The Science of Personality

Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 16
1 INTRODUCTION: THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF PERSONALITY......Page 20
THREE RESEARCH TRADITIONS......Page 21
The Clinical Approach to Personality......Page 22
The Correlational Approach to Personality......Page 30
The Experimental Approach to Personality......Page 38
Strengths and Limitations of the Three Approaches......Page 44
Shared Goals, Divergent Paths, and Agreement among Data Sources......Page 47
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 51
SUMMARY......Page 52
Part 1 UNITS OF PERSONALITY......Page 54
2 TRAIT UNITS OF PERSONALITY......Page 56
THE TRAIT PSYCHOLOGY OF GORDON W. ALLPORT......Page 57
THE TRAIT PSYCHOLOGY OF RAYMOND B. CATTELL......Page 60
THE TRAIT PSYCHOLOGY OF HANS J. EYSENCK......Page 61
THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL (FFM)......Page 66
EARLY TEMPERAMENT AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT......Page 75
CONSISTENCY OF PERSONALITY AND THE PERSON–SITUATION CONTROVERSY......Page 77
A CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF TRAITS AND FACTOR ANALYSIS......Page 81
CONCLUSION......Page 84
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 85
SUMMARY......Page 86
3 COGNITIVE UNITS OF PERSONALITY......Page 88
THE CONCEPT OF COGNITIVE STYLE......Page 89
TWO PRECOGNITIVE REVOLUTION THEORISTS: KELLY AND ROTTER......Page 92
TWO POSTCOGNITIVE REVOLUTION THEORISTS: MISCHEL AND BANDURA......Page 97
ADDITIONAL COGNITIVE UNITS: SCHEMA, ATTRIBUTIONS, AND BELIEFS......Page 112
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE......Page 115
COGNITION AND CULTURE......Page 117
ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE UNITS......Page 118
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 119
SUMMARY......Page 121
4 MOTIVATIONAL UNITS OF PERSONALITY......Page 123
PITCHFORK–DRIVE THEORIES OF MOTIVATION......Page 125
CARROT–INCENTIVE THEORIES OF MOTIVATION......Page 140
COGNITIVE THEORIES OF MOTIVATION: KELLY’S JACKASS......Page 145
GROWTH, SELF-ACTUALIZATION THEORIES OF MOTIVATION......Page 151
ARE THERE UNIVERSAL HUMAN NEEDS OR MOTIVES?......Page 156
COMMENTS ON MOTIVATIONAL UNITS......Page 159
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE UNITS OF PERSONALITY: TRAITS, COGNITIONS, AND MOTIVES......Page 160
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 162
SUMMARY......Page 163
Part 2 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT......Page 166
5 THE NATURE AND NURTURE OF PERSONALITY......Page 168
THE NATURE OF PERSONALITY: EVOLUTION AND GENETICS......Page 171
THE NURTURE OF PERSONALITY......Page 191
THE NATURE AND NURTURE OF PERSONALITY: UPDATE AND CONCLUSION......Page 198
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 200
SUMMARY......Page 201
6 CHARTING PEOPLE’S LIVES OVER TIME......Page 203
STAGE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY......Page 205
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES OF DEVELOPMENT......Page 212
STABILITY–CONTINUITY OF PERSONALITY: TWO OPPOSING POINTS OF VIEW......Page 234
SOME THOUGHTS ON STABILITY AND CHANGE IN PERSONALITY AND THE QUESTION OF PROCESS......Page 235
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 236
SUMMARY......Page 237
Part 3 TOPICS IN PERSONALITY RESEARCH......Page 240
7 THE UNCONSCIOUS......Page 243
ILLUSTRATIVE PHENOMENA......Page 245
BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW......Page 251
THE DYNAMIC UNCONSCIOUS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS......Page 252
THE COGNITIVE UNCONSCIOUS......Page 261
COMPARISON OF THE DYNAMIC AND COGNITIVE VIEWS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS......Page 268
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE USE OF SELF-REPORT MEASURES......Page 272
CONCLUSION......Page 275
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 276
SUMMARY......Page 277
8 THE CONCEPT OF THE SELF......Page 279
WHY STUDY THE CONCEPT OF THE SELF?......Page 280
THE WAXING AND WANING OF INTEREST IN THE SELF: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 281
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF......Page 283
THREE VIEWS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE SELF......Page 287
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE SELF AND SELF-PROCESSES......Page 303
NEUROSCIENCE AND THE SELF......Page 315
CULTURE AND THE SELF......Page 317
FINAL REFLECTIONS ON THE SELF......Page 320
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 321
SUMMARY......Page 322
9 THE PATH FROM THINKING TO ACTION......Page 324
RATIONAL CHOICE BEHAVIOR: EXPECTANCY × VALUE THEORY......Page 326
THE STASIS AND FLOW OF BEHAVIOR: TOWARD A THEORY OF GOALS......Page 329
GOALS, SELF-REGULATION, AND ACTION: PROGRAMS OF RESEARCH......Page 336
BREAKDOWNS IN SELF-REGULATION AND THE PROBLEM OF VOLITION......Page 354
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 358
SUMMARY......Page 359
10 EMOTION, ADAPTATION, AND HEALTH......Page 360
AFFECT WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF TRADITIONAL PERSONALITY THEORY......Page 362
BASIC EMOTIONS THEORY......Page 365
TWO EMOTION–MOTIVATION SYSTEMS......Page 369
THE BIOLOGY OF EMOTION......Page 370
CULTURE AND EMOTION......Page 371
EMOTION REGULATION, COPING WITH STRESS, AND ADAPTATION......Page 373
EMOTION, ADAPTATION, AND HEALTH......Page 380
CONCLUSION......Page 394
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 395
SUMMARY......Page 396
11 MALADAPTIVE PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING AND PROCESSES OF CHANGE......Page 397
DESCRIPTION, EXPLANATION, AND PRESCRIPTION......Page 398
TRAIT THEORY......Page 399
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY......Page 404
SOCIAL COGNITIVE/INFORMATION-PROCESSING APPROACHES......Page 413
ISSUES RELEVANT TO THE ANALYSIS OF MALADAPTIVE FUNCTIONING AND THERAPEUTIC CHANGE......Page 425
COMPARISON OF THE ALTERNATIVE MODELS......Page 429
BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF MALADAPTIVE PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING AND PERSONALITY CHANGE......Page 430
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 432
SUMMARY......Page 433
12 PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT......Page 435
THE ASSESSMENT OF MEN BY THE STAFF OF THE OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES......Page 436
TYPES OF PERSONALITY DATA......Page 439
A RETURN TO CONSIDERATION OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY......Page 442
SOME QUESTIONS RELEVANT TO PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT......Page 446
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY THEORY AND PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT......Page 459
MAJOR CONCEPTS......Page 462
SUMMARY......Page 463
13 CONCLUSION: CURRENT ISSUES AND THE PROSPECTS FOR THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY......Page 465
A DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY......Page 466
RESEARCH STRATEGIES......Page 467
SPECIFICITY VERSUS GENERALITY......Page 469
NATURE AND NURTURE, GENES AND CULTURE......Page 470
MALLEABILITY–FIXITY, STABILITY–CHANGE......Page 472
RANGE OF CONVENIENCE AND FOCUS OF CONVENIENCE; BANDWIDTH AND FIDELITY......Page 473
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY THEORY AND RESEARCH......Page 474
CURRENT AREAS OF INTEREST......Page 476
PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE......Page 478
SUMMARY......Page 479
References......Page 480
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