The Shaping Of Modern France; Writings On French History Since 1715

Preface
	Contents
	Introduction by Crane Brinton
1 Social Classes Under the Old Regime
	Robe and Sword, the Regrouping of the French Aristocracy After Louis XIV
	A Re-evaluation of the “Aristocratic Revolt”
	Capitalist and Proprietary Wealth and the Definition of the Bourgeoisie
	The Peasantry on the Eve of the French Revolution
	Ideas of Reform Among the French Lower Clergy, 1787-1789
	Suggestions for Further Reading
2 The Enlightenment
	Desertion of Intellectuals and Nobles as a Pre-Revolutionary Phenomenon
	The Philosophes and Their Environment
	The French Jesuits in the Age of Enlightenment
	The Political Philosophy of Helvétius and d’Holbach
	The Influence of Eighteenth-Century Ideas on the French Revolution
	The Image and Influence of America in the French Enlightenment
	Suggestions For Further Reading
3 The Decline of the Old Regime and the Debacle of French Foreign Policy
	Louis XV : The Monarchy in Decline
	The Diplomatic Revolution and the Debacle of French Foreign Policy
	France and the Financing of the American Revolution
	The Parlements of France in the Eighteenth Century
	Turgot and the Fate of His Six Edicts
	The Fiscal and Economic Crises at the End of the Ancien Régime
	Suggestions For Further Reading
4 France Makes A Revolution
	Why Was There a Revolution in France ?
	The “Mainspring of the Revolution”: The Paris Sans-culottes
	The Directory — A Revaluation
	Suggestions For Further Reading
5 The Counterrevolution
	Counterrevolutionary Politics : The Emigration and Intrigues of the Princes
	The Church and the Counterrevolution
	A Sociological Analysis of Counterrevolution: The Vendée
	Counter-revolutionary Espionage: Francis Drake and the Comte d’Antraigues
	Counterrevolutionary Terror
	Counter-revolutionary Thought
	Suggestions for Further Reading
6 Napoleonic Imperialism
	Napoleon Seizes Control of the Revolution
	Napoleonic Imperialism at Its Zenith: The Grand Empire and the Continental System
	The Spirit of the Napoleonic System
	Napoleon and the Age of Nationalism
7 The Restoration and Fall of the Bourbons
	Talleyrand at the Congress of Vienna
	The Electoral System in France During the Bourbon Restoration, 1815-1830
	French Society Under the Restoration
	Charles X, Polignac, and the Application of Article XIV of the Charter
	A New Look at the French Revolution of 1830
	Suggestions For Further Reading
8 Bourgeois Monarchy and Democratic Republic
	Bourgeois Supremacy During the July Monarchy
	A Reconsideration of Guizot
	The Romantic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in France
	The Changing Outlines of 1848
	The Romantic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in France
	Suggestions For Further Reading
9 “Socialism” and “Caesarism”: The Domestic Policies of the Second Empire
	The Economic Transformation of France Under the Second Empire
	The Social and Economic Policies of the Emperor
	The Constitutional Significance of the Second Empire
	The Myth of Napoleon III
	Suggestions for Further Reading
10 “The Empire Means Peace”: The Foreign Policy of the Second Empire
	The Second Empire and Italian Unity
	“The Great Idea of the Reign”: The Mexican Expedition
	Napoleon III and the Austro-Prussian War
	“Red Rag” and “Gallic Bull”: The Hohenzollem Candidature
	Suggestions for Further Reading
11 Socialist Thought and the Paris Commune
	The Development of Socialist Doctrines from the Revolution to the Commune
	The Paris Commune: An Episode of the Socialist Movement
	The First International, Proudhonists, Blanquists, and the Paris Commune
	The Activity of Popular Organizations During the Paris Commune of 1871
	Suggestions for Further Reading
12 Realism, Impressionism, and Symbolism
	Flaubert and Naturalism
	Impressionism, 1a Break with Tradition
	German Idealism and French Symbolism
	Suggestions for Further Reading
13 Challenges to the Third Republic
	The Attempted Coup d’Etat of May 16, 1877
	The Significance of Boulangism
	The Ralliement in the Politics of the 1890’s
	France and the Dreyfus Affair
	The Nationalist Revival in France
	Suggestions for Further Reading
14 Imperialism, Triple Entente, and World War I
	Jules Ferry and the Growth of French Imperialism
	The Entente Cordiale and the First Moroccan Crisis
	The War Aims of the French Government, 1914-1918
	The Costs of World War I
	Suggestions for Further Reading
15 France Between Two Wars (1919-1940)
	France’s Search for “Security” After 1919
	The Resurgence of the Right After World War I
	The Stavisky Affair and the Riots of February 6th, 1934
	Léon Blum and the Failure of the Popular Front
	Along the Road Back to France 1940
	Suggestions for Further Reading
16 “France Against Herself”: Vichy and the Resistance
	Vichy’s “National Revolution”
	The Vichy Regime and Collaboration
	Free France and Its Plans for the Future of France
	The Effects of World War II on French Society and Politics
	Suggestions for Further Reading
17 The “Unloved” Fourth Republic
	The Transformation of the French Economy After World War II
	The Political “System” of the Fourth Republic
	Why the Fourth Republic Failed to Solve the Algerian Problem
	How the Fourth Republic Died: The Revolution of May, 1958
	Suggestions for Further Reading
18 The Fifth Republic: The Final Synthesis?
	The Political Principles of General de Gaulle
	De Gaulle and the Decolonization of Africa
	The Foreign Policy Conceptions of General de Gaulle
	De Gaulle and the Future of Europe
	Suggestions for Further Reading
19 The Intellectual Crisis of the Twentieth Century
	Dadaism
	The Novelist as Philosopher, 1930-1960
	Existentialism
	The Philosophy of Existentialism
	Claude Lévi-Strauss and the Changing Temper of the 1960’s
	Suggestions for Further Reading