The Shaping of Life: The Generation of Biological Pattern

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 13
Preface......Page 17
1.1 Pattern, patron, process......Page 27
1.2 Breaking out......Page 31
1.3 Krespel......Page 34
1.4 Looking for the Organizer......Page 37
1.5 The Organizer of what?......Page 39
1.6 Described where? (The organization of this account)......Page 43
Part I: Watching plants grow......Page 47
2.1 Bridges, branches, plants and protists......Page 49
2.2 Entities and waves......Page 58
2.3 Numbers of parts, spacings, wavelengths......Page 60
3.1.1 The morphological event......Page 67
3.1.2 Reaction-diffusion: looking for circumstantial evidence with a magnifier......Page 71
3.2 Larix x leptoeuropaea cotyledons......Page 80
4.1 Breaking symmetry......Page 85
4.2 Mechanical buckling: the potato chip et al.......Page 87
4.3 An interlude on fungal hyphae: Neurospora crassa......Page 92
4.4 Patterning on a hemisphere......Page 95
4.5 So why do we need to do complicated computations?......Page 99
5 Micrasterias, and computing patterning along with growth......Page 103
5.1 Patterning and its morphological expression......Page 104
5.2.1 Developmental facts......Page 105
5.2.2 2-D computations......Page 109
5.3.1 Going from 2-D to 3-D, and some results......Page 115
5.3.2 Available software......Page 123
5.4 Back to 1-D: the moving boundary; and what is polarization?......Page 126
Part II: Between plants and animals......Page 131
6.1 From Wigglesworth to Turing......Page 137
6.2 The components of Turing dynamic pattern-forming mechanisms......Page 143
6.3.1 Diffusion: the need to think of curvature of a gradient......Page 147
6.3.2 Bringing in the reaction rates......Page 150
6.3.3 Exponential growth and pattern wavelength......Page 153
6.3.4 From exponential growth to steady-state pattern......Page 157
6.3.5 Activator and inhibitor distributions: what proves what?......Page 160
6.4.1 Only one morphogen: the exponential gradient......Page 164
6.4.2 More than two morphogens......Page 165
7.1 Structure, equilibrium, kinetics......Page 168
7.2.1 A phase transition with a beating heart......Page 170
7.2.2 A phase transition in a condensing nucleus?......Page 177
7.3.1 Definitely reaction-diffusion, but not alive: CIMA......Page 181
7.3.2 Polar coordinates......Page 183
7.3.3 Identities of Turing morphogens?......Page 185
Part III: But animals are different......Page 187
8 The dreaded fruit fly......Page 189
8.1.1 Animal plans and plant plans......Page 190
8.1.2 \'Fushi\'......Page 191
8.2 The earliest appearance of segmentation in Drosophila......Page 193
8.3 Positional variation, error and noise in wild-type populations......Page 204
8.4 Effects of temperature......Page 210
9 Various vertebrate events......Page 212
9.1 The heart of the salamander......Page 213
9.2 The angel in the fishbowl, and other sets of stripes or spots......Page 220
9.3 Somites in space and sequence......Page 226
9.4 Gastrulation: geometry, topology or cytology?......Page 231
9.5 Is that all there is?......Page 238
9.5.1 Vertebrate limb development......Page 239
9.5.2 Growing like plants?......Page 241
Epilogue......Page 244
References......Page 252
Index......Page 269