The Science of Nutrition (4th Edition)

Cover
Brief Contents
Contents
1 Nutrition: Linking food and health
	What is nutrition?
	How does nutrition support health?
		A Nutritious Diet Contributes to Wellness
		A Nutritious Diet Reduces the Risk for Disease
	What are nutrients?
		Macronutrients Provide Energy
		you do the math Calculating the Energy Contribution of Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins
		Micronutrients Assist in the Regulation of Body Functions
		Water Supports All Body Functions
	How much of each nutrient do most people need?
	How do nutrition scientists evaluate claims?
		The Scientific Method Enables Researchers to Test a Hypothesis
		Repetition of Research Is Required to Develop Theories
	Why do nutrition scientists use different types of research?
		Animal Studies Can Inform Human Studies
		Epidemiological Studies Explore Patterns Within Populations
		Clinical Trials Examine Cause and Effect
	How can you use your knowledge of research to evaluate nutrition claims?
		Watch for Conflict of Interest and Bias
		Evaluate a Website’s Credibility
		nutri-case LIZ
	Which sources of nutrition advice are trustworthy?
		Trustworthy Experts Are Educated and Credentialed
		Government Agencies Are Usually Trustworthy
		Professional Organizations Provide Reliable Nutrition Information
		nutrition debate Conflict of Interest: Should Scientists and Industry Collaborate in Research?
1.5 New Frontiers in Nutrition and Health
	How does our diet affect our genes?
		The Foods We Eat Can Influence Gene Expression
		Nutrigenomics Studies Food-Gene Interactions
		Nutrigenomics Could Lead to Personalized Nutrition
	How does our diet affect our microbiome?
		A Healthy Microbiome Promotes a Healthy Body
		Probiotics and Prebiotics Nourish the Microbiome
	How do phytochemicals enhance our health?
		nutri-case HANNAH
2 Designing a Healthful Diet
	What is a healthful diet?
		A Healthful Diet Is Adequate
		A Healthful Diet Is Moderate
		A Healthful Diet Is Nutrient-Dense
		A Healthful Diet Is Balanced
		A Healthful Diet Is Varied
	What’s behind our food choices?
		Sensory Data Influence Food Choices
		Sociocultural Cues and Emotions Influence Food Choices
		Learning Influences Food Choices
	How can reading food labels help you improve your diet?
		Five Components Must Be Included on Food Labels
		Use the Nutrition Facts Panel to Evaluate and Compare Foods
		Food Labels Can Display a Variety of Claims
		nutri-case GUSTAVO
	How do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans promote a healthful diet?
	How can the USDA Food Patterns help you design a healthful diet?
		Log Onto MyPlate
		Limit Empty Calories
		Watch Your Serving Sizes
		Consider Ethnic Variations and Other Eating Plans
		Get Some High-Tech Help
		you do the math How Much Exercise Is Needed to Combat Increasing Food Portion Sizes?
	Can eating out be part of a healthful diet?
		Avoid Large Portions
		Use Nutrition Information
		nutrition debate Nutrition Advice from the U.S. Government: Is Anyone Listening?
2.5 Healthful Eating Patterns
	What is a healthful eating pattern?
		nutri-case JUDY
	What are some healthful eating patterns?
		A Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern Is Healthful
		The Exchange System Can Help You Follow a Healthful Eating Pattern
		The Healthy Eating Plate and Power Plate Are Also Healthful Eating Patterns
		Include Regular Physical Activity
3 The Human Body: Are we really what we eat?
	How do food molecules build body structure?
		Atoms Bond to Form Molecules
		Molecules Join to Form Cells
	Why do we feel the urge to eat?
		The Hypothalamus Regulates Hunger
		Nerve Cells in the Gastrointestinal System Signal the Hypothalamus
		Hormones Send Chemical Messages to the Hypothalamus
		The Amount and Type of Food Play a Role
	How does food travel through the gastrointestinal tract?
		Digestion Begins in the Mouth
		The Esophagus Transports Food from the Pharynx into the Stomach
		The Stomach Mixes, Digests, and Stores Food
		you do the math Negative Logarithms and the pH Scale
		Most Digestion and Absorption Occur in the Small Intestine
		The Large Intestine Stores Food Waste Until It Is Excreted
	What else contributes to gastrointestinal function?
		The Gallbladder and Pancreas Aid in Digestion
		A Specialized Lining Boosts Absorption in the Small Intestine
		Four Types of Absorption Occur in the Small Intestine
		Blood and Lymph Transport Nutrients
		The Liver Regulates Blood Nutrients
		The GI Flora Perform Several Beneficial Functions
		The Neuromuscular System Regulates the Activities of the GI Tract
	What disorders are related to digestion, absorption, and elimination?
		Heartburn and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Are Caused by Reflux of Gastric Juice
		An Ulcer Is an Area of Erosion in the GI Tract
		Some Disorders Affect Intestinal Function
		nutri-case THEO
		Cancer Can Develop in Any Gastrointestinal Organ
		nutrition debate H. pylori: Could the Same Germ Make Us Sick and Keep Us Well?
3.5 Disorders Related to Specific Foods
	What are food intolerances?
	What are food allergies?
		nutrition label activity Recognizing Common Allergens in Foods
	Is celiac disease the same as gluten sensitivity?
		Celiac Disease Is an Inherited Immune Disease
		nutri-case LIZ
		Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity Is the Subject of Research
4 Carbohydrates: Plant-derived energy nutrients
	What are carbohydrates?
		Simple Carbohydrates Include Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
		Polysaccharides Are Complex Carbohydrates
	Why do we need carbohydrates?
		Carbohydrates Provide Energy for Daily Activities and Exercise
		Carbohydrates Spare Protein and Prevent Ketoacidosis
		Fiber Helps Us Stay Healthy
	How does the body process carbohydrates?
		Digestion Breaks Down Most Carbohydrates into Monosaccharides
		The Liver Converts Most Nonglucose Monosaccharides into Glucose
		Fiber Is Excreted from the Large Intestine
	How does the body regulate blood glucose levels?
		Insulin and Glucagon Regulate Blood Glucose Levels
		Fructose Does Not Stimulate Insulin Release
		Other Hormones Increase Blood Glucose Levels
		The Glycemic Index Shows How Foods Affect Our Blood Glucose Level
	How much total carbohydrate and added sugar should you eat?
		The Recommended Dietary Allowance for Total Carbohydrate Reflects Glucose Use by the Brain
		Most Americans Eat Too Much Added Sugar
		Sugars Are Blamed for Many Health Problems
	How much fiber do you need, and what are the best sources?
		Whole Grains Are Excellent Sources of Fiber
		Other Good Sources of Fiber Are Vegetables, Fruits, Nuts, and Seeds
		nutrition label activity Recognizing Carbohydrates on the Label
	What’s the story on alternative sweeteners?
		Limited Use of Alternative Sweeteners Is Not Harmful
		The Effect of Alternative Sweeteners on Body Weight Is Unclear
		nutri-case HANNAH
		nutrition debate Are Added Sugars the Cause of the Obesity Epidemic?
4.5 Diabetes
	What is diabetes?
	How is diabetes classified?
		In Type 1 Diabetes, the Body Does Not Produce Enough Insulin
		In Type 2 Diabetes, Cells Become Less Responsive to Insulin
		Three Blood Tests Are Used to Diagnose Diabetes
	How can you reduce your risk for type 2 diabetes?
		Some Diabetes Risk Factors Are Modifiable
		Lifestyle Changes Can Reduce Your Risk
		Dietary Counseling Can Help People Living with Diabetes
		nutri-case JUDY
		Prescription Medications or Surgery May Be Advised
5 Fats: Essential energy-supplying nutrients
	What are fats?
		Triglycerides Are the Most Common Food-Based Fat
		Phospholipids Combine Lipids with Phosphate
		Sterols Have a Ring Structure
	Why are some triglycerides better than others?
		Fatty Acid Chain Length Affects Digestion and Absorption
		Level of Hydrogen Saturation Influences Health Effects
		Carbon Bonding Influences Shape
		Trans Fatty Acids Are Especially Harmful
		Essential Fatty Acids Have Unique Health Benefits
	Why do we need fats?
		Fats Provide Energy
		Fats Enable the Transport of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
		Fats Help Maintain Cell Function
		Body Fat Provides Protection
		Dietary Fats Contribute to the Flavor, Texture, and Satiety of Foods
	How does the body process fats?
		The Gallbladder, Liver, and Pancreas Assist in Fat Digestion
		Absorption of Fat Occurs Primarily in the Small Intestine
		Fat Is Stored in Adipose Tissues for Later Use
	How much fat should you eat?
		Recognize the Fat in Foods
		Decipher Label Claims
		nutrition label activity How Much Fat Is in This Food?
		nutri-case LIZ
		Keep Your Fat Intake Within the AMDR
		Aim for a Balance of the Essential Fatty Acids
		Reduce Your Intake of Saturated Fats
		Avoid Trans Fatty Acids
		What About Dietary Cholesterol?
		Select Beneficial Fats
		Watch Out When You’re Eating Out
		Be Aware of Fat Replacers
		Fat Blockers Contribute Minimally to Weight Loss
		nutrition debate Are Saturated Fats Bad or Benign?
5.5 Cardiovascular Disease
	What is cardiovascular disease?
		Atherosclerosis Is Narrowing of Arteries
		Hypertension Increases the Risk for Heart Attack and Stroke
	What factors influence the risk for cardiovascular disease?
		Many CVD Risk Factors Are Within Your Control
		Blood Lipids Play a Significant Role in Cardiovascular Disease
		You Can Estimate Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
	How can you reduce your risk for cardiovascular disease?
		Take Steps to Improve Your Blood Lipid Levels
		Take Steps to Manage Your Blood Pressure
		nutri-case GUSTAVO
		Prescription Medications Can Improve Blood Lipids and Blood Pressure
6 Proteins: Crucial Components of All Body Tissues
	What are proteins?
		The Building Blocks of Proteins Are Amino Acids
		Nine Amino Acids Are Essential
	How are proteins made?
		Amino Acids Bond to Form a Variety of Peptides
		Genes Regulate Amino Acid Binding
		Protein Turnover Involves Synthesis and Degradation
		Protein Organization Determines Function
		Protein Denaturation Affects Shape and Function
		Protein Synthesis Can Be Limited by Missing Amino Acids
		Protein Synthesis Can Be Enhanced by Mutual Supplementation
	Why do we need proteins?
		Proteins Contribute to Cell Growth, Repair, and Maintenance
		Proteins Act as Enzymes and Hormones
		Proteins Help Maintain Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
		Proteins Help Maintain Acid–Base Balance
		Proteins Help Maintain a Strong Immune System
		Proteins Serve as an Energy Source
		Proteins Assist in the Transport and Storage of Nutrients
		Proteins Are Critical to Nerve Function, Blood Clotting, and Wound Healing
	How does the body process proteins?
		Stomach Acids and Enzymes Break Proteins into Short Polypeptides
		Enzymes in the Small Intestine Break Polypeptides into Single Amino Acids
		Protein Digestibility Affects Protein Quality
	How much protein should you eat?
		Nitrogen Balance Is a Method Used to Determine Protein Needs
		you do the math Calculating Your Protein Needs
		Recommended Dietary Allowance for Protein
		Most Americans Meet or Exceed the RDA for Protein
		Protein Sources Include Much More Than Meat!
		nutrition label activity How Much Protein Do You Eat?
		The Health Effects of High Protein Intake Are Unclear
		Protein Deficiency Can Result in Severe Illness and Death
	Can a vegetarian diet provide adequate protein?
		There Are Many Types of Vegetarian Diets
		People Choose Vegetarianism for Many Different Reasons
		A Vegetarian Diet Can Present Some Challenges
		MyPlate Can Help You Plan a Vegetarian Diet
		nutri-case THEO
		nutrition debate Are Current Protein Recommendations High Enough?
6.5 Vitamins and Minerals: Micronutrients with Macro Powers
	How were the micronutrients discovered?
	How are vitamins classified?
		Fat-Soluble Vitamins
		Water-Soluble Vitamins
		Same Vitamin, Different Names and Forms
	How are minerals classified?
		Major Minerals
		Trace and Ultra-Trace Minerals
		Same Mineral, Different Forms
	How do our bodies use micronutrients?
		What We Eat Differs from What We Absorb
		What We Eat Differs from What Our Cells Use
	What are some controversies in micronutrient research?
		Are Supplements Healthful Sources of Micronutrients?
		Can Micronutrients Prevent or Treat Chronic Disease?
		nutri-case LIZ
		Do More Essential Micronutrients Exist?
7 Nutrients Essential to Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
	What is body fluid?
		Body Fluid Is the Liquid Portion of Our Cells and Tissues
		Body Fluid Is Composed of Water and Electrolytes
	Why do we need water and electrolytes?
		Water Performs Functions Critical to Life
		Electrolytes Support Many Body Functions
	How does the body maintain fluid balance?
		The Hypothalamus Regulates Thirst
		We Gain Fluids Through Intake and Metabolism
		We Lose Fluids Through Urine, Sweat, Evaporation, Exhalation, and Feces
	How much water should you drink?
		Our Requirements for Water Are Individualized
		Tap Water Is as Healthful as Bottled Water
		All Beverages Are Not Created Equal
		nutrition label activity Is Bottled Water Better Than Tap?
	How do four major minerals contribute to fluid balance?
		Sodium Is a Positively Charged Extracellular Electrolyte
		Potassium Is a Positively Charged Intracellular Electrolyte
		Chloride Is a Negatively Charged Extracellular Electrolyte
		Phosphorus Is a Negatively Charged Intracellular Electrolyte
	What disorders are related to fluid and electrolyte balance?
		Dehydration Develops as Fluid Loss Exceeds Fluid Intake
		Water Intoxication Can Be Fatal
		Heat Illnesses Are Linked to Dehydration
		nutri-case GUSTAVO
		nutrition debate Low Sodium Diets: Fit for All or Just a Few?
7.5 Alcohol
	What happens to alcohol in the body?
	What do we know about moderate drinking?
		Moderate Drinking Has Certain Health Benefits
		Moderate Drinking Is Associated with Certain Risks
	What do we know about alcohol use disorders?
		Alcohol Use Disorders Include Abuse and Dependence
		Alcohol Use Disorders Have Toxic Effects
		nutri-case THEO
	Should you be concerned about your alcohol intake?
	How can you talk to someone about an alcohol use disorder?
8 Nutrients Essential to Key Body Functions
	How does the body regulate energy metabolism?
	How do the B-vitamins function in energy metabolism?
		Thiamin Supports Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism
		Riboflavin Supports the Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Fats
		Niacin Supports Metabolism, DNA Replication, and Cell Differentiation
		Vitamin B6 Is a Coenzyme for Over 100 Enzymes
		The Most Basic Cellular Functions Require Folate
		Vitamin B12 Participates in Amino Acid and Homocysteine Metabolism
		Pantothenic Acid and Biotin Are Required for All Energy Pathways
		nutri-case JUDY
	How do choline and four minerals function in energy metabolism?
		Choline Is a Vitamin-Like Nutrient
		Iodine Is Required for the Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones
		Chromium Is Important in Carbohydrate Metabolism
		Manganese Assists in Energy Metabolism and Bone Health
		Sulfur Is a Component of Thiamin, Biotin, and Two Amino Acids
	What are antioxidants, and how do they protect our cells?
		Oxidation Is a Chemical Reaction in Which Atoms Lose Electrons
		Oxidation Sometimes Results in the Formation of Free Radicals
		Free Radicals Can Destabilize Other Molecules and Damage Our Cells
		Antioxidants Work by Stabilizing Free Radicals or Opposing Oxidation
	What nutrients and phytochemicals function as antioxidants?
		Vitamin E Is a Key Antioxidant
		Vitamin C Is a Water-Soluble Antioxidant
		Selenium Is a Key Antioxidant Mineral
		Manganese, Copper, Iron, and Zinc Assist in Antioxidant Function
		Carotenoids Like Beta-Carotene Have Antioxidant Properties
	What is the role of vitamin A in vision and other functions?
		There Are Several Forms of Vitamin A
		Vitamin A Is Essential to Sight
		Vitamin A Supports Cell Differentiation, Reproduction, and Bone Growth
		Avoid Excessive Intake of Vitamin A
		Vitamin A Derivatives Are Effective in Treating Acne
		nutrition debate Antioxidants: From Foods or Supplements?
8.5 Cancer
	What is cancer and how does it arise?
	What factors influence cancer risk?
		Nonmodifiable Factors Play a Role
		Many Risk Factors Are Modifiable
	How is cancer diagnosed and treated?
	Can cancer be prevented?
		Check
		Quit
		Move
		Nourish
		Antioxidants Play a Role in Preventing Cancer
		nutri-case GUSTAVO
9 Nutrients Essential to Healthy Tissues
	How do three trace minerals help maintain healthy blood?
		Iron Is a Component of the Oxygen-Carrying Proteins in Blood and Muscle
		you do the math Calculating Daily Iron Intake
		Zinc Contributes to Hemoglobin
		Copper Is Critical for Iron Transport
	How do four vitamins promote healthy blood?
		Vitamin B6, Folate, and Vitamin B12 Are Required for the Healthy Development of Red Blood Cells
		Vitamin K Supports Blood Clotting
	How does vitamin C help maintain healthy collagen?
		Vitamin C Is Required for the Synthesis of Collagen
		Vitamin C Has Many Other Roles in the Body
		The RDA for Vitamin C Is Easily Obtained
	What are the components and activities of healthy bone?
		The Composition of Bone Provides Strength and Flexibility
		The Constant Activity of Bone Tissue Promotes Bone Health
		Bone Density Is Assessed with a DXA Test
	How do four minerals help maintain healthy bone?
		Calcium Is the Major Mineral Component of Bone
		Phosphorus Combines with Calcium in Hydroxyapatite Crystals
		Magnesium Is a Component of Bone and Helps Regulate Bone Status
		Fluoride Is Found in Teeth and Bones
	How do two fat-soluble vitamins support healthy bone?
		Vitamin D Regulates Calcium
		nutri-case THEO
		Vitamin K Assists in Remodeling of Bone
		nutrition debate Vitamin D Deficiency: Why the Surge, and What Can Be Done?
9.5 Osteoporosis
	What is osteoporosis?
	What influences osteoporosis risk?
		Aging Increases Osteoporosis Risk
		Gender and Genetics Affect Osteoporosis Risk
		Tobacco, Alcohol, and Caffeine Influence Osteoporosis Risk
		Nutritional Factors Influence Osteoporosis Risk
		Regular Physical Activity Reduces Osteoporosis Risk
	How is osteoporosis treated?
	Can osteoporosis be prevented?
		Some People Might Benefit from Supplements
		nutri-case GUSTAVO
		Physical Activity and Other Lifestyle Choices Can Help
10 Achieving and Maintaining a Healthful Body Weight
	What is a healthful body weight?
	How can you evaluate your body weight?
		Determine Your Body Mass Index
		you do the math Calculating Your Body Mass Index
		Measure Your Body Composition
		Assess Your Fat Distribution Patterns
	How does energy balance influence body weight?
		Energy Intake Is the Kilocalories We Consume Each Day
		Energy Expenditure Includes More Than Just Physical Activity
		you do the math Calculating BMR and Total Daily Energy Needs
		Research Suggests Limitations of the Energy Balance Equation
	What factors influence body weight?
		Genes May Influence Body Weight in Different Ways
		Metabolic Factors Influence Weight Loss and Gain
		Physiologic Factors Influence Body Weight
		Sociocultural Factors Affect Food Choices and Body Weight
	How can you lose weight safely and keep it off?
		nutri-case HANNAH
		Avoid Fad Diets
		Many Diets Focus on Macronutrient Composition
		If You Design Your Own Diet Plan, Include the Three Strategies
	What if you need to gain weight?
		For Safe and Effective Weight Gain, Choose Nutrient-Dense Foods
		Amino Acid and Protein Supplements Do Not Increase Muscle Mass
		nutrition debate High-Carbohydrate, Moderate-Fat Diets—Have They Been Oversold?
10.5 Obesity
	Why is obesity harmful?
	Why does obesity occur?
	How is obesity treated?
		Obesity Does Respond to Diet and Exercise
		Weight Loss Can Be Enhanced with Prescription Medications
		Many Supplements Used for Weight Loss Contain Stimulants
		Surgery Can Be Used to Treat Morbid Obesity
11 Nutrition and Physical Fitness: Keys to good health
	What are the benefits of physical activity?
		Physical Activity Increases Our Fitness
		Physical Activity Reduces Our Risk for Chronic Diseases
	How can you improve your fitness?
		Assess Your Current Level of Fitness
		Identify Your Personal Fitness Goals
		Make Your Program Varied, Consistent, and Fun!
		Appropriately Overload Your Body
		Include a Warm-Up and a Cool-Down Period
		you do the math Calculating Your Maximal and Training Heart Rate Range
		Keep It Simple, Take It Slow
	What fuels our activities?
		The ATP-CP Energy System Uses Creatine Phosphate to Regenerate ATP
		The Breakdown of Carbohydrates Provides Energy for Both Brief and Long-Term Exercise
		Aerobic Breakdown of Fats Supports Exercise of Low Intensity and Long Duration
		Amino Acids Are Not Major Sources of Fuel During Exercise
	How does physical activity affect energy and macronutrient needs?
		Vigorous Exercise Increases Energy Needs
		Carbohydrate Needs Increase for Many Active People
		nutri-case JUDY
		Moderate Fat Consumption Is Enough to Support Most Activities
		Many Athletes Have Increased Protein Needs
	How does physical activity affect fluid and micronutrient needs?
		Dehydration and Heat-Related Illnesses
		Guidelines for Proper Fluid Replacement
		Inadequate Micronutrient Intake Can Diminish Health and Performance
	Are ergogenic aids necessary for active people?
		Many Ergogenic Aids Are Said to Build Muscle Mass and Strength
		Some Ergogenic Aids Are Said to Optimize Fuel Use
		nutrition debate How Much Physical Activity Is Enough?
11.5 Disorders Related to Body Image, Eating, and Exercise
	What is body image, and how does it influence health?
		Body Image Influences Eating Behaviors
		Body Image Influences Exercise Behaviors
		Body Dysmorphic Disorder Is a Psychiatric Diagnosis
	What factors contribute to disorders related to body image, eating, and exercise?
		Influence of Genetic Factors
		Influence of Family
		Influence of Media
		Influence of Social and Cultural Values
		Comorbidity with Other Psychological Disorders
	What psychiatric eating disorders are recognized?
		Anorexia Nervosa
		Bulimia Nervosa
		Binge-Eating Disorder
	What syndromes of disordered eating are recognized?
		Night-Eating Syndrome
		The Female Athlete Triad
		nutri-case LIZ
	How are eating disorders treated?
12 Food Safety and Technology: Protecting our food
	What is foodborne illness and why is it a critical concern?
		Ingestion of Contaminants Prompts Acute Illness
		Reducing Foodborne Illness Is a Challenge
	What causes most foodborne illness?
		Several Types of Microorganisms Contaminate Foods
		Some Foodborne Illness Is Due to Toxins
		Certain Conditions Help Microorganisms Multiply in Foods
		nutri-case THEO
	How can you prevent foodborne illness?
		Clean: Wash Your Hands and Kitchen Surfaces Often
		Separate: Don’t Cross-Contaminate
		Chill: Store Foods in the Refrigerator or Freezer
		Cook: Heat Foods Thoroughly
		Protect Yourself from Toxins in Foods
		Be Choosy When Eating Out—Close to Home or Far Away
	How is food spoilage prevented?
	What are food additives, and are they safe?
		Food Additives Include Nutrients and Preservatives
		Other Food Additives Include Flavorings, Colorings, and Texturizers
		Are Food Additives Safe?
	How is genetic modification used in food production, and is it safe?
		Genetic Modification Includes Selective Breeding and Recombinant DNA Technology
		Genetic Modification Has Many Benefits
		Genetic Modification Poses Certain Risks
		Should GM Foods Be Labeled?
	How do residues harm our food supply?
		Persistent Organic Pollutants Can Cause Illness
		Pesticides Protect Against Crop Losses—But at a Cost
		Growth Hormones and Antibiotics Are Used in Animals
		Organic Farming Promotes Ecological Balance
		nutrition debate Organic Foods: Are They Worth the Cost?
12.5 The Safety and Effectiveness of Dietary Supplements
	How are dietary supplements regulated?
	Are there special precautions for herbs?
	Should you take a dietary supplement?
		nutri-case THEO
13 Food Equity, Sustainability, and Quality: The challenge of “good food”
	How prevalent is food insecurity?
		About 795 Million People Worldwide Are Hungry
		Over 17 Million American Households Are Food Insecure
	Why don’t all people have access to nourishing food?
		nutri-case JUDY
		Acute Food Shortages Are Often Caused by Weather Events and Wars
		The Major Cause of Chronic Hunger Is Unequal Distribution of Food
		Overpopulation Contributes to Chronic Food Shortages
		Local Conditions Can Contribute to Chronic Hunger
		Climate Change Threatens Global Food Security
	Is our food equitably produced and sold?
		Farm Labor Is Dangerous and Poorly Paid
		Food Retail and Service Work Maintains the “Working Poor”
	How does industrial agriculture affect the security, sustainability, and diversity of our food supply?
		Industrial Agriculture Has Increased Food Security but Threatens Our Environment
		Monopolization of Agriculture Reduces Food Diversity
		The Food Industry Influences America’s Diet
	What initiatives are addressing the challenges of “good” food?
		Many International Initiatives Increase Access to Nourishing Food
		National and Local Programs Help Nourish Americans
		Sustainable Agriculture Reduces Environmental Impact and Increases Food Diversity
		Corporate and Philanthropic Initiatives Are Promoting “Good” Food
	How can you promote “good” food?
		Support Food Security
		Purchase Fair Trade Goods
		Choose Foods That Are Healthful for You and the Environment
		nutrition debate Meat Consumption and Climate Change: Tofu to the Rescue?
13.5 Malnutrition
	What problems are linked to undernourishment?
		Low Energy Intake Promotes Wasting, Stunting, and Mortality
		Micronutrient Deficiencies Lead to Preventable Diseases
		Undernourishment Promotes Socioeconomic Problems
		nutri-case LIZ
	How could limited access to good food promote obesity?
		A Nutrition Paradox Is Evident in Transitioning Populations
		Physical and Socioeconomic Factors May Promote Obesity Among the Poor
14 Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Pregnancy and the first year of life
	How does a healthful diet support conception and gestation?
		A Healthful Diet Is Critical Before Conception
		A Healthful Diet Supports Embryonic and Fetal Development
		Appropriate Maternal Weight Gain Supports a Healthy Birth Weight
	What are a pregnant woman’s nutrient needs?
		Macronutrients Provide Energy and Build Tissues
		Micronutrients Support Increased Energy Needs and Tissue Growth
		Fluid Needs of Pregnant Women Increase
	What are some common nutrition-related concerns of pregnancy?
		Morning Sickness, Cravings, and GI Discomfort Are Common
		Serious Disorders Include Diabetes, Hypertension, and Foodborne Illness
		nutri-case JUDY
		Maternal Age Can Affect Pregnancy
		A Careful Vegetarian Diet and Regular Exercise Are Safe During Pregnancy
		Many Substances Can Harm the Embryo or Fetus
	How does nutrition support lactation?
		Lactation Is Maintained by Hormones and Infant Suckling
		Breastfeeding Woman Have High Nutrient Needs
	What are some advantages and challenges of breastfeeding?
		Breast Milk Is Nutritionally Superior to Infant Formula
		Breastfeeding Has Many Other Benefits for the Infant and Mother
		Physical and Social Concerns Can Make Breastfeeding Challenging
	What are an infant’s nutrient needs?
		Nutrition Fuels Infant Growth and Activity
		Infants Have Unique Nutrient Needs
		Infant Formula Is a Nutritious Alternative to Breast Milk
		nutrition label activity Reading Infant Food Labels
	What are some common nutrition-related concerns of infancy?
		Infants Begin to Need Solid Foods at About 6 Months of Age
		Some Foods and Beverages Are Not Safe for Infants
		Several Nutrition-Related Disorders Are Concerns for Infants
		nutrition debate Preventing Food Allergies in Infants: Allergen Avoidance, or Introduction?
14.5 The Fetal Environment
	How does fetal adaptation to famine affect adult health?
	How do other nutritional imbalances in utero affect adult health?
		nutri-case HANNAH
15 Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Child-hood to late adulthood
	What are the nutritional needs and concerns of toddlerhood?
		Body Size and Activity Increase Toddlers’ Nutrient Needs
		you do the math Is This Menu Good for a Toddler?
		Encourage Nutritious Food Choices with Toddlers
		Vegan Diets May Not Be Healthful for Toddlers
	What are the nutritional needs and concerns of childhood?
		Growth and Development Increase Children’s Nutrient Needs
		Encourage Nutritious Food Choices with Children
		School Attendance Influences Children’s Nutrition
		Childhood Brings Unique Nutrition-Related Concerns
	What are the nutritional needs and concerns of adolescence?
		Puberty Triggers Dramatic Growth and Maturation
		Rapid Growth Increases an Adolescent’s Nutrient Needs
		Encourage Nutritious Food Choices with Adolescents
		Appearance and Substance Use Are Key Concerns of Adolescence
		nutri-case LIZ
	Why is pediatric obesity harmful, and what can be done?
		Obesity Impairs Children’s Health
		Encourage Healthful Eating Patterns
		Encourage Physical Activity
	What characterizes aging?
		Americans Are Getting Older
		Characteristic Physiologic Changes Accompany Aging
	What are the nutritional needs and concerns of older adults?
		Some Nutrient Recommendations Increase or Decrease with Aging
		Older Adults Have Many Unique Nutrition-Related Concerns
		nutrition debate Physical Activity in Older Adulthood: What Amounts, Types, and Intensities Are Appropriate?
15.5 Searching for the Fountain of Youth
	Does calorie restriction increase life span?
		Calorie Restriction May Reduce Production of Free Radicals
		Calorie Restriction Presents Significant Challenges
		Alternatives to Calorie Restriction Show Similar Benefits
	Can supplements slow aging?
		nutri-case GUSTAVO
	Are your actions today promoting a longer, healthier life?
Appendices
	A 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines, Dietary Reference Intakes, and Dietary Guidelines Recommendations
	B Calculations and Conversions
	C Foods Containing Caffeine
	D U.S. Exchange Lists for Meal Planning
	E Stature-for-Age Charts
	F The USDA Food Guide Evolution
References
Answers
Glossary
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
Credits