The Speaker's Handbook, 8th Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
CONTENT......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 23
PART 1 FOUNDATION......Page 35
INTRODUCTION The Value of Public Speaking Skills......Page 37
1a Understand What It Means to Be a Public Speaker......Page 40
1b Recognize the Theoretical Foundations of Effective Public Speaking......Page 41
1c Approach Public Speaking as Meaning-Centered......Page 47
1d Draw on Three Familiar Communicative Resources......Page 49
1e Understand the Role of Consciousness in Skill Learning......Page 54
1f Beware of Common Misconceptions......Page 57
1g Follow Five Steps of Public Speaking......Page 59
2a Recognize the Relationship between Effective Speaking and Listening......Page 62
2b Prepare to Listen......Page 63
2c Be Both Curious and Critical......Page 64
2d Provide Constructive Feedback......Page 65
2e Listen to Optimize Your Learning......Page 68
2f Listen Holistically When Conducting Audience Analysis......Page 69
2g Avoid Common Listening Pitfalls......Page 70
3 SPEAKING ETHICS......Page 72
3a Be Aware of Ethical Implications of Your Choices......Page 73
3c Respect the Integrity of Your Audience......Page 74
3d Respect the Integrity of Ideas......Page 75
3e Weigh the Complex Factors and Competing Goals in Ethical Decisions......Page 78
4a Put Your Fear of Speaking into Perspective......Page 83
4b Build Your Confidence through Thorough Preparation and Practice......Page 86
4c Manage the Physical Effects of Fear......Page 87
4d Use Positive Self-Suggestion to Combat Your Anxiety......Page 88
4e Seek Assistance beyond This Book......Page 90
PART 2 PREPARATION......Page 93
INTRODUCTION The First Stage of the Public Speaking Process......Page 95
5a Allow Time for the Four Phases of Creativity......Page 96
5b Make a Realistic Timetable......Page 97
5c Make Your Speech Preparation an Oral and Collaborative Process......Page 99
5d Focus on Different Resources at Different Phases of Preparation and Presentation......Page 101
5e Avoid Common Planning Pitfalls......Page 102
6a Select a Speech Topic......Page 104
6b Narrow Your Topic......Page 109
6c Clarify the Purpose of Your Speech......Page 111
6d Develop a Clear Thesis Statement......Page 116
6e Select a Speech Title If Necessary......Page 119
7 AUDIENCE ANALYSIS......Page 123
7a Seek Information through Many Channels......Page 124
7b Analyze Audience Demographics......Page 125
7c Try to Understand What Is Meaningful to Your Audience......Page 131
7d Determine the Audience’s Attitudes toward Your Topic......Page 132
7e Gather Details about the Specific Speech Situation......Page 133
8a Have a Research Strategy......Page 136
8b Use the Library......Page 139
8c Use the Internet......Page 142
8d Talk to People......Page 149
8e Keep a Complete Record of Your Sources, and Know How to Cite Them......Page 152
8f Capture Information and Ideas in Discrete Units......Page 158
PART 3 ORGANIZATION......Page 161
INTRODUCTION Bringing Order to Your Ideas......Page 163
9a Assemble All Promising Ideas and Information......Page 166
9b Use a Variety of Tools to Identify Potential Points......Page 167
9c Choose Main Points That Correspond to Your Thesis......Page 170
9d Select Main Points That Are Mutually Exclusive......Page 171
9f Express Points to Refiect Relationships......Page 174
10a Arrange Your Main Points......Page 177
10b Group Subpoints According to a Pattern......Page 182
11 OUTLINING......Page 186
11a Use the Conventional Outline Format......Page 187
11b Use a Full-Sentence Outline......Page 190
11c Phrase Main Points to Forecast Subpoints......Page 195
11d Phrase Points in Concise and Parallel Language......Page 196
12 CONNECTIVES......Page 199
12a Select Connectives That Refiect the Logical Relationships......Page 200
12b Make Use of Internal Previews and Summaries......Page 202
13a Project Confidence before Starting......Page 204
13b Engage the Audience’s Attention Immediately......Page 205
13c Provide a Psychological Orientation......Page 206
13d Provide a Logical Orientation......Page 211
13e Make Your Introduction as Compact as Possible......Page 215
14a Provide Logical Closure......Page 218
14b Provide Psychological Closure......Page 220
14c End Your Speech with a Clincher......Page 222
PART 4 DEVELOPMENT......Page 225
INTRODUCTION Shaping Your Speech......Page 228
15 SUPPORTING MATERIAL......Page 230
15a Define Unfamiliar Words and Concepts......Page 231
15b Make Frequent Use of Examples......Page 234
15c Use Statistical Evidence......Page 238
15d Draw on Testimony from Authorities......Page 243
15e Weave in Supporting Materials Smoothly, and Cite Your Sources......Page 246
16 REASONING......Page 249
16a Identify Where Reasoning Is Needed to Link Points......Page 250
16b Inductive Reasoning......Page 252
16c Deductive Reasoning......Page 256
16d Causal Reasoning......Page 262
16e Reasoning by Analogy......Page 267
16f Avoid Common Reasoning Fallacies......Page 269
16g Show How Your Reasoning Links Your Evidence to Your Claim......Page 275
17 LANGUAGE AND STYLE......Page 282
17a Understand How Oral and Written Styles Differ......Page 283
17b Strive for Clear Language......Page 284
17c Use Appropriate Language......Page 288
17d Use Vivid, Varied Language......Page 292
17e Use the Language Style of Your Listeners......Page 296
18 ATTENTION AND INTEREST......Page 300
18a Use Techniques That Enliven Your Speech......Page 301
18b Convert Attention to Interest......Page 306
18c Avoid Common Attention Pitfalls......Page 308
19 CREDIBILITY......Page 310
19a Assess Your Speaking Image......Page 311
19b Build Your Credibility before Your Speech......Page 312
19c Build Your Credibility through Your Speech Content......Page 313
19d Increase Your Credibility with Your Speech Delivery......Page 315
20a Consider the Emotional Impact You Want to Create or Avoid......Page 316
20b Relate Your Speech to the Needs of Your Listeners......Page 317
20c Relate Your Speech to the Values of Your Listeners......Page 319
20d Avoid Excessive and Inappropriate Motivational Appeals......Page 325
21a Help Your Listeners Grasp Your Information......Page 326
21b Use Common Techniques of Clear Explanation......Page 328
22 PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES......Page 332
22a Clarify Your Persuasive Goals......Page 333
22b Analyze Your Persuasive Goals......Page 334
22c Adjust Your Content Based on Your Audience’s Attitudes......Page 338
22d Organize Your Points for Optimal Persuasive Impact......Page 346
22e Place Your Strongest Points First or Last......Page 348
22f Consider Dealing with Opposing Arguments......Page 349
PART 5 PRESENTATION......Page 353
INTRODUCTION The Natural Theory of Delivery......Page 356
23a Use Four Steps to Prepare an Extemporaneous Speech......Page 360
23b Remember Four Steps When Speaking Impromptu......Page 362
23c Speak from a Manuscript When Precise Wording and Timing Are Necessary......Page 364
23d Memorize Certain Manuscript Speeches......Page 367
24a Get Effective Feedback......Page 369
24b Allow Time for Three Stages of Practice......Page 370
24c Prepare Speech or Speaker’s Notes......Page 374
24d Fit Your Speech into the Time Limit......Page 377
24e Do a Final Run-Through and Get Into the Proper Frame of Mind......Page 379
24f Avoid Common Practice Pitfalls......Page 380
25a Speak to Be Heard and Understood......Page 381
25b Use Vocal Variety......Page 384
25c Use Standard, Acceptable Pronunciation......Page 386
25d Eliminate Distracting Vocal Characteristics......Page 389
26a Be Conscious of Your Appearance......Page 395
26c Stand or Sit with a Relaxed but Alert Posture......Page 396
26e Make Natural Gestures......Page 397
26f Maintain Eye Contact......Page 399
26g Use Facial Expression to Refiect Tone......Page 400
27 PRESENTATION AIDS......Page 401
27a Plan How to Use Presentation Aids......Page 402
27b Prepare Your Aids to Be Clear and Manageable......Page 407
27c Blend Your Aids Smoothly into the Speech......Page 412
27d Use Presentation Software Wisely......Page 414
28a Prepare for and Adapt to Audience Reactions......Page 418
28b Take Steps to Prevent Distractions......Page 419
28c Respond to Hecklers Calmly and Firmly......Page 422
29a Come Prepared for a Question-and-Answer Period......Page 425
29b Invite and Answer Audience Questions in a Straightforward Manner......Page 426
29c Manage Self-Indulgent Questioners......Page 427
PART 6 CONTEXTS......Page 429
INTRODUCTION Adapting to Speaking Contexts......Page 431
30a Take Time to Think about the Basics......Page 432
30b Identify Formats Associated with the Speaking Context......Page 433
30c Analyze the Dimensions of the Speaking Situation......Page 434
31a Oral Assignments to Develop Speaking Skill......Page 437
31c Oral Assignments to Master Subject Matter......Page 438
31d Guidelines for Educational Presentations......Page 439
32 WORKPLACE CONTEXT......Page 440
32a Approach Training Sessions as a Kind of Informative Speaking......Page 441
32b Make Project Proposals Concrete and Persuasive......Page 443
32c Follow Common Guidelines for Project Status Reports......Page 445
32d Follow Common Guidelines for Employment and Other Interviews......Page 446
32e Follow Common Guidelines for Team Presentations......Page 450
33a Cover the Expected Bases......Page 454
33c Follow Common Guidelines for Various Contexts......Page 455
34 CIVIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXT......Page 458
34a Tailor Your Individual Presentation to a Group Format......Page 459
34b Follow Common Guidelines for a Public Debate......Page 460
35a Prepare before You Chair a Program or Meeting......Page 462
35b Establish a Positive and Helpful Environment......Page 466
PART 7 SAMPLE SPEECHES......Page 469
INTRODUCTION Because There’s No Substitute for a Concrete Example......Page 471
Guide Dogs for the Blind, Informative Speech by Peter Ballard......Page 475
Eye Chip, Informative Speech by Vanessa Harikul......Page 479
The Assault on Your Ears, Outline for an Informative Speech with Presentation Aids by Patrick Wong......Page 483
The Assault on Your Ears, Informative Speech with Presentation Aids by Patrick Wong......Page 486
Ethanol Production Plant, PowerPoint Slides for a Technical Presentation by Khe Dinh......Page 489
Overconsumption of Sugar, Persuasive Speech by Hans Erian......Page 496
Rain Forests Are in Need of Defense, Outline for a Persuasive Speech with Presentation Aids by Karen McNeil......Page 499
Rain Forests Are in Need of Defense, Persuasive Speech with Presentation Aids by Karen McNeil......Page 505
What You Can Do for the Homeless, Persuasive Speech by Michelle Zajac......Page 511
Women’s Rights Are Human Rights, Hillary Rodham Clinton......Page 516
Acceptance of the ESPY Award, Cathy Freeman......Page 522
All Hands, Norman Mineta......Page 523
Address to the Democratic National Convention, 2004, Barack Obama......Page 527
The Centrality of Oral Communication in Secondary Education, John Poulakos......Page 533
PART 8 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES......Page 541
INTRODUCTION Just in Case......Page 543
Problems in Pronunciation......Page 545
Word-Choice Errors......Page 546
Some Grammar and Usage Problems......Page 548
GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS......Page 551
NOTES......Page 563
INDEX......Page 565
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES......Page 578