The science of expertise : behavioral, neural, and genetic approaches to complex skill

The science of expertise- Front Cover
The science of expertise
Title page
Copyright Page
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Introduction: A Brief History of the Science of Expertise and Overview of the Book
	The Science of Expertise: A Brief History
	Overview of this Book
	Moving Ahead
	References
PART I:
Behavioral Approach
Chapter 2: Primer – Statistical Methods in the Study of Expertise
	Introduction
	Statistical Concerns for Research on Expertise
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 3: Cognitive Processes in Chess
	Introduction
	Development of Chess Expertise
	Cognitive Processes in Chess Expertise
	Transfer and Individual Differences
	A New Model of Chess Expertise
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 4: An Investigation of Problem-Solving Expertise
	Introduction
	Expert Performance
	Process Analysis
	Exploring Expert Flexibility
	Theoretical Linkages
	Summary and Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Note
	References
Chapter 5: How Important Is Intelligence in the Development of
Professional Expertise? Combining Prospective and
Retrospective Longitudinal Data Provides an Answer
	Introduction
	Prospective Longitudinal Data
	Retrospective Longitudinal Data
	Discussion
	More Talent Matters: So Why the Belief in an Ability Threshold?
	Limitations
	Beyond Born Versus Made: The Science of Professional Expertise
	Notes
	References
Chapter 6: The Link Between Child Prodigies and Autism
	Introduction
	Shared Cognitive and Behavioral Traits
	Next Frontier
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Why Deliberate Practice Is Not Enough: Evidence of
Talent in Drawing
	Introduction
	Does Drawing Precocity Exist?
	Typical Characteristics of Precocious Drawings
	The Compulsion to Draw
	Precocious Drawers Are Not Just Ahead, They Are Different
	Potential Biological Markers of Drawing Talent
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Note
	References
Chapter 8: The Development of Expertise in the Visual Arts
	Introduction
	Similarities and Differences Between Expert Artistic Perception and Production
	Cognitive and Perceptual Correlates of Observational Drawing Expertise
	The Role of Personality, Approaches to Learning,and Practice
	Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Research
	References
Chapter 9: The Deliberate Practice View: An Evaluation of
Definitions, Claims, and Empirical Evidence
	Introduction
	Empirical Tests of the Deliberate Practice View
	Ericsson’s Response
	Other Claims of the Deliberate Practice View
	Summary and Conclusions
	Note
	References
PART II:
Neural Approach
Chapter 10: Primer – Neural Approaches in Research on Expertise
	Introduction
	Neuro-Imaging Techniques to Scrutinize the Brain
	How to Use These Neuro-Imaging Techniques
	Interpreting Cerebral Patterns
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
Chapter 11: The Neural Underpinnings of Expertise in Games
	Introduction
	The Expertise Approach
	Cognitive Mechanisms of (Board) Game Expertise
	Neural Underpinnings of Expertise in (Board) Games
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	Note
	References
Chapter 12: The Neural Underpinnings of Perceptual Expertise
	Introduction
	Where in the Brain Do We Find Perceptual Expertise Effects?
	What Causes Certain Brain Regions to Become Selective for Objects of Expertise?
	What Differences Between Experts and Novices Account for the Neural Correlates of Expertise?
	Future Directions
	References
Chapter 13: The Neuroscience of Motor Expertise in Real-World Tasks
	Introduction
	A Short Summary of the Motor System
	The Challenge of Investigating Motor Expertise in an fMRI Scanner
	Structural (Anatomical) Neuroplasticity
	Functional Neuroplasticity
	Implications and Further Questions
	Conclusions
	References
PART III:
Genetic Approach
Chapter 14: Primer – Theoretical Concepts in the Genetics of Expertise
	Introduction
	Estimation and Interpretation of Genetic Influences
	Classical Concepts of Reaction Range
	Developmental Concepts of Gene-Environment Transaction
	Multiple Processes May Simultaneously Differentiate Skill by Genotype
	Growing Differences Between Genotypes Over Time Imply Increasing Heritability
	The “Cafeteria” of Experience and Gene × Environment Interaction
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	Note
	References
Chapter 15: The Etiology of Reading and Math Expertise: The
Western Reserve Reading and Math Project
	Introduction
	Overview of the Western Reserve Reading and Math Project
	Quantitative Genetic Methodology: The Twin Study Design
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 16: Genetic Influences on Music Expertise
	Introduction
	Do Genes Contribute? General Findings Suggesting a Biological Basis for Musicality
	Quantifying Genetic Influences on Individual Differences in Music Expertise in the General Population – Heritability and Twin Studies
	Gene Finding Studies—Getting at the Exact Genes
	Conclusions—Importance of Genes and Environment in Musicality and Expertise in General
	References
Chapter 17: The Molecular Genetic Basis of Music Ability and
Music-Related Phenotypes
	Introduction
	Music Perception
	Music Production Abilities
	Music Culture
	Summary
	Note
	References
PART IV: Integrative Models
Chapter 18: Expertise Development from an IMTD Perspective
	Introducing the DMGT
	Introducing the DMNA and IMTD
	Summing Up
	Note
	References
Chapter 19: Creativity and Expertise: Creators Are Not Equivalent
to Domain-Specific Experts!
	Introduction
	Creativity
	Expertise
	Creativity-Expertise Relations
	Discussion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 20: Computational Models of Expertise
	Introduction
	Some Definitions
	Strengths of Computational Modeling
	Criticisms of Computational Modeling
	Mathematical Models of Expert Behavior
	Models of Heuristic Search
	Chunking Networks
	Production Systems
	Connectionist Models
	The CHREST Model
	Conclusions
	Note
	References
Chapter 21: The Multifactorial Gene-Environment Interaction
Model (MGIM) of Expert Performance
	Introduction
	Main Features of the MGIM
	The MGIM and Future Empirical Work on Expertise
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 22: The Role of Passion in the Development of Expertise:
A Conceptual Model
	Introduction
	The Development of Expertise
	Passion as the Motor Underlying the Development of Expertise
	Toward a Conceptual Model Linking Passion to Expertise Development
	Applications and Future Research
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 23: Play During Childhood and the Development of
Expertise in Sport
	Introduction
	Conceptual Framework
	The Nature of Sport Play
	The Nature of Structured Sport Activity
	Outcomes of Deliberate Play
	Determinants of Play in Youth Sport
	Integration of the PAF into a Model of Children’s Deliberate Play Participation
	Summary
	References
PART V:
Perspectives
Chapter 24: Four Kinds of Expertise
	Introduction
	The Four-Way Model
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 25: The Relationship Between Expertise and Giftedness:
A Talent Development Perspective
	Introduction
	Domain-Specific Abilities Over Time
	Domains Start, Peak, and End at Different Times
	The Role of Opportunity Both Given and Taken
	Psychosocial Skills
	Expertise Vs. Eminence
	Considerations and Questions
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 26: Experience, Skill Acquisition, and Deliberate Practice
	Introduction
	Skill Acquisition
	Deliberate Practice
	Issues in Assessing Deliberate Practice
	What Initiates and Maintains (Motivates) Deliberate Practice?
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 27: Scientific Methodology and Expertise Studies:
Massaging the Scar Tissue
	Introduction
	The Common Thread
	Opportunity and Obligation
	References
Index