The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Crust

Geophysical Monograph Series American Geophysical Union......Page 1
Geophysical Monograph Series......Page 2
The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth\'s Crust......Page 3
The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth\'s Crust......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
LITHOSPHERIC WAVE GUIDE......Page 10
CRUSTAL SEISMIC LOW-VELOCITY ZONES......Page 11
FACTORS CO NTROLLING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN THE CRUST......Page 12
RELAnON BETWEEN THE SEISMIC LOW-VELOCITY ZONE AND CRUSTAL RESISTIVITY......Page 13
NEED FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO A STUDY OF THE CRUSTAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 14
OCEANIC CRUSTAL AND UPPER-MANTLE RESISTIVITIES......Page 15
REFERENCES......Page 16
DISCUSSION......Page 18
Review of Evidence for Velocity Inversions in the Continental Crust1......Page 19
THE REFRACTION ARRIVAL Pc......Page 20
NORMAL-INCIDENCE SUB-BASEMENT ECHOES......Page 24
FEATURES AT GREATER DEPTHS WITHIN THE CRUST......Page 26
REVIEW OF RESULTS FOR THE RHINE RIFT AREA......Page 31
ROLE OF WATER OF HYDRATION IN THE CRUST:HYPOTHESIS AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 32
SUMMARY......Page 38
REFERENCES......Page 39
DISCUSSION......Page 42
A Comment on the Evidence for a Worldwide Zone of Low Seismic Velocity at Shallow Depths in the Earth\'s Crust......Page 43
DISCUSSION......Page 47
EARLIER GEOPHYSICAL WORK AND INTERPRETATIONS......Page 49
SEISMIC RECORDING SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS......Page 51
CONCLUSIONS......Page 57
DISCUSSION......Page 58
Crustal and Mantle Inhomogeneities as Defined by Attenuation of Short-Period P Waves......Page 59
ATTENUATION AT SHALLOW DEPTH......Page 60
ATTENUATION IN THE MANTLE......Page 61
DISCUSSION......Page 65
Crustal Structure of the Eastern Basin and Range Province and the Northern Colorado Plateau from Phase Velocities of Rayleigh Waves......Page 66
CONCLUSIONS......Page 75
REFERENCES......Page 76
DISCUSSION......Page 77
Q\' VERSUS REGIONAL HEAT FLOW......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 81
Geophysical Measurements in the Southern Great Plainsl......Page 83
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY......Page 94
NATURE OF THE CRUST IN THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS......Page 95
CONCLUSIONS......Page 96
REFERENCES......Page 97
DISCUSSION......Page 98
SIMPLE GEOMETRIES......Page 100
LAYERED-MEDIUM GEOMETRY......Page 101
TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODEL CALCULATIONS FOR RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS......Page 105
SUMMARY......Page 108
REFERENCES......Page 109
DISCUSSION......Page 110
Electrical Studies of the Crust and Upper Mantle......Page 111
DIRECT-CURRENT SOUNDING......Page 113
MAGNETOTELLURIC SOUNDINGS......Page 116
ELECTROMAGNETIC SOUNDING......Page 119
EVALUATION......Page 122
REFERENCES......Page 124
DISCUSSION......Page 126
EVIDENCE ON CONDUCTIVE LAYERS IN CRYSTALLINE CRUST FROM GEOMAGNETIC DEEP SOUNDING STUDIES......Page 130
EVIDENCE ON CONDUCTIVE LAYERS IN THE CRYSTALLINE CRUST FROM MAGNETOTELLURIC STUDIES......Page 132
EVIDENCE ON CONDUCTIVE LAYERS IN THECRYSTALLINE CRUST FROM DIRECT-CURRENT SURVEYS......Page 142
SUMMARY......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 145
DISCUSSION......Page 146
Crustal Investigations by the Magnetotelluric Tensor Impedance Method......Page 148
THEORY......Page 149
MAGNETOTELLURIC SOUNDING IN CENTRAL TEXAS......Page 156
RESULTS......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 168
DISCUSSION......Page 170
DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT FLOW IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 171
EXTENSION OF HEAT FLOW PATTERN TO OTHER CONTINENTS......Page 176
CRUSTAL TEMPERATURES......Page 177
DISCUSSION......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 183
DISCUSSION......Page 185
An in Situ Method of Determining the Pressure Dependence of Phase-Transition Temperatures in the Crust......Page 187
OBJECTIVE AND OUTLINE OF METHOD......Page 188
SAMPLE CALCULATION, AVERAGE CENTRALU. S. MODEL......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
DISCUSSION......Page 193
Widespread Occurrence of a High-Velocity Basal Layer in the Pacific Crust Found with Repetitive Sources and Sonobuoys1......Page 194
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES......Page 200
OBSERVATIONAL RESULTS......Page 203
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 209
DISCUSSION......Page 210
Reflections of P\'P\' Seismic Waves from o to 150 km Depth under the Ninety East Ridge, Indian Ocean,and the Atlantic-Indian Rise1......Page 211
DATA......Page 212
SUBBOTTOM REFLECTIONS......Page 219
DISCUSSION......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 224
DISCUSSION......Page 225
1. TEMPERATURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE......Page 226
2. ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS OFCONDUCTIVITY ESTIMATION......Page 229
3. DIRECT METHODS......Page 231
REFERENCES......Page 232
Imperfect Elasticity of Rock: Its Influence on the Velocity of Stress Waves......Page 234
STRESS-WAVE PROPAGATION EXPERIMENTS......Page 236
EFFECT OF FLUID PHASE......Page 238
OBSERVATIONS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
Resistivity of Saturated Crustal Rocks to 40 km based on Laboratory Measurements......Page 242
CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLUTIONS AT HIGH PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE......Page 246
APPLICATION TO CRUSTAL ROCKS......Page 248
DISCUSSION......Page 251
REFERENCES......Page 253
DISCUSSION......Page 254
A Discussion of Water in the Crust......Page 255
REFERENCES......Page 258
The Nature of the Crust of the Earth, with Special Emphasis on the Role of Plagioclase1......Page 259
EVOLUTION OF THE CRUST-MANTLE SYSTEM......Page 260
LAYERS IN THE CRUST......Page 261
CONCLUSIONS......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 273
Experimental Limits for Melting in the Earth\'s Crust and Upper Mantle......Page 276
BEGINNING OF MELTING OF ROCKS AND MINERALS WITH EXCESS WATER OR SOLUTIONS......Page 278
MELTING INTERVALS OF ROCKS: DRY AND WITH EXCESS WATER......Page 281
MELTING IN WATER-DEFICIENT REGION OF SILICATE-WATER SYSTEMS......Page 284
MELTING IN THE CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE......Page 290
REFERENCES......Page 294
DISCUSSION......Page 297
An Experimental Study of the Basalt-Garnet Granulite-Eclogite Transition1......Page 299
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES......Page 300
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 309
DISCUSSION......Page 310
\'INVERTED IONOSPHERE\' CONCEPT......Page 311
WAVE GUIDE FORMULATION......Page 312
DISCUSSION OF THE MODE SUM......Page 314
SPECIFIC RESULTS FOR THE EXPONENTAL PROFILE......Page 315
MORE RECENT WORK......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 319
Radio Propagation through the Crust-Retrospect and Prospect......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 323
DISCUSSION......Page 324
Author Index......Page 325