The Structure of Argument

About this Book
	Cover Page
	Inside Front Cover
	Title Page
	Copyright Page
	Preface
	Contents
Part 1: Understanding Argument
	Chapter 1: What Is Argument?
		Why Study Argument?
		Argument in the Twenty-First Century
		Mel Bondar, The Financial Case for Trade School over College
		The Purposes of Argument
		The Elements of Argument
		The Ethics of Argument
		So, Why Write Arguments?
	Chapter 2: Critical Reading of Written Arguments
		Prereading
			Strategies for Prereading
		Greta Thunberg, How Dare You?
		Reading with an Open Mind
		Mark R. Levin, News, Propaganda, and Pseudo-Events
		Reading for Content and Structure
			Strategies for Annotating a Text
		Christopher Elliott, A Tale of Two Airlines
		Summarizing
			Research Skill: Using Summaries in Research
		Ocean Vuong, Reimagining Masculinity
		Evaluating
			Strategies for Evaluating Arguments
			Argument Essentials: Examining Written Arguments
		Bruce Schneier, The Internet Is a Surveillance State
		Whitney Cramer, Giving Up Our Privacy: Is It Worth It?
		Assignments for Critical Reading of Written Arguments
	Chapter 3: Critical Reading of Multimodal Arguments
		Visual Rhetoric
			Photographs
				Argument Essentials: Visual Rhetoric
			Print Advertisements
			Political Cartoons
			Graphics
		Audio and Audiovisual Rhetoric
			Television Commercials
			Podcasts
				Argument Essentials: Audiovisual Rhetoric
			Speeches and Debates
				Strategies for Critical Listening
		Online Environments
			Networking Sites
			Interactive Websites
		Assignments for Critical Reading of Multimodal Arguments
	Chapter 4: Writing Argument Analysis
		Argument Essentials: Argument Analysis
		Writing the Thesis (Main Claim)
			Argument Essentials: Writing the Claim for Analysis
		Planning the Structure
			Argument Essentials: Planning the Structure
		Providing Support
			Summarizing
			Paraphrasing
				Argument Essentials: Providing Support
			Quoting
				Research Skill: Incorporating Quotations into Your Text
		Integrating Your Sources
			Strategies for Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation
		Reading and Practicing Argument Analysis
		James W. Ingram III, Electoral College Is Best Way to Choose U.S. President
		Healthcare Management, The Science Facts about Autism and Vaccines
		Stefan Andreasson, Fossil Fuel Divestment Will Increase Carbon Emissions, Not Lower Them
		Ben Adler, Are Plastic-Bag Bans Good for the Climate?
		Lesley Wexler And Jennifer K. Robbennolt, #MeToo and Restorative Justice: Realizing Restoration for Victims and Offenders
		Destinée Miller, Restorative Justice and the #MeToo Movement
		Sabra Stapleton, How to Pick a President: Electoral College vs. National Popular Vote
		Assignments for Writing Argument Analysis
Part 2: Writing Argument
	Chapter 5: Approaches to Argument
		Aristotelian Rhetoric
			Ethos
			Logos
			Pathos
			Ancient Rhetoric Today
				Argument Essentials: Aristotelian Rhetoric
		Chesley B. “Sully” Sullenberger III, We Saved 155 Lives on the Hudson. Now Let’s Vote for Leaders Who’ll Protect Us All.
		Liza Long, I Am Adam Lanza’s Mother
		Rogerian Argument
			Argument Essentials: Rogerian Argument
		Mallory Simon, Gun Debate: Where Is the Middle Ground?
		Sarah Seltzer, Teaching Trigger Warnings: What Pundits Don’t Understand about the Year’s Most Controversial Higher-Ed Debate
		Stasis Theory
			The Stasis Questions
			Stasis Theory Claims
				Research Skill: Narrowing Your Research
		The Toulmin Model
			The Claim
			The Support
			The Assumption
			Toulmin and the Syllogism
				Argument Essentials: The Toulmin Model
		Angira Patel, To Be a Good Doctor, Study the Humanities
		Steven Reinberg, Embryo Selection May Help Prevent Some Inherited Disorders
		Assignments for Approaches to Argument
	Chapter 6: Claims
		Claims of Fact
			Argument Essentials: Claims of Fact
			Research Skill: Using Databases
		Amy Froide, Spinster, Old Maid or Self-Partnered: Why Words for Single Women Have Changed through Time
		Domtar Paper, Paper Because
		Claims of Value
			Aesthetics
			Morality
				Argument Essentials: Claims of Value
		Samuel Chi, The NFL’s Protest Crisis
		Odie Henderson, Black Panther
		Claims of Policy
			Argument Essentials: Claims of Policy
		Elisha Dov Hack, College Life versus My Moral Code
		Jessica Andrews, How to Avoid Cultural Appropriation at Coachella
		Strategies for Reading and Writing Claims
		Assignments for Claims
	Chapter 7: Support
		Strategies for Reading and Writing Support
		Evidence
			Factual Evidence
			Images
				Research Skill: Evaluating Factual Evidence
			Expert Opinion
				Research Skill: Evaluating Expert Opinion
				Argument Essentials: Evidence
		Kristen Weinacker, “Safer? Tastier? More Nutritious?” The Dubious Merits of Organic Foods
		Sid Kirchheimer, Are Sports Fans Happier?
		Appeals to Needs and Values
			Appeals to Needs
				Argument Essentials: Appeals to Needs and Values
			Appeals to Values
				Strategies for Evaluating Appeals to Needs and Values
		Ronald M. Green, Building Baby from the Genes Up
		Sarah Griffiths, Why Having a Crush Is Good for You
		Assignments for Support
	Chapter 8: Assumptions
		General Principles
		Widely Held Assumptions
			Argument Essentials: Assumptions
		Recognizing and Analyzing Assumptions
			“Obvious” Assumptions
			Intention to Deceive
				Strategies for Recognizing Assumptions
		Thomas R. Wells, Let the Anti-Vaxxers Have Their Way
			Research Skill: Focusing a Research Topic
		Michael Levin, The Case for Torture
		Robert A. Sirico, An Unjust Sacrifice
		Assignments for Assumptions
	Chapter 9: Structuring the Argument
		Organizing the Argument
			Defending the Thesis
			Refuting an Opposing View
				Strategies for Refuting an Opposing View (Counterargument)
			Sharon Astyk and Aaron Newton, The Rich Get Richer, the Poor Go Hungry
			Finding the Middle Ground
				Strategies for Finding the Middle Ground
			Jack Beyrer, Innovative Gun Control Idea Gains Support
			Presenting the Stock Issues
			John R. Koza, States Can Reform Electoral College — Here’s How to Empower Popular Vote
			Argument Essentials: Organizing the Argument
		Introductions and Conclusions
			Writing the Introduction
			Writing the Conclusion
		Assignments for Structuring Arguments
Part 3: Strengthening Argument
	Chapter 10: Language
		The Power of Words
		Emotive Language
		Stihl, Consumer Confidence
		Donald J. Trump, Remarks on the Shootings in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio
		Connotation
		Pamela Powers Hannley, Bathroom Politics: Preserving the Sanctity of the “Ladies’ Room”
		Slanting
			Research Skill: Evaluating Language in Sources
		Figurative Language
		W. E. B. Du Bois, Of Our Spiritual Strivings
		Concrete and Abstract Language
		Shortcuts
			Clichés
			Slogans
			Argument Essentials: Evaluating Language
		Evaluating Language
			Strategies for Evaluating Word Choice and Choosing Your Words Carefully
		Rachel Syme, Selfie: The Revolutionary Potential of Your Own Face
		Barack Obama, Remarks at Memorial Service for Fallen Dallas Police Officers, July 12, 2016
		Assignments for Language
	Chapter 11: Definition
		The Purposes of Definition
			Argument Essentials: Purposes of Definition
		Sunnivie Brydum, The True Meaning of the Word “Cisgender”
		Lucas Wright, Twitter Bans Dehumanization
		Defining the Terms in Your Argument
			The Limitations of Dictionary Definitions
			Stipulation and Negation: Stating What a Term Is and Is Not
			Defining Vague and Ambiguous Terms
				Research Skill: Using Encyclopedias to Find Definitions
			Definition by Example
				Argument Essentials: Defining the Terms in Your Argument
		Extended Definitions
		Ishmeal Bradley, Conscientious Objection in Medicine: A Moral Dilemma
		Brian Whitaker, The Definition of Terrorism
			Strategies for Writing a Definition Essay
		Assignments for Definition
	Chapter 12: Logic
		Induction
			Argument Essentials: Induction
		Steven Doloff, Greta Garbo, Meet Joan Rivers . . . (Talk amongst Yourselves)
		Deduction
			Argument Essentials: Deduction
		Seamus O’Mahony, Are We Living Too Long?
		Hillary Clinton, Remarks at the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Women and the Economy Summit
		Common Fallacies
			Research Skill: Structuring Your Research with Generalizations and Specifics
			Hasty Generalization
			Faulty Use of Authority
			Post Hoc or Doubtful Cause
			False Analogy
			Ad Hominem
			False Dilemma
			Slippery Slope
			Begging the Question
			Straw Man
			Red Herring
			Two Wrongs Make a Right
			Non Sequitur
			Ad Populum
			Appeal to Tradition
				Strategies for Uncovering Logical Fallacies
		Christopher Caldwell, Drivers Get Rolled
		Henry Billings Brown, U.S. Supreme Court, Plessy v. Ferguson: The Opinion of the Court
		Assignments for Logic
Part 4: Incorporating Research
	Chapter 13: Planning and Research
		Finding an Appropriate Topic
			Invention Strategies
			Evaluating Possible Topics
				Strategies for Identifying Effective Research Paper Topics
		Initiating Research
			Keeping Research on Track
				Strategies for Keeping Your Research on Track
				Research Skill: What Is Common Knowledge?
			Sketching a Preliminary Outline
			Types of Sources
				Research Skill: Popular vs. Scholarly Articles
		Finding Sources
			Databases
			Encyclopedias
			Statistical Resources
			Government Resources
			Online Sources
			Multimodal Sources
		Evaluating Sources
			Relevance
			Reliability
				Research Skill: Evaluating Multimodal Sources
				Argument Essentials: Evaluating Sources
		Taking Notes
			Note Taking and Prewriting
			Working with Your Outline
			Managing and Documenting Sources
				Argument Essentials: Taking Notes
		Alicia Oglesby, Safe Spaces
		Megan Yee, Why “Safe Spaces” Are Important for Mental Health — Especially on College Campuses
			What Is a Safe Space?
	Chapter 14: Drafting, Revising, and Presenting Arguments
		Reviewing Your Research
			Research Skill: Reviewing Your Research
		Avoiding Plagiarism
			Argument Essentials: Avoiding Plagiarism
		Building an Effective Argument
			Argument Essentials: Checklist for Effective Arguments
		Using Sentence Forms to Write Arguments
			Argument Essentials: Addressing Opposing Arguments Using Sentence Forms
		Revising
		Oral Arguments and Presentations
			The Audience
			Credibility
			Organization
			Language
			Support
			Presentation Aids
		Jimmy Carter, Why I Believe the Mistreatment of Women Is the Number One Human Rights Abuse
		Kathleen Sebelius, Remarks to Georgetown University’s Public Policy Institute
	Chapter 15: Documenting Sources
		MLA In-Text Citations
		MLA Works Cited Entries
			Directory of MLA Works Cited Entries
			Print Sources
			Online Sources
			Other Sources
		MLA-Style Annotated Bibliography
		MLA-Style Paper Format
		MLA-Style Sample Research Paper
		APA In-Text Citations
		APA List of References
			Directory of APA Reference Entries
			Print Sources
			Online Sources
			Other Sources
		APA-Style Paper Format
		APA-Style Sample Research Paper
Acknowledgments
Glossary
Index
Notes
Inside Back Cover
Back Cover