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ویرایش: نویسندگان: Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable, Irene Dankwa-Mullan, Kevin L. Gardner, Xinzhi Zhang, Adelaida M. Rosario سری: ISBN (شابک) : 1119374812, 9781119374817 ناشر: Wiley-Blackwell سال نشر: 2021 تعداد صفحات: 528 [526] زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 12 Mb
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در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب The Science of Health Disparities Research به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب پژوهش علم نابرابری های سلامت نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
رشتههای مختلف علم نابرابریهای سلامت را در یک جلد جامع ادغام میکند
تحقیق علم نابرابریهای سلامت یک امر ضروری است منبع اطلاعات به روز در مورد علم نابرابری های سلامت بالینی و ترجمه ای این جلد معتبر با تکیه بر پیشرفتها در تحقیقات نابرابریهای سلامت در دهه گذشته، سیاستها و اقدامات مربوط به بیماریها، اختلالات، و شکافهای پیامدهای سلامت را که در جمعیتهای اقلیت و جوامع آسیبدیده اجتماعی شایعتر است، ارائه میکند. مشارکت دانشمندان و رهبران شناخته شده در این زمینه - شامل تحقیقات معاصر، مدل های مفهومی، و طیف گسترده ای از دیدگاه های علمی - رویکردی بین رشته ای برای کاهش نابرابری در سلامت جمعیت، تشویق مشارکت جامعه در فرآیند تحقیق و ترویج عدالت اجتماعی ارائه می دهد. /p>
فصلهای عمیق به خوانندگان کمک میکنند تا ویژگیهای سلامت اقلیتها و نابرابریهای بهداشتی را بهتر درک کنند و در عین حال اهمیت پیشرفت تئوری، پالایش اندازهگیری، بهبود روشهای تحقیقاتی و متنوعسازی تحقیقات علمی را نشان دهند. این کتاب در 26 فصل به بررسی موضوعاتی از جمله علت شناسی تحقیقات نابرابری های سلامت، عوامل تعیین کننده سلامت جمعیت، اخلاق تحقیق و تحقیق در آمریکایی های آفریقایی تبار، آسیایی ها، لاتین، سرخپوستان آمریکایی و سایر جمعیت های آسیب پذیر می پردازد. این جلد مهم با ارائه چارچوبی یکپارچه در مورد اصول و کاربردهای علم تحقیقات نابرابری های سلامت:
یک سهم قابل توجه در این زمینه، تحقیقات علم نابرابری های سلامت یک منبع ضروری برای دانشجویان و محققان پایه و بالینی در زمینه ژنتیک است، ژنتیک جمعیت، و سلامت عمومی، سیاست گذاران مراقبت های بهداشتی، و اپیدمیولوژیست ها، دانشجویان پزشکی، و پزشکان، به ویژه آنهایی که با جمعیت های اقلیت، آسیب پذیر یا محروم کار می کنند.
Integrates the various disciplines of the science of health disparities in one comprehensive volume
The Science of Health Disparities Research is an indispensable source of up-to-date information on clinical and translational health disparities science. Building upon the advances in health disparities research over the past decade, this authoritative volume informs policies and practices addressing the diseases, disorders, and gaps in health outcomes that are more prevalent in minority populations and socially disadvantaged communities. Contributions by recognized scholars and leaders in the field—featuring contemporary research, conceptual models, and a broad range of scientific perspectives—provide an interdisciplinary approach to reducing inequalities in population health, encouraging community engagement in the research process, and promoting social justice.
In-depth chapters help readers better understand the specifics of minority health and health disparities while demonstrating the importance of advancing theory, refining measurement, improving investigative methods, and diversifying scientific research. In 26 chapters, the book examines topics including the etiology of health disparities research, the determinants of population health, research ethics, and research in African American, Asians, Latino, American Indian, and other vulnerable populations. Providing a unified framework on the principles and applications of the science of health disparities research, this important volume:
A significant contribution to the field, The Science of Health Disparities Research is an essential resource for students and basic and clinical researchers in genetics, population genetics, and public health, health care policymakers, and epidemiologists, medical students, and clinicians, particularly those working with minority, vulnerable, or underserved populations.
Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Foreword Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Definitions, Principles, and Concepts for Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 1.1 Introduction 1.2 NIMHD Mission 1.3 Definitions and Concepts of Minority Health and Health Disparities 1.3.1 Racial/Ethnic Minority Populations 1.3.2 Minority Health and Minority Health Research 1.3.3 Health Disparities and Health Disparities Research 1.3.4 Is It Minority Health or Health Disparities? 1.3.5 Standardized Measures of Minority Health- and Health Disparities-Related Constructs 1.4 The NIMHD Research Framework: Health Determinants in Action 1.5 Inclusion of Diverse Participants in Clinical Research 1.6 Conclusions 1.7 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 2 Getting Under the Skin: Pathways and Processes that Link Social and Biological Determinants of Disease 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Allostasis and Allostatic Load 2.3 The HPA Axis 2.3.1 How We Feed: The Role of the Hypothalamus in Pathways Controlling Feeding and Nutrition 2.3.2 How We Sleep: Light–Day Cycle, Circadian Clock, and Hypothalamic Linkages to Metabolic Control and Sleep 2.3.3 How We Feel: Stress and the Role of HPA Axis in Memory and Mood 2.4 Anticipatory Biology and Behavior: The Embedding of Exposures Across the Life Course 2.4.1 Studies of Stress and Allostatic Load Across the Life Course 2.5 Sleep 2.5.1 Sleep Health Disparities and Allostatic Load 2.5.2 Sleep Health Disparities and Genetics 2.5.3 Methodologies in Sleep Research 2.6 How We Feed: Nutrition and Nutrition-related Health Disparities 2.7 How We Feel: Mood and Depression 2.8 Summary 2.9 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 3 Racial/Ethnic, Socioeconomic, and Other Social Determinants 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Introduction to the Topic, Including Key Definitions 3.3 Used and Recommended Measures and Research Methods 3.3.1 Conceptual Model 3.3.2 US Census Definitions 3.3.3 Race Versus Ethnicity 3.4 How and Why this Topic is Important to Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 3.4.1 The Epidemiological Profile of Racial/Ethnic Minorities 3.4.2 Other Social Determinants 3.5 Selected Examples of the State of the Science in the Field to Illustrate Best Practices 3.5.1 Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Study 3.5.2 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos 3.5.3 Pittsburgh Hill/Homewood Research on Neighborhoods and Health Study 3.6 Challenges and Future Opportunities 3.6.1 Biological Links to Social Determinants 3.7 Summary 3.8 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 4 Behavioral Determinants in Population Health and Health Disparities Research 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Importance of Behavioral Determinants to Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 4.3 Relevant Metrics and Research Methods 4.3.1 Relevant Metrics 4.3.2 Research Methods 4.4 State of the Science: Promising Practices 4.4.1 Salud America! 4.4.2 Health Technology—New Vital Signs 4.4.3 Health Technology—Smartphone Use 4.4.4 Underresearched Constituencies 4.4.5 Advancing the Cycle of Better Care, Better Health, Lower Costs 4.5 Challenges and Future Opportunities 4.6 Summary 4.7 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 5 Sociocultural Environments and Health Disparities Research: Frameworks, Methods, and Promising Directions 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Selected Overarching Sociocultural Environment Factors 5.2.1 Culture 5.2.2 Acculturation 5.2.3 Racism 5.2.4 Interconnection of Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status 5.3 Social Capital and Health Disparities 5.3.1 Definitions and Operationalization 5.3.2 Relationship to Health Disparities 5.3.3 Social Capital Interventions 5.3.4 Future Directions for Social Capital Research 5.4 Implicit Bias of Healthcare Providers 5.4.1 Relationship Between Implicit Bias and Behavior 5.4.2 Promising Interventions that Reduce Biased Behavior 5.5 Sociocultural Factors that Influence the Quality of Healthcare Provider-Patient Interactions and Communication 5.5.1 Communication Characteristics 5.5.2 Cultural Factors 5.5.3 Factors Related to Individual Values and Beliefs 5.5.4 Conclusion 5.6 Synthesis 5.6.1 Culture 5.6.2 Adaptations to New Cultural Contexts 5.6.3 Social Capital 5.6.4 Implicit Bias 5.6.5 Patient-Provider Communication 5.7 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 6 Physical Environment, and Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methodologies and Measures 6.2.1 Exposure Assessment 6.2.2 Biomarkers of Exposure 6.2.3 Qualitative Research 6.3 Importance of Physical Environment Determinants to Health Disparities Research 6.3.1 Housing 6.3.2 Food and Green Space Access 6.3.3 Neighborhood Walkability 6.3.4 Air Pollution 6.3.5 Toxic Metals Exposure 6.4 Case Study 6.4.1 Urban Built Environment: Park Equity in Los Angeles 6.5 Challenges and Opportunities 6.5.1 Challenges 6.5.2 Opportunities 6.6 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 7 Genome-wide Genetic Approaches to Metabolic and Inflammatory Health Disparities 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Landscape of Genetic Variation 7.3 Pathogenic Potential of Low-frequency and Rare Variants 7.4 Admixture in the Americas 7.5 Identifying Disease Genes Associated with Health Disparities: Methods and Approaches 7.5.1 Genome-wide Association Studies 7.5.2 Mapping by Admixture Linkage Disequilibrium 7.6 Joint Admixture Mapping and Genome-wide Association Studies for Gene Discovery in Admixed Populations 7.7 Whole-Genome and Whole-Exome Sequencing Approaches to Health Disparities 7.8 Summary 7.9 Key Points Definitions References Chapter 8 Biologic Factors and Molecular Determinants in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases 8.1 Introduction and Approaches 8.2 Asthma 8.3 Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, and Diabetes 8.4 Lupus and Other Rheumatologic Diseases 8.5 Kidney Disease 8.6 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 9 Insights into the Genomic Landscape of African Ancestry Populations: Implications for Health and Disease Disparities 9.1 Introduction: Viewing the Complex Architecture of African Genomes from a Global Perspective 9.2 Adaptive Forces that Shaped the Human Genome in Health and Disease among African Ancestry Populations 9.2.1 Protection Against Malaria 9.2.2 Protection Against African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis) 9.2.3 Protection Against Lassa Fever 9.2.4 Ecological Adaptations to Tropical Climate (Hypertension and Skin Pigmentation) 9.3 Pharmacogenomics 9.4 Considerations for Future Studies 9.5 Conclusions 9.6 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 10 Applying Self-report Measures in Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Measurement Issues When Using Self-report Measures in Diverse Populations 10.2.1 Conceptual Adequacy and Equivalence 10.2.2 Psychometric Adequacy and Equivalence 10.3 Methods for Evaluating Conceptual and Psychometric Properties of Self-report Measures 10.3.1 Methods for Assessing Conceptual Adequacy and Equivalence 10.3.2 Methods for Assessing Psychometric Adequacy and Equivalence 10.4 Locating and Selecting Self-report Measures for Use in Diverse Populations 10.4.1 Resources for Locating Measures 10.4.2 Template for Reviewing Self-report Measures for Appropriateness in Your Study 10.5 Adapting Measures for Diverse Populations 10.5.1 Examining the Breadth and Meaning of Constructs 10.5.2 Language Translation of Measures 10.6 Future Directions 10.6.1 Interactions of Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity Across the Life Course 10.6.2 Measuring Culture and Acculturation Processes 10.7 Conclusions 10.8 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 11 Conducting Community-based Participatory Research with Minority Communities to Reduce Health Disparities 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Learning Objectives 11.2 Conducting Community-based Participatory Research with Minority Communities to Reduce Health Disparities 11.3 Evidence of CBPR Effectiveness and Advancement in CBPR Evaluation 11.4 Case Studies 11.4.1 Connecting to Testing and Prevention 11.4.2 Healthy Living: The Chinese Lay Health Workers Project 11.4.3 Nuestro Futuro Saludable [Our Healthy Future] 11.4.4 Participatory Health Impact Assessment to Inform Tribal Policy 11.4.5 Pacific Islander “Let’s Move” 11.5 Anticipating Challenges and Opportunities in CBPR 11.6 Research Support for CBPR 11.7 Conclusions 11.8 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 12 Racial/Ethnic Health and Healthcare Disparities Measurement: The Application of the Principles and Methods of Causal Inference 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Aligning Definitions of Disparity with Appropriate Statistical Methods 12.2.1 Definitions of Racial/Ethnic Healthcare Disparity 12.3 A Method of Measuring Healthcare Disparities Incorporating a “Counterfactual” Scenario 12.4 Extending the Use of “Partial Differencing” to Identifying Targets for Health and Healthcare Disparities Reduction Using Decomposition Methods 12.5 Adapting Causal Models to Identify Interventions to Reduce Racial/Ethnic Health Disparities 12.5.1 Mediators of the Relationship Between Race/Ethnicity and Health Outcomes 12.6 Investigating the Meaning of the Race/Ethnicity Coefficient in Regression Models 12.6.1 Can One Identify the Causal Effect of Race? 12.7 Statistical Methods Used to Evaluate Causal Effects in Intervention Studies 12.7.1 Experimental Methods: Randomized Controlled Trials and Field Experiments 12.7.2 Quasi-Experimental Methods: Propensity Scores 12.7.3 Quasi-Experimental Methods: Instrumental Variables 12.7.4 Quasi-Experimental Methods: Difference-in-Differences 12.8 Conclusion and Limitations 12.9 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 13 Small Area Estimation and Bayesian Disease Mapping for Minority Health and Health Disparities 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Basic Statistical Models for Small Area Estimation 13.2.1 Area-level Models 13.2.2 Unit-level Models 13.2.3 Auxiliary Data and Model Selection for Small Area Estimation 13.2.4 Applications of Small Area Estimation in Public Health 13.3 Small Area Estimation: A Brief Practical Guide 13.4 Small Area Estimation for Quantifying Health and Health Disparities of Small Populations 13.5 Bayesian Disease Mapping 13.5.1 Basic Statistical Models for Bayesian disease mapping 13.5.2 Bayesian Hierarchical Spatial Model Specification and Fitting 13.5.3 Applications of Bayesian Hierarchical Spatial Models for Health Disparities Research 13.6 Conclusions 13.7 Key Points Disclaimer Acknowledgments References Chapter 14 Applications of Big Data Science and Analytic Techniques for Health Disparities Research 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Characteristics of Big Data 14.3 Importance of Big Data for Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 14.4 Goals of Big Data Analytics and Opportunities for Health Disparities Research 14.5 Research Methods in Big Data 14.5.1 Types of Big Data Research Methods and Approaches 14.5.2 Commonly Used Big Data Science Analytics and Models 14.5.3 Applied Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence 14.6 Selected Examples Illustrating Best Practices 14.6.1 Example 1. Electronic Health Record and Its Applications in the Reduction of Health Outcome Disparities 14.6.2 Example 2. National and Global Surveillance for Health Inequities 14.6.3 Example 3. Using the Internet and Social Media to Understand and Address Health Disparities 14.6.4 Example 4: Chronic Disease Management 14.7 Challenges and Opportunities on Big Data Approaches in Health Disparities Research 14.7.1 Training in Big Data Approaches 14.7.2 Big Data Access 14.7.3 Representation of the Under-served in Big Data Sets 14.7.4 Emerging Opportunities 14.8 Summary and Conclusion 14.9 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 15 Complex Systems Science 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Unique Properties of Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 15.3 Data and Methodological Challenges in Health Disparities Research 15.4 Strong Alignment Between Hypothesized Causes of Minority and Health Disparities and Complex Systems Science Approaches 15.5 Types of Questions that Complex Adaptive Systems Models Can Help Answer 15.6 Elements of a Successful Complex Adaptive Systems Model 15.6.1 Engagement with Theory 15.6.2 Selection of a Modeling Approach 15.6.3 Use of Available Data 15.7 Systems Science as Iterative Research 15.8 Limitations and Challenges 15.9 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 16 Improving Equity in Healthcare through Multilevel Interventions 16.1 What Are Multilevel Interventions? 16.2 Challenges of Multilevel Interventions 16.2.1 Addressing Health Disparities Through Multilevel Interventions 16.2.2 Measures in Multilevel Interventions 16.2.3 Methodology and Evaluation of Multilevel Interventions 16.3 Multilevel Interventions: 2012–2017 16.4 Future Directions 16.5 Case Study to Illustrate Multilevel Interventions 16.5.1 Case Study: Heart-Healthy Lenoir High Blood Pressure Study 16.6 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 17 Using Implementation Science to Move from Knowledge of Disparities to Achievement of Equity 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 Overview of Implementation Science 17.1.2 Why Health Disparities Research Needs Implementation Science 17.2 Selected Implementation Frameworks Applied to Health Disparities Research 17.2.1 Community-based Participatory Research 17.2.2 The RE-AIM Framework (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) 17.2.3 Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM) 17.2.4 Consolidated Framework for Implementation (CFIR) 17.2.5 Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR) 17.3 Best Practices in Health Disparities Implementation Science: Selected Examples 17.3.1 Asking Relevant Questions 17.3.2 Testing Multilevel Interventions 17.3.3 Leveraging Technology, Existing Data Sources, and Natural Experiments 17.3.4 Study Designs and Methods 17.3.5 Measures of Implementation Success 17.3.6 Innovative Approaches to Data Analysis 17.3.7 Dissemination of Findings 17.4 Challenges and Opportunities for Implementation Science in Health Disparities Research 17.4.1 Stakeholder Engagement 17.4.2 Contextual Considerations 17.4.3 Intervention Design and Delivery 17.4.4 Planning for Sustainability 17.5 Summary and Implications for Future Research, Practice, Policy, and Social Change 17.6 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 18 Healthcare and Public Policy: Challenges and Opportunities for Research 18.1 Summary 18.2 Background/Context 18.3 Key Constructs 18.4 Selected Examples of Healthcare Policy Research 18.4.1 Immigration Reform 18.4.2 The Veterans Affairs Home-Based Primary Care Model 18.4.3 Oregon Health Insurance Experiment 18.5 Non-Healthcare Policy Research 18.5.1 Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children 18.5.2 Flint Water Crisis 18.5.3 Minimum Wage Policies 18.5.4 Residential Segregation 18.6 Key Challenges 18.7 Future Directions and Opportunities 18.8 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 19 Addressing Disparities in Access to High-quality Care 19.1 Racial Disparities as a Quality Problem 19.2 Defining Quality and Access 19.3 Examples of Racial Disparities as a Quality Problem 19.3.1 Cardiovascular Care and Implantable Defibrillators 19.3.2 End-Stage Renal Disease 19.4 Addressing Disparities in Access to Quality Care 19.5 Steps to Addressing Healthcare Disparities 19.5.1 Identify and Prioritize Reducing Healthcare Disparities 19.6 Implement Evidence-based Strategies to Eliminate Disparities 19.6.1 After Prioritizing Health Equity and Identifying Existing Health Disparities, the Next Challenge is to Develop an Intervention 19.6.2 Determine the Root Cause(s) of the Disparity 19.6.3 Consider the Levels of Influence of Patients, Providers, the Microsystem (Immediate Care Team), Organizations, Communities, and Policy 19.6.4 Build on Prior Work and Modify for Specific Context 19.6.5 Implement, Evaluate, and Adjust the Intervention 19.7 Invest in Health Equity Performance Measures 19.7.1 One Must Define What Is Meant by Equity in Quality 19.7.2 Measure Capacity for Health Equity 19.8 Incentivize the Reduction of Health Disparities 19.8.1 Design Quality Improvement and Payment Interventions to Achieve Equity 19.8.2 Consider the Impact of Social Risk Factors on Public Reporting and Pay-For-Performance 19.8.3 Develop a Business Case to Enable Organizations to Implement and Sustain Health Equity Interventions 19.9 Advice for a Healthcare Disparities Researcher 19.9.1 Pick an Important Research Question 19.9.2 Review the Relevant Literature 19.9.3 Choose, Adapt, or Develop a Conceptual Model to Guide Your Research 19.9.4 Select the Appropriate Quantitative and/or Qualitative Approach for Your Study Question 19.9.5 Use the Appropriate Analytical Methods 19.10 Conclusion 19.11 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 20 Health Communication as a Mediator of Health and Healthcare Disparities 20.1 Introduction: Scope and Conceptual Framework 20.1.1 Prevalence of the Problem 20.1.2 Narrative, Elicitation, Explanatory, and Relationship Aspects 20.1.3 Communication Domains Affecting Health and Healthcare Outcomes 20.1.4 An Operational and Contextual Framework for Organizing Communication in the Clinical Encounter 20.2 Risk Factors for Health Communication Disparities and Impact on Communication and Health Outcomes 20.2.1 Limited Health Literacy 20.2.2 Limited English Proficiency and Patient-Provider Language Discordance 20.2.3 Discordance in Race/Ethnicity 20.2.4 Implicit Bias 20.3 An Example of Systems-based Approaches: Creating Health-Literate Healthcare Systems 20.3.1 Defining Health-Literate Organizations 20.3.2 Clinician-Patient Level Interventions 20.3.3 System-Patient-Level Interventions 20.3.4 Community-level Interventions 20.4 Interventions to Mitigate Other Communication Risk Factors 20.4.1 Cultural Competence of Healthcare Providers and Organizations 20.4.2 Diversity of Health Professional Workforce 20.4.3 Building the Healthcare Team: Professional Medical Interpreters and Lay Health Educators and Patient Navigators 20.5 Future Directions for Communications Research: Measurement and Implementation 20.5.1 Health Literacy 20.5.2 Sociodemographic Concordance 20.5.3 Implicit Bias 20.5.4 Direct Observation of Health Communication Behaviors 20.5.5 Patient Experience and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement 20.6 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 21 Comparative Effectiveness Research in Health Disparity Populations 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Background 21.3 CER Study Designs 21.4 CER Measures 21.5 Approaches to CER 21.6 Applications of CER in Health Disparity Populations 21.6.1 Examples of CER Questions in Minority Health 21.7 Social Determinants of Health 21.8 Groups with Particular Needs for CER 21.8.1 African Americans 21.8.2 Hispanics/Latinos 21.8.3 Sexual and Gender Minorities 21.8.4 American Indians and Alaska Natives 21.8.5 Underserved Rural Populations 21.8.6 Considerations for the CER Needs of Health Disparity Populations 21.9 Major Public Health/Policy Interventions as a Result of CER 21.10 Multisectoral Impact of CER on Disparities 21.11 Future Directions of CER 21.12 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 22 The Role of Electronic Health Records and Health Information Technology in Addressing Health Disparities 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Healthcare Data and Electronic Records 22.3 Overview of Health Information Technologies 22.3.1 Personal Health Record 22.3.2 Consumer Health IT Applications 22.3.3 Clinical Decisions Support Systems 22.3.4 Electronic Disease Registries 22.3.5 Telehealth, Telemedicine, and Mobile Health 22.3.6 Health Information Technologies Data 22.4 Application of Digital Health and Health Information Technologies to Addressing Disparities 22.4.1 Population-level Health Outcomes 22.4.2 Consumer or Individual-level Health Outcomes 22.5 Conclusions: Challenges and Opportunities in Health Information Technologies Implementation 22.6 Key Points Acknowledgments Disclaimer References Chapter 23 Precision Medicine and Health Disparities 23.1 The Promise of Precision Medicine 23.1.1 Precision Medicine Defined 23.1.2 Natural History of Precision Medicine 23.1.3 Precision Medicine and Health Disparities 23.1.4 Pharmacogenomics-Biologic Predictors of Disparities in Treatment Response 23.1.5 Existing Gaps in Precision Medicine 23.2 Methods in Precision Medicine and Applications in Health Disparities 23.2.1 Methods of Characterizing Individuals 23.2.2 Methods of Predicting Disease Risk 23.3 Future Directions and Research Needs 23.3.1 Engaging Minority Communities 23.3.2 Engaging Health Providers 23.3.3 Challenges Unique to Precision Medicine 23.4 Genomic Health Literacy 23.4.1 Cross-training in Precision Medicine and Health Disparities 23.4.2 Integration of Cultural, Social, and Environmental Data 23.5 Success in Precision Medicine 23.6 Conclusion 23.7 Key Points Acknowledgments Disclaimer References Chapter 24 Recruitment, Inclusion, and Diversity in Clinical Trials 24.1 Background/Context 24.2 Understanding Barriers to Inclusion in Clinical Research 24.2.1 Patient-level Barriers 24.2.2 Investigator-level Barriers 24.2.3 Structural and Institutional Barriers 24.3 Best Practices for Optimizing Inclusion in Clinical Research 24.3.1 Site Selection 24.3.2 Screening 24.3.3 Community Engagement 24.3.4 Communication Strategies 24.3.5 Retention 24.4 Future Directions and Research Needs 24.4.1 Federal Policies 24.4.2 Interactive Online Toolkits 24.5 Conclusion 24.6 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 25 Sexual and Gender Minority Health Disparities: Concepts, Methods, and Future Directions 25.1 Introduction to the Topic, Including Key Definitions 25.2 How and Why This Topic is Important to Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 25.3 Most Relevant Measures and Research Methods Used and Recommended 25.3.1 Individual/Interpersonal Measures 25.3.2 Structural Measures 25.4 Selected Examples of the State of the Science to Illustrate Best Practices 25.4.1 Cross-sectional Designs 25.4.2 Daily Diary Studies 25.4.3 Quasi-experiments 25.4.4 Field Experiments 25.4.5 Interventions 25.5 Challenges and Future Opportunities 25.5.1 Methodological Challenges Related to Sampling SGM Populations 25.5.2 Ethical Challenges and Considerations 25.5.3 Directions for Future Research 25.5.4 Methodological and Measurement Innovations 25.5.5 Intersectional Perspectives 25.5.6 Interventions to Reduce Stigma and Its Negative Consequences 25.5.7 Research on Other Determinants of SGM Health Disparities 25.6 Summary 25.7 Key Points Disclaimer References Chapter 26 Workforce Diversity and Capacity Building to Address Health Disparities 26.1 Background 26.2 Introduction 26.3 Diversity in the US Scientific and Health Workforce 26.4 Diversity and Health Disparities: What Are the Links? 26.5 Methodological Approaches to Understanding Workforce Diversity and Health Disparities 26.5.1 Expand Scholarship of the Science of Diversity as Related to Health Outcomes 26.5.2 Promote Rigorous Data Collection and Evaluation 26.5.3 Expand Study of Sociocultural Factors as Related to Health Outcomes 26.5.4 Can Scientific Workforce Diversity Partnerships with the Private Sector and Community Organizations Reduce Health Disparities? 26.6 Closing Thoughts 26.7 Key Points Acknowledgments Disclaimer References Index EULA