The Soil-Human Health-Nexus

Cover\nHalf Title\nSeries Page\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nTable of Contents\nPreface\nEditor\nContributors\nChapter 1 The Soil–Human Health–Environment Trinity\n	1.1 Introduction\n	1.2 Soil Organic Matter in Relation to the Health of Soil and the Environment\n	1.3 Historic Depletion of the Terrestrial C Stock\n	1.4 Soil Organic Matter Depletion and Soil/Environment Degradation\n	1.5 The Soil–Human Health Nexus\n	1.6 Interconnected Vicious Cycles Prevalent in Degraded Soils of Agroecosystems\n	1.7 Choice of Entry Points for Breaking the Vicious Circles\n	1.8 Enhancing Human Nutrition by Soil Management\n	1.9 Research and Development Priorities\n	1.10 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 2 Health of Soil, Plants, Animals, and People\n	2.1 Overview\n	2.2 One Health\n	2.3 Soil Health\n		2.3.1 Soil and Life\n		2.3.2 Soil Health\n		2.3.3 Soil Health and Human Health\n		2.3.4 Soil Management and Human Health\n	2.4 Plant Health\n		2.4.1 Soil Health and Its Indicators in Agriculture System\n		2.4.2 Plant Pathogens and Their Caused Destructive Diseases on Plants\n		2.4.3 Agricultural Practices Affect Plant and Soil Health\n		2.4.4 Plant- and Soil-Associated Microbiomes for Plant Growth and Health\n	2.5 Animal Health\n		2.5.1 Livestock Production-Soil and Plant Health\n		2.5.2 Effects of Soil on Animal Health\n		2.5.3 Effects of Plants on Animal Health\n		2.5.4 Effect of Animals on Soil and Plant Health\n	2.6 Human Health\n		2.6.1 Human Activity Impacts Soil Health\n		2.6.2 Soil Impact Physically\n		2.6.3 Soil Impact on Human Nutrition\n		2.6.4 Toxic Compounds in Soil Impact Human Health\n		2.6.5 Soil Pathogens\n		2.6.6 Soil as Source of Modern Antibiotics and Other Benefits\n	2.7 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 3 Transport of Mineral Elements from Soil and Human Health\n	3.1 Introduction\n	3.2 Transport of Essential Mineral Elements in Rice\n		3.2.1 Transport of Fe in Rice\n		3.2.2 Transport of Zn in Rice\n	3.3 Transport of Toxic Elements\n		3.3.1 Transport of As in Rice\n		3.3.2 Transport of Cd in Rice\n	3.4 Future Perspective\n	Acknowledgements\n	References\nChapter 4 Soils and Human Health: Communication between Soil Scientists and Health Care Providers\n	4.1 Introduction\n		4.1.1 Brief Overview of Soils and Human Health Connections\n			4.1.1.1 Writings by Soil Scientists and Geologists\n			4.1.1.2 Writings by Human Health Professionals\n		4.1.2 Soil Health (As Defined) Represents a Key Life Sustaining “Factor” Just as Clean Air and Clean and Abundant Water\n	4.2 Soils Knowledge Useful to the Practitioner\n		4.2.1 Basic Soil Physical and Chemical Properties\n		4.2.2 Basic Soil Biological Properties\n		4.2.3 Soil Health\n		4.2.4 Soil and Climate Connections\n	4.3 Ways to Facilitate Communication\n		4.3.1 Publications in Jointly Read Journals\n		4.3.2 Facilitating Joint Conferences\n		4.3.3 University Education That Crosses Disciplines\n	4.4 Concluding Statements\n	Acknowledgements\n	References\nChapter 5 Soil and Cancer\n	5.1 Introduction\n	5.2 Carcinogenesis\n	5.3 Carcinogens\n	5.4 Soil Health\n		5.4.1 Soil Composition\n			5.4.1.1 Selenium\n			5.4.1.2 Lead\n			5.4.1.3 Arsenic\n			5.4.1.4 Trichloroethylene\n			5.4.1.5 Perfluorooctanoic Acid\n			5.4.1.6 1,2-Dichloropropane\n			5.4.1.7 Dichloromethane\n			5.4.1.8 1,3-Propane Sultone\n			5.4.1.9 Fibrous Glaucophane\n			5.4.1.10 Radon\n		5.4.2 Pollution\n		5.4.3 Pesticides\n			5.4.3.1 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma\n			5.4.3.2 Leukemia\n			5.4.3.3 Brain Cancer\n			5.4.3.4 Breast Cancer\n			5.4.3.5 Kidney Cancer\n			5.4.3.6 Pancreatic Cancer\n			5.4.3.7 Prostate Cancer\n			5.4.3.8 Lung Cancer\n			5.4.3.9 Stomach Cancer\n	5.5 Nutrition\n	5.6 Possible Interventions\n		5.6.1 Selenium\n		5.6.2 Phenols\n		5.6.3 Outside-the-Box Therapies\n	Appendix\n	References\nChapter 6 Addressing Urban Mal- and Undernourishment through Sustainable Home Gardens\n	6.1 Introduction\n	6.2 Malnutrition\n	6.3 Micronutrient Deficiency in Diet and Human Health\n	6.4 Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables\n	6.5 Heavy Metal and Contaminants in Urban Soil and Human Health\n	6.6 Home Gardens for Fruits and Vegetables\n	6.7 Yields of Fruits and Vegetables in the Home Gardens\n	6.8 Concluding Remarks\n	References\nChapter 7 Improving Human Health by Remediating Polluted Soils\n	7.1 Introduction\n	7.2 Soil Pollutant Problems\n		7.2.1 Prevention\n			7.2.1.1 Combustibles (Organics)\n			7.2.1.2 Inorganic Toxins (Metals)\n			7.2.1.3 Biotoxins\n	7.3 Already Polluted Soil Remediation\n		7.3.1 Phytoremediation\n		7.3.2 “Treatment” with Powdered Basalt\n		7.3.3 Desalinated Water Soil Washing\n	7.4 Discussion\n	7.5 Conclusion\n	References\nChapter 8 Managing Soil for Global Peace by Eliminating Famines and Pandemics\n	8.1 Introduction\n		8.1.1 State-of-the-World Soils\n		8.1.2 Soil and Human Health\n	8.2 Population\n		8.2.1 Global Trends\n		8.2.2 Urbanization\n	8.3 Famines\n		8.3.1 Global History\n		8.3.2 Causes of Famines\n	8.4 Pandemics and Hunger\n		8.4.1 Global History\n		8.4.2 Population and Pandemics\n	8.5 Achieving Zero Hunger and Malnutrition by 2030\n	8.6 The Soil–Peace–Famine–Pandemic Nexus\n	8.7 Lessons Learned from Historic Pandemics and Famines\n		8.7.1 Knowledge Gaps\n	8.8 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 9 Illustrating a Disjoint in the Soil–Plant–Human Health Nexus with Potassium\n	9.1 Introduction\n	9.2 Definitions\n	9.3 Potassium as an Indicator for Health Outcomes\n	9.4 Review\n		9.4.1 Search Process\n		9.4.2 Soil Health and Potassium\n			9.4.2.1 Potassium Status in Global Croplands\n		9.4.3 Plant Health and Potassium\n			9.4.3.1 Potassium for Yield Building\n			9.4.3.2 Potassium for Quality Improvement\n			9.4.3.3 Potassium for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management\n		9.4.4 Human Health and Potassium\n			9.4.4.1 Dietary Potassium Requirement in Humans\n			9.4.4.2 Food Sources for Dietary Potassium\n			9.4.4.3 Dietary Potassium Intake in Different Countries/Regions\n			9.4.4.4 Potassium and Disease Incidence\n			9.4.4.5 Potassium in Immune System Disorders\n			9.4.4.6 Potassium in Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases\n			9.4.4.7 Potassium and Infectious Diseases\n	9.5 Interactions among Health Components\n		9.5.1 Case Study\n			9.5.1.1 Potato as a Source of Nutrients and Energy\n			9.5.1.2 Linking Soil and Potato Plant Health to Human Health\n			9.5.1.3 Postharvest Fate of Tuber Nutrients\n	9.6 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 10 Soil Aquaphotomics for Understanding Soil–Health Relation through Water–Light Interaction\n	10.1 Introduction\n	10.2 Foundations of Aquaphotomics\n	10.3 Soil Health and Aquaphotomics\n	10.4 Aquaphotomics in Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring\n	10.5 Aquaphotomics in Microbiology\n	10.6 Aquaphotomics and Plant–Soil System Health\n	10.7 Implications to Human Health and Future Perspectives\n	List of Abbreviations\n	References\nChapter 11 Healthy Soils—Healthy People: Soil and Human Health—The Reality of the Balkan Region\n	11.1 Introduction\n	11.2 Natural Characteristics of the Region\n		11.2.1 Geomorphological Characteristics\n		11.2.2 Climate Characteristics\n		11.2.3 Forests\n		11.2.4 Water Resources\n		11.2.5 Biodiversity Conservation and Management\n	11.3 Soils of the Region\n	11.4 State of the Soil and the Main Degradation Drivers\n		11.4.1 Climate Change\n		11.4.2 Soil Erosion and Torrential Floods\n		11.4.3 Agriculture and Land Degradation\n			11.4.3.1 Loss of SOC\n			11.4.3.2 Acidification and Salinization\n		11.4.4 Forestry\n		11.4.5 Urbanization\n		11.4.6 Mass Movements on Slopes\n		11.4.7 Waste Management\n		11.4.8 Energetics, Mining, and Industry\n	11.5 Soil Pollution and Human Health\n	11.6 Land Use Changes and Land Degradation Neutrality\n	11.7 Concluding Remarks\n	References\nChapter 12 Heavy Metals Bioavailability in Soils and Impact on Human Health\n	12.1 Introduction\n	12.2 Sources of Heavy Metals\n		12.2.1 Parent Material\n			12.2.1.1 Black Shales\n			12.2.1.2 Limestones\n			12.2.1.3 Phosphorites\n			12.2.1.4 Sedimentary Ironstones\n		12.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources of Heavy Metals\n			12.2.2.1 Fertilizers\n			12.2.2.2 Sewage Effluents and City Wastes\n			12.2.2.3 Industrial Wastes\n			12.2.2.4 Vehicle Transport\n	12.3 Soil Factors Affecting Heavy Metal Mobility and Bioavailability in Soils\n		12.3.1 Soil pH\n		12.3.2 Soil Texture\n		12.3.3 Soil Organic Matter Content and Its Form\n		12.3.4 Oxidation-Reduction Potential\n		12.3.5 Ionic Strength\n		12.3.6 Chemical Speciation and Nature of Contamination\n		12.3.7 Iron and Manganese Oxides\n	12.4 Pathways of Metal Transfer to Humans\n		12.4.1 Media Serving as Carriers of Heavy Metals\n		12.4.2 Avenues of Transfer of the Heavy Metals from the Carriers to Humans\n		12.4.3 Transfer of Heavy Metals from Soil to Plants to Humans\n		12.4.4 Impact of Heavy Metals on Human Health\n	12.5 Measures to Reduce Bioavailability of Heavy Metals\n		12.5.1 Regulation of pH of the Holding Medium Such as Soil\n		12.5.2 Agricultural Measures to Reduce Metal Transfer to the Food Chain\n		12.5.3 Extraction of the Metals from the Soil\n		12.5.4 Use of Chemical Stabilizers to Prohibit Bioavailability\n	12.6 Summary and Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 13 Managing Soil Biology for Multiple Human Benefits\n	13.1 Introduction: The Many Benefits That Humans Obtain from Soil Biodiversity\n	13.2 Promoting Specific Ecosystem Functions with Targeted Introductions of Soil Biota\n		13.2.1 Introduction of Soil Organisms to Improve the Sustainable Use of Nutrient Resources\n			13.2.1.1 Nitrogen\n			13.2.1.2 Phosphorus\n		13.2.2 Introduction of Natural Enemies for Pest Control Services\n		13.2.3 Vermicompost and Other Organic Material Application\n		13.2.4 Soil Transplantation to Restore Degraded Fields\n	13.3 Management Considerations for Supporting Whole Soil Communities\n		13.3.1 Tillage\n		13.3.2 Nutrient Management\n		13.3.3 Pesticides\n		13.3.4 Irrigation\n		13.3.5 Grazing\n		13.3.6 Diversification of Cropping Systems\n	13.4 The Threat of Anthropogenic Global Environmental Changes to Soil Biota and Its Ecosystem Functions\n	13.5 Concluding Comments\n	References\nChapter 14 Structural Attributes of Disease-Suppressive Soils and Their Impact on Human Health\n	14.1 Introduction\n	14.2 Disease-Suppressive Attributes in Soils\n	14.3 Management of Disease Suppression by Managing Soil Structure\n		14.3.1 Managing Soil Health through Strengthening Biodiversity by Restoring SOC Content\n		14.3.2 Compost\n		14.3.3 Crop Rotation\n	14.4 Management of Soil Structure to Enhance Disease Suppression by Conservation Agriculture\n	14.5 Creating Disease-Suppressive Soils\n	14.6 Researchable Priorities\n	14.7 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 15 Soil Health and Human Nutrition\n	15.1 Introduction\n	15.2 The Soil–Human Health Nexus\n	15.3 Soil Health and Nutritional Quality of Food\n	15.4 Land Use and Management Impacts on Soil Health\n	15.5 Managing Soil Organic Matter Content to Improve Soil Health\n	15.6 Research and Development Priorities\n	15.7 Conclusions\n	References\nIndex