The Security of Critical Infrastructures: Risk, Resilience and Defense

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
The Security of Critical Infrastructures: Introduction and Overview
	1 The Vulnerability of Critical Infrastructures
	2 Contributions and Structure
	3 Building Better Infrastructure
	References
Part I Risk
	Networks of Critical Infrastructures: Cost Estimation and Defense of Attacks
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
		3 Methods
			3.1 Operator Model
			3.2 Inclusion of Shortage and Formulation in Standard Form
			3.3 Modeling an Attack Scenario
			3.4 The Attacker-Defender Model
			3.5 Application to a Small Example
			3.6 Application to the Anytown Network
		4 Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	Insurability of Critical Infrastructures
		1 Introduction
		2 Pareto Estimation of Risk Premiums
		3 Simulation of Bankruptcy Risk
		4 Conclusion
		References
Part II Resilience
	Deliberate Attacks on Freshwater Supply Systems: A Compartmentalized Model for Damage Assessment
		1 Introduction
		2 Model Compartments and Parameters
		3 Model Dynamics and Damage Calculation
		4 Illustration
		5 Discussion and Outlook
		6 Technical Appendix
			6.1 Derivation of System Dynamics
			6.2 Effective Impact of an Attack
		References
	Mass Casualty Treatment After Attacks on Critical Infrastructure: An Economic Perspective
		1 Introduction
		2 The Consequences of Mass Casualty Incidents
			2.1 Monetary Loss to the Economy
			2.2 Strained Medical Emergency Services Capacity
		3 Illustration for Three Model Economies
			3.1 Parametrization
			3.2 Simulation Results
			3.3 Minimization of Monetary Loss
		4 Discussion
		References
	Vulnerability and Resilience of National Power Grids: A Graph-Theoretical Optimization Approach and Empirical Simulation
		1 Introduction
		2 Analyzing Power Grids Using Graph Theory
			2.1 Power Flow Calculation Using Linear Programming
			2.2 (N-1) Analysis and Resulting Uncovered Demand
		3 Vulnerability Analysis of Power Grids
			3.1 Node Removal
			3.2 Edge Removal
		4 Simulation
			4.1 Capacity Model
			4.2 Calculation
			4.3 Results
				4.3.1 Node Removal
				4.3.2 Edge Removal
		5 Discussion
		References
	A Robust Supply Chain Model for a National Economy with Many Goods, Multiple Import Routes, and Compulsory Stockpiling
		1 Introduction
		2 Model Specification
		3 Application
			3.1 Simple Illustration
			3.2 Complex Disruption Case
			3.3 Contingency Analysis for Different Stockpile Configurations
		4 Outlook
		References
	Assessing the Reliability of Street Networks: A Case Study Based on the Swiss Street Network
		1 Introduction
		2 Planning Problem
		3 Construction of Graph
		4 Estimation of Traffic Matrices
		5 Formulation of Traffic Flow Model
			5.1 Notation
			5.2 Constraints
			5.3 Objective Function
		6 Computational Results
			6.1 Illustrative Example
			6.2 Application to the Street Network of the City of Bern
			6.3 Application to the Swiss Street Network
			6.4 Application to Train Networks
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Securing the Air–Ground Link in Aviation
		1 Introduction
		2 Classification of Air–Ground Link Incidents and Vulnerabilities
			2.1 Security Incidents
				2.1.1 ADS-B
				2.1.2 SSR
				2.1.3 PSR
				2.1.4 MLAT
				2.1.5 VHF
				2.1.6 ACARS
				2.1.7 CPDLC
			2.2 Privacy Incidents
				2.2.1 Tracking-Related Privacy Leaks
				2.2.2 Leaks of Personal Data
		3 Defense
			3.1 Security Countermeasures
				3.1.1 Cyber-Physical Security
				3.1.2 Machine Learning
				3.1.3 Non-technical Measures
				3.1.4 Cryptography
			3.2 Privacy Countermeasures
				3.2.1 Countermeasures Against Tracking
				3.2.2 Privacy for Data Links
		4 Research Agenda
			4.1 Security
			4.2 Privacy
		References
Part III Defense
	On Dependable Cyber-Physical Spaces of Critical Infrastructures
		1 Introduction
		2 Case Study
			2.1 Cyber-Physical Space of a Critical Facility
			2.2 Security Scenarios
		3 Modeling and Early Design Validation
			3.1 Modeling Space with Bigraphs
			3.2 Enabling Automated Analysis
			3.3 Design-Time Probabilistic Analysis
		4 Spatial Verification of Cyber-Physical Spaces at Runtime
			4.1 Bigraphical Closure Models at Runtime
			4.2 Run-Time Verification of Spatial Properties
		5 Related Work and Further Reading
			5.1 Application-Oriented Perspective
			5.2 Theoretical Perspective
		6 Summary and Concluding Remarks
		References
	Forensic Analysis as Iterative Learning
		1 Introduction
		2 Forensic Defense as an Iterative Learning Cycle
			2.1 Forensic Preparedness
			2.2 Instrumenting Networks to Increase Visibility Over Cyberattacks
			2.3 Cyberattack Detection
			2.4 Scope Assessment and Eradication
			2.5 Capability Development
		3 Illustrative Example
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Defending Critical Infrastructure: Insights from Recommender Systems
		1 Introduction
		2 Defense Strategy
		3 Illustration
		4 Evaluation
		5 Conclusion
		References