The Structure of Argument

Cover Page......Page 2
Inside Front Cover......Page 3
Halftitle Page......Page 4
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Brief Contents......Page 24
Contents......Page 26
Part 1 Understanding Argument......Page 49
Chapter 1 Approaches to Argument......Page 50
What Is Argument?......Page 55
Aristotelian Rhetoric......Page 57
Logos......Page 58
Research Skill Using Databases......Page 60
Argument Essentials Aristotelian Rhetoric......Page 62
Richard J. Davis, In Gun Control Debate, Logic Goes out the Window......Page 63
The Shelter Pet Project, A Person Is the Best Thing to Happen to a Shelter Pet (advertisement)......Page 66
Liza Long, I Am Adam Lanza’s Mother......Page 67
The Stasis Questions......Page 73
Stasis Theory Claims......Page 77
Rogerian Argument......Page 78
Argument Essentials Rogerian Argument......Page 80
Julia Belluz And Steven J. Hoffman, Katie Couric and the Celebrity Medicine Syndrome......Page 81
Sarah Seltzer, Teaching Trigger Warnings: What Pundits Don’t Understand about the Year’s Most Controversial Higher-Ed Debate......Page 82
The Claim......Page 91
The Support......Page 94
The Assumption......Page 95
Toulmin and the Syllogism......Page 96
Argument Essentials The Toulmin Model......Page 97
Robert J. Samuelson, In Health, We’re Not No. 1......Page 98
Steven Reinberg, Embryo Selection May Help Prevent Some Inherited Disorders......Page 101
Assignments for Understanding Approaches to Argument......Page 104
Chapter 2 Critical Reading of Written Arguments......Page 106
Strategies for Prereading......Page 108
Carol Rose, On Pins and Needles Defending Artistic Expression......Page 109
Amin Ahmad, I Belong Here......Page 111
Strategies for Annotating a Text......Page 114
Christopher Elliott, A Tale of Two Airlines......Page 116
Summarizing......Page 119
Research Skill Summarizing......Page 120
Strategies for Writing Rhetorical Summaries......Page 121
Mallory Simon, Gun Debate: Where Is the Middle Ground?......Page 122
Stephanie Fairyington, The Gay Option......Page 127
Strategies for Evaluating Arguments......Page 132
Argument Essentials Examining Written Arguments......Page 133
Bruce Schneier, The Internet Is a Surveillance State......Page 134
Whitney Cramer, Giving Up Our Privacy: Is It Worth It? (student essay)......Page 137
Assignments for Critical Reading of Written Arguments......Page 140
Chapter 3 Critical Reading of Multimodal Arguments......Page 142
Visual Rhetoric......Page 143
Photographs......Page 144
Dave Martin, Looting (photograph)......Page 145
Rick Loomis, Los Angeles Airport Police Remove the Camouflaged Gun Case That Caused the Evacuation (photograph)......Page 146
Dinendra Haria, Hey Mister! Hands Off My Sister! (photograph)......Page 147
Michael Krasowitz, Texting and Driving (photograph)......Page 148
Print Advertisements......Page 149
Argument Essentials Visual Rhetoric......Page 150
World Wildlife Fund, Stop Climate Change before It Changes You (advertisement)......Page 152
Political Cartoons......Page 153
Peter Steiner, No Caption (cartoon)......Page 154
David Sipress, If One Political Party or the Other . . . (cartoon)......Page 155
Graphics......Page 156
Union Of Concerned Scientists, Where Your Gas Money Goes (infographic)......Page 157
Audiovisual Rhetoric......Page 160
Television Commercials......Page 161
Toyota, Let’s Go Places (advertisement)......Page 162
Senator Elizabeth Warren, Remarks at the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, September 27, 2015......Page 165
Broadcast News......Page 172
Strategies for Critical Listening......Page 174
Cnn Correspondents, Coverage of Obama’s Announcement in Support of Gay Marriage......Page 175
Argument Essentials Audiovisual Rhetoric......Page 178
Online Environments......Page 179
Networking Sites......Page 180
William Wharton, “Peaceful” Act of Compassion......Page 181
Luke T. Harrington, Summer Shootings, Pokémon Go: Rebuilding Community in the Wake of Destruction (online blog)......Page 184
Research Skill Evaluating Online Sources......Page 189
Ad Council, embracerefugees.org (Web site)......Page 190
Assignments for Critical Reading of Multimodal Arguments......Page 195
Chapter 4 Writing Argument Analysis......Page 198
Argument Essentials Argument Analysis......Page 201
Writing the Claim......Page 202
Argument Essentials Writing the Claim......Page 203
Planning the Structure......Page 205
Argument Essentials Planning the Structure......Page 206
Summarizing......Page 207
Quoting......Page 208
Argument Essentials Providing Support......Page 209
Research Skill Incorporating Quotations into Your Text......Page 210
Writer’s Guide Documenting Use of Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation......Page 213
Michael Isikoff, The Snitch in Your Pocket......Page 215
Ray Chong, Misuse of Cell-Phone Tracking (student essay)......Page 218
Deron Williamson, How Our Technology Is Used against Us (student essay)......Page 221
Healthcare Management, The Science Facts about Autism and Vaccines (infographic)......Page 223
James W. Ingram III, Electoral College Is Best Way to Choose U. S. President......Page 226
Assignments for Writing Argument Analysis......Page 230
Chapter 5 Writing Arguments......Page 233
Defending the Thesis......Page 235
Refuting an Opposing View......Page 236
Strategies for Refuting an Opposing View......Page 237
Sharon Astyk And Aaron Newton, The Rich Get Richer, the Poor Go Hungry......Page 238
Finding the Middle Ground......Page 241
Strategies for Finding the Middle Ground......Page 242
Damon Linker, Finding the Moral, Sensible Middle Ground on Abortion......Page 243
Presenting the Stock Issues......Page 246
John R. Koza, States Can Reform Electoral College — Here’s How to Empower Popular Vote......Page 247
Writing the Introduction......Page 250
Writing the Conclusion......Page 252
Assignments for Writing Arguments......Page 254
Part 2 Analyzing the Elements......Page 256
Chapter 6 Claims......Page 257
Claims of Fact......Page 259
Argument Essentials Claims of Fact......Page 261
Josh Levs, Loaded Language Poisons Gun Debate......Page 262
Domtar Paper, Paper Because......Page 267
Aesthetics......Page 269
Morality......Page 270
Argument Essentials Claims of Value......Page 271
Samuel Chi, The NFL’s Protest Crisis......Page 272
Justin Chang, Grace Shines Past the Emotional Manipulations of “The Light between Oceans”......Page 274
Claims of Policy......Page 279
Elisha Dov Hack, College Life versus My Moral Code......Page 280
Kiara Ventura, Your Toxic Beauty Regime......Page 283
Writer’S Guide Stating Your Claim......Page 288
Assignments for Claims......Page 290
Chapter 7 Support......Page 293
Writer’s Guide Using Support......Page 294
Factual Evidence......Page 295
Tulsa Police Department, Police Shootings — Medical Help (photo)......Page 305
Research Skill Evaluating Evidence......Page 306
Sid Kirchheimer, Are Sports Fans Happier?......Page 310
Kristen Weinacker, Safer? Tastier? More Nutritious? The Dubious Merits of Organic Foods (student essay)......Page 314
Siddhartha Mukherjee, I’m Sorry, Steve Jobs: We Could Have Saved You......Page 320
Appeals to Needs......Page 326
Appeals to Values......Page 328
Research Skill Evaluating Appeals to Needs and Values......Page 330
Ronald M. Green, Building Baby from the Genes Up......Page 331
Jeremy Markel, Marketing to “Tweens” Objectifies Women......Page 335
Assignments for Support......Page 339
Chapter 8 Assumptions......Page 342
General Principles......Page 343
Widely Held Assumptions......Page 347
Unstated Assumptions......Page 351
Strategies for Recognizing Assumptions......Page 353
Terry Eastland, Don’t Stop Frisking......Page 354
Research Skill Finding and Narrowing a Research Topic......Page 357
Michael Levin, The Case for Torture......Page 358
Robert A. Sirico, An Unjust Sacrifice......Page 361
Assignments for Assumptions......Page 364
Part 3 Using the Elements......Page 367
Chapter 9 Definition: Clarifying Key Terms......Page 368
The Purposes of Definition......Page 369
Sunnivie Brydum, The True Meaning of the Word “Cisgender”......Page 371
Guy-Uriel Charles, Stop Calling Quake Victims Looters......Page 376
The Limitations of Dictionary Definitions......Page 380
Stipulation and Negation: Stating What a Term Is and Is Not......Page 381
Defining Vague and Ambiguous Terms......Page 382
Research Skill Using Encyclopedias......Page 384
Argument Essentials Defining the Terms in Your Argument......Page 386
Writer’S Guide Writing a Definition Essay......Page 387
Brian Whitaker, The Definition of Terrorism......Page 388
Ishmeal Bradley, Conscientious Objection in Medicine: A Moral Dilemma......Page 391
Assignments for Definition: Clarifying Key Terms......Page 398
Chapter 10 Language: Using Words with Care......Page 400
The Power of Words......Page 401
Stihl, Consumer Confidence (advertisement)......Page 403
Connotation......Page 405
Frank Deford, Why Keep Athletes Eligible but Uneducated?......Page 410
Steven Best, Dispatches from a Police State: Animal Rights in the Crosshairs of State Repression......Page 411
Slanting......Page 413
Research Skill Evaluating Language in Sources......Page 415
Figurative Language......Page 417
W. E. B. Du Bois, Of Our Spiritual Strivings......Page 421
Concrete and Abstract Language......Page 423
Clichés......Page 425
Slogans......Page 427
Writer’s Guide Choosing Your Words Carefully......Page 429
Jennifer Grossman, Food for Thought (and for Credit)......Page 431
Barack Obama, Remarks by the President at Memorial Service for Fallen Dallas Police Officers......Page 434
Assignments for Language: Using Words with Care......Page 444
Chapter 11 Logic: Understanding Reasoning......Page 447
Induction......Page 448
Argument Essentials Induction......Page 449
Jared Diamond, Will Big Business Save the Earth?......Page 450
Deduction......Page 455
David von Drehle, It’s All about Him......Page 459
Hillary Clinton, Excerpt from Remarks at the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Women and the Economy Summit......Page 463
Hasty Generalization......Page 464
Faulty Use of Authority......Page 465
Post Hoc or Doubtful Cause......Page 467
False Analogy......Page 468
Ad Hominem......Page 469
False Dilemma......Page 470
Begging the Question......Page 471
Straw Man......Page 472
Red Herring......Page 473
Two Wrongs Make a Right......Page 474
Non Sequitur......Page 475
Ad Populum......Page 476
Appeal to Tradition......Page 477
Christopher Caldwell, Drivers Get Rolled......Page 481
Elizabeth Lee Vliet, “Gender Neutral” Bathrooms Are Dangerous......Page 489
Assignments for Logic: Understanding Reasoning......Page 493
Part 4 Researching and Crafting Arguments......Page 496
Chapter 12 Planning and Research......Page 497
Finding an Appropriate Topic......Page 498
Invention Strategies......Page 499
Writer’s Guide Effective Research Paper Topics......Page 500
Writer’s Guide Keeping Your Research on Track......Page 503
Research Skill What Is Common Knowledge?......Page 504
Sketching a Preliminary Outline......Page 505
Types of Sources......Page 506
Research Skill Popular vs. Scholarly Articles......Page 508
Databases......Page 511
Encyclopedias......Page 516
Statistical Resources......Page 517
Government Resources......Page 518
Web-Based Sources......Page 519
Multimodal Sources......Page 522
Evaluating Sources for Relevance......Page 523
Evaluating Sources for Reliability......Page 525
Research Skill Evaluating Web-Based Sources......Page 526
Research Skill Evaluating Multimodal Sources......Page 528
Argument Essentials Evaluating Sources......Page 527
United States Department of Agriculture, Child Nutrition Programs......Page 531
Taking Notes......Page 533
Working with Your Outline......Page 534
Managing and Documenting Sources......Page 535
Argument Essentials Taking Notes......Page 536
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Childhood Obesity: The Challenge......Page 537
Los Angeles Times Editorial Board, To Curb School Lunch Waste, Ease the Fruit and Vegetable Rules......Page 540
Chapter 13 Drafting, Revising, and Presenting Arguments......Page 542
Reviewing Your Research......Page 543
Research Skill Reviewing Your Research......Page 544
Avoiding Plagiarism......Page 546
Argument Essentials Avoiding Plagiarism......Page 547
Using Sentence Forms to Write Arguments......Page 548
Argument Essentials Using Sentence Forms......Page 552
Building an Effective Argument......Page 551
Revising......Page 554
Argument Essentials Checklist for Effective Arguments......Page 555
The Audience......Page 556
Organization......Page 557
Language......Page 559
Support......Page 560
Presentation Aids......Page 561
Anna Maria Chävez, Address to the National Council Session/52nd Convention of the Girl Scouts of the USA......Page 563
Kathleen Sebelius, Remarks to Georgetown University’s Public Policy Institute......Page 569
Chapter 14 Documenting Sources......Page 574
MLA In-Text Citations......Page 575
Print Sources......Page 579
The Elements of Citation Book (MLA)......Page 581
Other Sources......Page 580
The Elements of Citation Article from a Web Site (MLA)......Page 585
The Elements of Citation Article from a Web Site (MLA)......Page 587
MLA-Style Annotated Bibliography......Page 589
MLA Paper Format......Page 591
Kathleen Hedden, Competitive Foods and the Obesity Epidemic (student essay)......Page 592
APA In-Text Citations......Page 597
Print Sources......Page 600
The Elements of Citation Book (APA)......Page 602
Electronic Sources......Page 605
The Elements of Citation Article from a Database (APA)......Page 606
Other Sources......Page 609
APA-Style Sample Research Paper......Page 610
Angela Mathers, The Controversy over Women in Combat (student essay)......Page 611
Part 5 Debating the Issues......Page 620
Rebecca Schuman, Needs Improvement......Page 622
Stephen Burt, Why Not Get Rid of Student Evaluations?......Page 627
Pamela Powers Hannley, Bathroom Politics: Preserving the Sanctity of the “Ladies’ Room”......Page 632
Nico Lang, Why All Public Bathrooms Should Be Gender Neutral......Page 640
Aaron R. Hanlon, The Trigger Warning Myth......Page 646
American Association of University Professors, On Trigger Warnings......Page 653
Calah Alexander, The Dangers of the Princess Culture......Page 657
Crystal Liechty, In Defense of Princess Culture......Page 661
Paul Marx, Athlete’s New Day......Page 665
Warren Hartenstine, College Athletes Should Not Be Paid......Page 667
Footnotes......Page 670
Acknowledgments......Page 681
Glossary......Page 685
Index of Subjects......Page 694
A......Page 695
B......Page 698
C......Page 699
D......Page 701
E......Page 702
F......Page 703
G......Page 704
H......Page 705
I......Page 706
K......Page 707
L......Page 708
M......Page 709
N......Page 710
O......Page 711
P......Page 712
Q......Page 713
R......Page 714
S......Page 716
T......Page 718
V......Page 719
W......Page 720
Index of Authors and Titles......Page 721
A......Page 722
B......Page 723
C......Page 724
D......Page 725
E......Page 726
F......Page 727
G......Page 728
H......Page 729
I......Page 730
K......Page 731
L......Page 732
M......Page 733
N......Page 734
O......Page 735
P......Page 736
R......Page 737
S......Page 738
T......Page 739
U......Page 740
V......Page 741
W......Page 742
Y......Page 743
Inside Back Cover......Page 744
Backcover......Page 745