOR AGNOSTIC PREFERENCES......Page 116
7.4 EXTREMAL PREFERENCES......Page 118
7.5 FURTHER CONDITIONS ON EXTREMAL PREFERENCES......Page 120
7.6 PROPERTIES OF EXTREMAL PREFERENCES......Page 123
7.7 A RÉSUMÉ OF COMBINATIVE PREFERENCE RELATIONS......Page 129
8 Monadic Value Predicates......Page 130
8.1 POSITIVE, NEGATIVE, AND CIRCUMSCRIPTIVE PREDICATES......Page 131
8.2 NEGATION-COMPARING PREDICATES......Page 133
8.3 DEFINING GOOD AND BAD......Page 134
8.4 ALTERNATIVE ACCOUNTS OF GOOD AND BAD......Page 138
8.5 REDUCIBILITY THESES......Page 141
PART I I Norms......Page 143
9.1 WHAT NORMATIVE PREDICATES REFER TO......Page 145
9.2 THE MULTIPLICITY OF NORMATIVE PREDICATES......Page 147
9.3 DEONTIC ALTERNATIVES......Page 150
9.4 DELINEATING SITUATIONIST DEONTIC LOGIC......Page 153
10.1 STANDARD DEONTIC LOGIC (SDL)......Page 155
10.2 PREFERENCE-BASED DEONTIC LOGIC......Page 159
10.3 THE LOGIC OF POSITIVE AND CONTRANEGATIVE PREDICATES......Page 164
10.4 REPRESENTATION THEOREMS......Page 177
10.5 CANONICAL DEONTIC PREDICATES......Page 180
10.6 MAXIMAL OBEYABLE AND MAXICONSISTENT PREDICATES......Page 182
11.1 SHIFTING TO ACTION-GUIDANCE......Page 186
11.2 MORAL DILEMMAS......Page 189
11.3 DEONTIC COUNTERFACTUALS......Page 191
11.4 RESTRICTIVE CONDITIONALS......Page 195
12.1 RULES AND INSTANTIATIONS......Page 198
12.2 TWO TYPES OF APPLICATION......Page 201
12.3 UNRESTRAINED APPLICATION......Page 204
12.4 CONSISTENT APPLICATION......Page 209
12.5 OBEYABLE APPLICATION......Page 216
12.7 PROMULGATION......Page 219
12.8 DEROGATION......Page 221
13.1 POTESTATIVE RULES......Page 224
13.2 TYPES OF LEGAL RELATIONS......Page 228
13.3 RIGHTS......Page 230
13.4 A COMPARISON WITH HOHFELD'S TYPOLOGY......Page 234
Epilogue......Page 239
14.1 PHILOSOPHICAL RELEVANCE......Page 241
14.2 APPLICATIONS IN OTHER DISCIPLINES......Page 242
14.3 A DIFFICULT TRADE-OFF......Page 244
PROOFS FOR CHAPTER 2......Page 245
PROOFS FOR CHAPTER 3......Page 248
PROOFS FOR CHAPTER 4......Page 252
PROOFS FOR CHAPTER 6......Page 256
PROOFS FOR CHAPTER 7......Page 265
PROOFS FOR CHAPTER 8......Page 275
PROOFS FOR CHAPTER  10......Page 279
PROOF FOR CHAPTER 11......Page 300
PROOFS FOR CHAPTER 12......Page 302
References......Page 305
LANGUAGES......Page 318
ALTERNATIVES......Page 319
MONADIC VALUE AND NORM PREDICATES......Page 320
SELECTION MECHANISMS......Page 321
General Index......Page 323