The Spatial Scale of Crime: How Physical and Social Distance Drive the Spatial Location of Crime

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction: Understanding crime in neighborhoods
	Introduction
	A brief thumbnail history of spatial criminology
		Issues to consider from this history
		How invariant are our models?
		Combining perspectives
	Key themes of book
	Plan of the book
	Chapters of the book
	Summary
	References
Chapter 2 A general theory of spatial crime patterns: Explaining where crime occurs
	Guardians, targets, and offenders
		Motivated offenders
		Guardians and targets
	General theory of spatial crime patterns
		Key characteristics of various types of crime: crime dyads and spatial temporality
		Who are motivated offenders?
		Where offenders travel
		Who or what are suitable targets?
		Where targets go
		Capable guardians and their spatial patterning
	Putting this information all together
		A priori predictions of the theory
		What information is still needed for the model?
		Crime pattern theory: precise estimates of where persons go
	Summary
	Notes
	References
Chapter 3 What is a neighborhood?: Spatial social networks and egohoods
	What is a neighborhood?
		We need a theory to explain residents’ reactions to crime
		How have neighborhoods been measured?
	What brings about a neighborhood? Principles of neighborhoods
		Proximity
		Similarity
		Familiarity
		Collective goods
	Measuring neighborhoods
		Measuring neighborhoods as network neighborhoods
	Egohoods as a conceptualization of neighborhoods
		Motivating insights of egohoods
		Conceptualizing egohoods
		Opportunity theories
		Street egohoods
	Latent collective action
	Summary
	Notes
	References
Chapter 4 How do we learn about crime and disorder?
	Introduction
	How do we learn about crime?
		Crime: experience it or see it or hear evidence of it
		Talk to others to learn about crime
		Media provides information about crime
		Maybe infer it from the presence of types of people?
		Maybe infer crime from the presence of disorder? “Broken windows”
	Defining physical and social disorder?
		Physical disorder
		Social disorder
	Is there a tipping point?
	How do we measure physical disorder?
	How do we measure social disorder?
		Physical markers of social disorder
	How do we measure crime?
	Geographic indeterminacy of measuring disorder and crime
	Who sees more physical and social disorder, or more crime?
		Depends on the type of people?
		Methodological challenges to accounting for spatial heterogeneity
		Who perceives more crime and disorder? Types of people
		Who sees more crime or disorder? Depends on context
	Measuring neighborhood crime based on resident assessments: how accurate?
		What types of crime most strongly impact residents’ perceptions?
	Summary: what does one do with knowledge of crime and disorder?
	Notes
	References
Chapter 5 How do residents respond to neighborhood crime?: The EVLN model
	Introduction
	Residents respond to crime in one of four ways: exit, voice, loyalty, neglect (EVLN)
	Neglect
	Loyalty
	Exit
		Household model predicting “exit”
		Neighborhood change and differential mobility
		Why would residents move into a high-crime neighborhood?
		Empirical evidence of income, crime, and mobility
		Household race as a discriminating factor
		Solving information asymmetry: race/ethnicity as a signal
		Consequences of racial bias for the EVLN mobility model
		Empirical evidence for disproportionate mobility
		Higher transaction costs
		Residential mobility may affect those left behind
		Does the racial/ethnic context have additional consequences?
	Summary: exit, loyalty, and neglect
	Notes
	References
Chapter 6 Why doesn’t everyone choose “voice”?
	Why doesn’t everyone choose “voice”?
		Collective action to reduce crime
		Short-term activity in response to crime
	Why doesn’t everyone choose “voice”? Different types of people?
		Choosing “voice” costs “time”
		Easier if you already interact with neighbors
	General distance: social and physical distance
		Propinquity based on residential stability
		More willing if economically invested: homeownership
		More willing if limited ability to move?
	Why doesn’t everyone choose “voice”? Different context
		Neighborhood social networks
		Less costly (risk) if there is collective efficacy?1
		Informal social control
		The process of efficacy: updating
		Uncertainty regarding collective efficacy
		The context in which social control action occurs
		Empirical evidence of updating and uncertainty of collective efficacy
		Task-specific collective efficacy
		Easier through existing organizations (voluntary organizations, churches, etc.)
		Changing the form of the public good: neighborhood association participation
		Heterogeneous public goods
		Role variability and a changing neighborhood
		Empirical evidence of disproportionate activity in neighborhood associations
		How often do people actually choose “voice”?8
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 7 Social distance, physical distance, and social networks
	Networks: what does a “tie” mean?
	Why do social ties form?
		Propinquity (physical distance)
		Homophily (social distance)
		Measuring physical and social distance
	Consequences of neighborhood networks
		How are networks measured?
		Impact of neighborhood networks: a simulation study
	What networks accomplish
		Information flow
		Collective goods and response to collective action problems
		Cohesion, trust, and social support
	Ties to other neighborhoods
		Links to other neighborhoods by offenders
	The spatial distribution of social ties: consequences for residents in neighborhoods
		Spatial ties and fear of crime
		Spatial ties and collective efficacy
	The built environment and personal social ties
	Built environment and cohesion for neighborhoods
	Social distance and social cohesion
	Social distance and disagreement about collective efficacy
	Social distance and crime and disorder
	Social distance and violence: inter-group violence
		What explains inter- and intra-group violence?
		Social space and social interaction
	Summary and future directions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 8 Temporal scale: Stability and dynamic neighborhoods
	Introduction
	Temporal impact of voluntary organizations
	Methodological issues of measuring neighborhood change
		Feedback effects from crime
		The timing of causal processes
		Consequences of the speed of change in neighborhoods
		Long-term (historical) effects
		Saturation and threshold effects (cross-sectional nonlinear effects)
		Perturbation: change itself matters
		Asymmetric change
	Neighborhood change can occur even without mobility
	Mobility model of neighborhood change
		Flow measures of neighborhood change
	Forced mobility
		Foreclosures as forced mobility
		Evictions as forced mobility
		Imprisonment and parole as forced mobility
	Changing business environment
		Changing perceptions of offenders
	Gentrification: change in socioeconomic composition
		Spatial consequences of gentrification
	Spatial effects
	Feedback effects from crime
		Feedback from crime to change in residential instability
		Feedback from crime to change in racial composition
		Feedback from crime to change in socioeconomic status
		Feedback from crime to change in business composition
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 9 Larger units of analysis: How do small-scale processes scale up?
	Household decisions affect neighborhood characteristics
		What is a city?
	Law of crime concentration
		What are the theoretical implications of a law of crime concentration?
		Challenges to measuring crime concentration
		Statistical challenges to measuring crime concentration
		Study of cities in Southern California
	What is the scale of causal effects: micro, meso, or macro?
		Consequence of nonlinear effects on crime
	What are the implications of spatial movement for ecology of crime models?
	The spatial scale of income and race/ethnicity for crime rates
		Considering the proper level of aggregation for the mechanism
		The moderating effect of the inequality or heterogeneity context
		Broader inequality around the egohood
	Spatial inequality and foreclosures
		Social distance as a moderator of the foreclosures and crime relationship
	The impact of nearby context and city context on neighborhoods
	Population at various scales
		Population density and population size: population in the micro- and macro-environment
		Population and crime in the micro- or macro-environment
		Possible moderating effects
	Comparing micro-effects over micro- and macro-environment populations
		Spatial effect of socio-demographic characteristics
	Accounting for the micro and meso level in city-level studies
	The metropolitan context, and consequences for city-level crime
	The role of redevelopment: gentrification
	Changes in parameters over time
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 10 Conclusion: Where are the implications of all this?
	Introduction
	A household-level model: the EVLN model
	Nonlinear temporal neighborhood change
	The spatial scale of social distance
		Using egohoods to capture spatial fuzziness
	At what scale do causal effects operate?
	Spatial scale of crime: scaling effects of population
	Is the model consistent with these data?
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
Index