The Science of Qualitative Research

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
CONTENTS......Page 9
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES......Page 11
LIST OF BOXES......Page 13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 15
Introduction......Page 17
What Is Qualitative Research Good For?......Page 22
Overview of the Book......Page 23
Part I. The Objective Study of Subjectivity......Page 24
Part II. Ethnographic Fieldwork – The Focus on Constitution......Page 25
Part III. Inquiry with an Emancipatory Interest......Page 27
PART I: The Objective Study of Subjectivity......Page 31
1 What Is Science?......Page 33
The Logical Positivism of the Vienna Circle......Page 36
The Reaction to Einstein’s Revolution......Page 37
The Reconstruction of Science......Page 38
Modern Empirical-Analytical Inquiry......Page 42
A Different Model of Science......Page 44
Scientific Paradigms......Page 45
Paradigm as Exemplar......Page 46
Paradigm as Disciplinary Matrix......Page 47
“The World Itself Changes”......Page 48
Tacit Know-How and Seeing the World......Page 49
The Metaphysics of Randomized Clinical Trials......Page 51
Problems with the Gold Standard......Page 52
Conclusions......Page 55
2 The Qualitative Research Interview......Page 58
Characterizations of the Qualitative Interview......Page 59
Contrasted with Conventional Survey Interviews......Page 60
Compared with Everyday Conversation......Page 63
Flexibility in Service of Asymmetry......Page 66
Mixed Metaphors......Page 68
The Conduit Metaphor......Page 69
Conclusions......Page 72
3 The Analysis of Qualitative Interviews......Page 73
Coding as Abstraction and Generalization......Page 75
Grounded Theory......Page 76
The Practices of Analysis in Grounded Theory......Page 79
Words, Things, and Concepts......Page 81
Grounding Objectivity in Subjectivity......Page 85
Seeing Features and Categories......Page 86
Language as Naming......Page 88
Replacing the Interviewee’s Words......Page 89
The Glossing Study......Page 91
The Coding Study......Page 92
Conclusions......Page 94
4 Hermeneutics and the Project for a Human Science......Page 98
Reconstructing the Author’s Intention: Friedrich Schleiermacher......Page 99
Reconstructing a Shared Form of Life: Wilhelm Dilthey......Page 104
Application and Meaning as an Effect: Hans-Georg Gadamer......Page 108
Conclusions......Page 112
5 Qualitative Analysis Reconsidered......Page 115
The Power of Narrative......Page 117
The Activity of Reading: Wolfgang Iser......Page 120
The Ontological Power of Narrative: Hayden White......Page 123
Tactics and Strategies of Ontological Work......Page 126
The Articulation of Understanding as Explanation......Page 127
Transcribing as Fixing......Page 129
Conclusions......Page 134
PART II: Ethnographic Fieldwork – The Focus On Constitution......Page 137
6 Calls for Interpretive Social Science......Page 139
Interpretation and the Human Sciences: Charles Taylor......Page 140
Intersubjective Practices and Constitution......Page 142
Interpretive Sociology: Anthony Giddens......Page 143
A New Sociology......Page 144
Human Agents and Social Institutions Are Constituted......Page 145
A Hermeneutically Informed Methodology......Page 147
Interpretive Anthropology: Clifford Geertz......Page 150
Deep Play......Page 151
Generating Subjectivity......Page 153
Conclusions......Page 154
7 Dualism and Constitution:The Social Construction of Reality......Page 156
Kant and the Problem of Grounding Knowledge and Ethics......Page 157
Transcendental Idealism: Immanuel Kant......Page 159
Kant’s Legacy......Page 163
The Search for Constitution......Page 164
Transcendental Phenomenology: Edmund Husserl......Page 165
Bracketing Ontological Claims......Page 167
An Endless Road......Page 168
Phenomenology of the Social World: Alfred Schutz......Page 169
The Social Sciences Take the Life-World for Granted......Page 170
Suspending Belief in the Life-World......Page 171
Knowledge Is Practical......Page 172
Reality: Subjective or Intersubjective?......Page 173
The Social Construction of Reality: Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann......Page 175
Putting on and Removing Brackets......Page 176
Pragmatic, Recipe Knowledge......Page 177
Moments in Social Construction......Page 178
Objective and Subjective Reality?......Page 179
Conclusions......Page 180
8 Constitution as Ontological......Page 183
The Phenomenology of Geist: Georg Hegel......Page 184
Reason Has a History......Page 187
Consciousness Follows a Path......Page 189
Ontological Hermeneutics: Martin Heidegger......Page 192
Being Is an Issue for Human Beings......Page 193
A Phenomenology Focused on Ontology......Page 194
Modes of Engagement......Page 196
A Basic Relationality......Page 199
A Phenomenology of Embodiment: Maurice Merleau-Ponty......Page 200
Forms of Behavior......Page 201
Slackening the Threads......Page 202
Visible and Invisible Intertwined......Page 204
The Flesh of the World......Page 205
Ethnomethodology: Harold Garfinkel......Page 206
Society as a Product of Members’ Activity......Page 208
Actual Events, Not Underlying Patterns......Page 209
Becoming a Member......Page 211
Disrupting the Familiar......Page 212
Accounts and Reflexivity......Page 213
A New Model of Language......Page 214
Embodied Know-How......Page 215
Conclusions......Page 217
9 The Crisis in Ethnography......Page 224
The Work: Participation......Page 227
Becoming “One of Them”......Page 228
The Work: Observation......Page 234
Thick Description......Page 235
Fixing Action......Page 239
Writing Culture: The Crisis of Representation......Page 240
The Field......Page 246
Implications: Rethinking Fieldwork......Page 248
Rethinking the Object of Ethnography......Page 249
Rethinking Participation......Page 250
Participation in the Academy......Page 252
Rethinking Writing......Page 253
Rethinking Observation......Page 255
The Dualism of Participant Observation......Page 257
Conclusions......Page 258
10 Studying Ontological Work......Page 261
Preconstituted Objects and Subjects......Page 262
How Discourse Structures Influence Mental Representations......Page 264
Hegemonic Practices......Page 265
Display of Understanding......Page 267
Conversational Pairs......Page 269
Taking Turns......Page 270
Recipient Design......Page 272
Alignment......Page 273
Preference......Page 275
CDA and CA Compared......Page 276
Conclusions......Page 278
PART III: Inquiry With An Emancipatory Interest......Page 285
11 Qualitative Research as Critical Inquiry......Page 289
The Dialectic of Master and Slave......Page 290
The Critique of Capitalism: Karl Marx......Page 291
Alienation, Fetishism, and Ideology......Page 293
People as Both Products and Agents of History......Page 295
Marx’s Method......Page 298
The Frankfurt School......Page 300
Conclusions......Page 303
12 Emancipatory Inquiry as Rational Reconstruction......Page 305
The Critique of Disinterested Knowledge......Page 306
The Gadamer-Habermas Debate......Page 311
Psychoanalysis as a Model for Emancipatory Inquiry......Page 315
Systematically Distorted Communication......Page 316
General Interpretations: Narrative Forms......Page 318
The Validity of Psychoanalytic Interpretation......Page 319
Problems with the Psychoanalytic Model......Page 320
Universal Pragmatics......Page 322
Reconstructive Science......Page 323
Discourse Ethics......Page 324
Social Evolution......Page 325
Conclusions......Page 326
13 Social Science as Participant Objectification......Page 332
Habitus and Field: The Social Game......Page 333
Habitus......Page 334
The Social Field......Page 335
Cultural Capital......Page 338
Symbolic Violence......Page 339
Kant’s Symbolic Violence......Page 340
The Violence of Linguistics......Page 341
The Violence of Academic Discourse......Page 343
The Violence of Ethnography......Page 344
Reflexive Research......Page 346
A Reflexive Study of the Academic Game: Homo Academicus......Page 348
Axes of Power and Conflict in the University......Page 350
Conclusions......Page 351
14 Archaeology, Genealogy, Ethics......Page 358
Archaeology, Genealogy, Ethics......Page 359
Discourse and Discursive Formation......Page 361
Objects Are Constituted......Page 362
Constitution......Page 363
Subjects Are Dispersed......Page 365
The Archaeologies......Page 366
Episteme......Page 367
The Researcher as Archaeologist......Page 370
The Genealogy of Power/Knowledge......Page 372
The Genealogies......Page 373
Power and Biopower......Page 374
Power Is Everywhere......Page 376
Power and Knowledge: Power Produces Reality......Page 378
A Response to Kant......Page 380
The Body......Page 381
The Researcher as Genealogist......Page 382
An Ethics of Formation of the Self......Page 384
Self-Constitution......Page 385
The Historical Ontology of Ourselves......Page 386
Conclusions......Page 390
Dissolving Kant’s Problem......Page 394
Coming to Know What We Have Done and Who We Are......Page 398
Using the Tools......Page 400
Fieldwork......Page 401
Interaction Analysis......Page 403
Interviews......Page 404
But Is This Science?......Page 405
Science and Truth: The Power of Language......Page 406
Science and Politics: Informing Phronesis......Page 409
Science and Ethics: Asking Ethical Questions......Page 410
A New Problematic......Page 411
REFERENCES......Page 413
NAME INDEX......Page 435
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 437