The science of environmental pollution

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Author
Prologue
	The Perpetual Cocktail
	Importance of PFAS
	References
Part I Introduction
	Chapter 1 Pollution: What is it?
		Introduction
			Deep and Gloomy Woods
		Pollution Defined
			Key Terms
		Pollution: Effects Often Easy to See, Feel, Taste, or Smell
		Pollution and Environmental Science/Health
			A Different Approach
		Environmental Pollution and Technology: The Connection
		Science and Technology Offer Solutions
		The Bottom Line
		Discussion Questions
		References and Recommended Reading
	Chapter 2 Environmental Pollution from Waste
		Frontier Mentality
		Pollution-Causing Wastes
			Type and Waste Characterization
		The Bottom Line on Waste as Pollution
		Discussion Questions
	Chapter 3 Environmental Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing
		Introduction
		Access Roads, Well Pads, and Mineral Rights
		Horizontal Wells
			Reducing Surface Disturbance
			Reducing Wildlife Impacts
			Reducing Community Impacts
			Protecting Groundwater
		Thought-Provoking Questions
		References
	Chapter 4 Global Pollution: The Problem
		Introduction
		Global Interdependence
		Global Pollution Problems: Causal Factors
			Population Growth
			Development
				Development and Soil Degradation
				Development and Freshwater Degradation
				Development and Atmospheric Air Degradation
		Pollution and Global Environmental Degradation
		So, What is the Answer?
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 5 Sources of Pollution
		A Historical Perspective
		Introduction
		Natural Pollutants
		Pollutant Terminology
			Pollutant-Related Terms Defined
		Soil, Water, Air, And Pollution: The Interface
		Discussion Questions
		References and Recommended Reading
Part II Air
	Chapter 6 All about Air
		Introduction
		The 411 on Air
		Characteristics and Properties of the Components of Air
			Atmospheric Nitrogen
				Physical Properties of Nitrogen
				Uses of Nitrogen
				Nitrogen Oxides
			Atmospheric Oxygen
				Physical Properties of Oxygen
				Uses of Oxygen
				Ozone: Just Another Form of Oxygen
			Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
				Physical Properties of Carbon Dioxide
				Uses for Carbon Dioxide
			Atmospheric Argon
				Physical Properties of Argon
				Uses for Argon
			Atmospheric Neon
				Physical Properties of Neon
				Uses for Neon
			Atmospheric Helium
				Physical Properties of Helium
			Atmospheric Krypton
				Physical Properties for Krypton
				Uses for Krypton
			Atmospheric Xenon
				Physical Properties of Xenon
				Uses for Xenon
			Atmospheric Hydrogen
				Physical Properties of Hydrogen
				Uses for Hydrogen
			Atmospheric Water
			Atmospheric Particulate Matter
		Air for Combustion
		Air for Power
		Stratification of the Atmosphere
		Physical Properties and Dynamics of Air
			Force, Weight, and Mass
			Pressure
			Work and Energy
			Diffusion and Dispersion
			Compressibility
		Gas Laws
			Boyle’s Law
			Charles’s Law
			Ideal Gas Law
		Flow Rate
		Gas Conversions
			Major Constituents
			Both Major and Minor Constituents
				Minor Constituents
		Gas Velocity
		Gas Stream Treatment (Residence) Time
		Gas Density
		Heat Capacity and Enthalpy
		Heat and Energy in the Atmosphere
		Adiabatic Lapse Rate
		Viscosity
		Flow Characteristics
		Particle Physics
			Characteristics of Particles
				Surface Area and Volume
				Aerodynamic Diameter
				Particle Size Categories
				Regulated Particulate Matter Categories
				Size Distribution
			Particle Formation
		Collection Mechanisms
		Atmospheric Dispersion, Transformation, and Deposition
			Weather
			Turbulence
			Mixing
			Topography
			Temperature Inversions
			Plume Rise
			Transport
			Dispersion Models
		The Bottom Line
		Discussion Questions
		References and Recommended Reading
	Chapter 7 Air Pollution
		Yurk and Smilodon
		Introduction
		Types and Sources of Air Pollutants
			Criteria Air Pollutants
			Sulfur Dioxide
			Nitrogen Oxides
			Carbon Monoxide
			Particulate Matter
			Lead Particulates
			Ozone (O3)
		Deposition of Pollutants in the Atmosphere
		Problems of Atmospheric Pollution
			Acid Deposition
			Smog Formation
			Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
			Climate Change
			The Past
			A Time of Ice
			Warm Winter
			Global Warming
			Chlorofluorocarbons
			Global Dimming
			Haze
			Roadway Air Dispersion
		The Bottom Line
		Discussion Questions
		References and Recommended Readings
	Chapter 8 Air Pollution Remediation
		Introduction
			Pollution Prevention (P2)
			Reducing Air Emissions
				Clearing the Air
				Air Pollution Control: Choices
		Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems
			Removal of Dry Particulate Matter
				Particulate Matter
			Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulates
				Gravity Settlers
				Cyclone Collectors
				Electrostatic Precipitators
				Wet (Venturi) Scrubbers
				Baghouse (Fabric) Filters
		Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources
			Absorption
			Adsorption
			Condensation
			Combustion
				Direct-Flame Combustion (Flaring)
				Thermal Combustion (Afterburners)
				Catalytic Combustion
		Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Mobile Sources
			Control of Crankcase Emissions
			Control of Evaporative Emissions
			Catalytic Converters
		A Cottage Industry is Born
			Indoor Air Pollution
			Common Indoor Air Pollutants
				Radon
				Environmental Tobacco Smoke
				Biological Contaminants
				Combustion By-products
				Household Products
				Pesticides
				Asbestos
		The Bottom Line
		Discussion Questions
		References and Recommended Reading
Part III Water
	Chapter 9 Water
		Water: Earth’s Blood
		Water: Facts and Prose
		Water: The Basics
			How Special, Strange, and Different is Water?
			Characteristics of Water
				Inflammable Air + Vital Air = Water
				Just Two H’s and One O
				Somewhere Between 0° and 105
		Physical Properties of Water
			Capillary Action
		Water Cycle
		Specific Water Movements
		Q and Q Factors
		Sources of Water
		Watersheds
			Multiple Barrier Concept
			Watershed Management
				Water Quality Impacts
				Watershed Protection and Regulations
				Watershed Protection Plan
				Reservoir Management Practices
		Potable Water
			What is Potable Water?
				Key Definitions
			Surface Water
				Location! Location! Location!
				How Readily Available Is Potable Water?
				Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface Water
				Surface Water Hydrology
				Raw Water Storage
				Surface Water Quality
		Groundwater
			Aquifers
				Groundwater Quality
			GUDISW
				Perpetual Motion
		Well Systems
		Water Use
		The Bottom Line
		Discussion Questions
		References and Recommended Reading
	Chapter 10 Water Pollution
		Sick Water
		Introduction
		Surface Water
			Lentic (Standing or Still) Water Systems
				Still Water
			Lotic (Flowing) Water Systems
				Stream Genesis
		Setting the Stage
		Surface Water Pollutants
			Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
				Nutrients
				pH
				Solids
				Fats, Oil, and Grease (FOG)
				Pathogenic Organisms
				Giardia
				Giardiasis (CDC, 1995)
				Cryptosporidium
				Toxic Pollutants
				Nontoxic Pollutants
				Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
		Groundwater Pollution
			Sources of Groundwater Contamination
				Aquifers
				Groundwater Flow
		Wetlands
		The Bottom Line
		Discussion Questions
		References and Recommended Reading
	Chapter 11 Water Pollution: Remediation
		Historical Perspective
		Effect of Regulations on Preventing Water Pollution
		A Sherlock Holmes At The Pum
			Dr John Snow
				Cholera
				Flashback to 1854 London
			From Pump Handle Removal to Water Treatment (Disinfection)
		Water Treatment
		Wastewater Treatment
		Thermal Pollution Treatment
		Pollution Control Technology: Underground Storage Tanks
		Pollution Control Technology: Groundwater Remediation
		The Bottom Line
		Discussion Questions
		References and Recommended Reading
Part IV Soil
	Chapter 12 Soil Basics
		Introduction
		Soil, What is it?
		Key Terms Defined
			Definitions
		All About Soil
			Function of Soil
				Soil as a Plant Growth Medium
				Soil as a Regulator of Water Supplies
				Soil as a Recycler of Raw Materials
				Soil as a Habitat for Soil Organisms
				Soil as an Engineering Medium
				Soil as a Source of Materials
				Concurrent Soil Functions
		Soil Properties
			Physical Properties of Soil
				Soil Separates
		Soil Formation
			Weathering
				Factors that Influence Weathering
				Categories of Weathering Processes
				Physical Weathering
				Chemical Weathering
		Soil Characterization
			Diagnostic Horizons and Temperature and Moisture Regimes
			Soil Taxonomy
			Soil Orders
			Soil Suborders
			Soil Great Groups and Subgroups
			Soil Families and Series
		Soil Mechanics and Physics
			Soil Mechanics
			Weight-Volume or Space and Volume Relationships
			Soil Particle Characteristics
			Soil Stress
			Soil Compressibility
			Soil Compaction
			Soil Failure
			Soil Physics
			Soil and Water
				Water: What Is It?
				Water Physical Properties
				Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)
				Soil Water
		Soil Chemistry
		Solid Waste
		Solid Waste Regulatory History in the United States
			Solid Waste Characteristics
			Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes
				Residential Sources of MSW
				Commercial Sources of MSW
				Institutional Sources of MSW
				Construction and Demolition Sources of MSW
				Municipal Services Sources of MSW
				Treatment Plant Site Sources of MSW
		The Bottom Line
		Discussion Questions
		Bibliography
	Chapter 13 Soil Pollution
		Clean Soil
		Soil Pollutants: Transport Mechanisms Affecting Flow Regime
			Movement of Organics in Soil
		The Basics of Soil Pollution
			Surface Origins of Soil Pollutants
			Gaseous and Airborne Particulate Pollutants
			Infiltration of Contaminated Surface Water
			Land Disposal of Solid and Liquid Waste Materials
			Stockpiles, Tailings, and Spoil
			Dumps
			Salt Spreading on Roads
			Animal Feedlots And CAFOs
			Fertilizers and Pesticides
			Accidental Spills
			Composting of Leaves and Other Wastes
		Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination
			Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)
			Contamination from Oil Field Sites
			Contamination from Chemical Sites
			Contamination from Geothermal Sites
			Contamination from Manufactured Gas Plants
			Contamination from Mining Sites
			Contamination from Environmental Terrorism and Ecoterrorism
				What Is Terrorism?
				Terrorism by Any Other Name Is …
				Standard Dictionary Definition of Terrorism
				An Old Cliché on a Terrorist:
		Hazardous Wastes
			America: A Throwaway Society
			What Is a Hazardous Substance?
		Hazardous Wastes
			What Is a Hazardous Waste?
			Hazardous Waste Legislation
			Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
			CERCLA
		The Bottom Line
		Discussion Questions
		Bibliography
	Chapter 14 Soil Pollution Remediation
		Introduction
		USTs: The Problem
			Corrosion Problems
			Faulty Construction
			Faulty Installation
			Piping Failures
			Spills and Overfills
			Compatibility of Contents and UST
			UST Risk Assessment
			UST Exposure Pathways
			Remediation of UST Contaminated Soils
			In Situ Technologies
			In Situ Volatilization
			In Situ Biodegradation
			In Situ Leaching and Chemical Reaction
			In Situ Vitrification
			In Situ Passive Remediation
			In Situ Isolation/Containment
			Non–In Situ Technologies
			Land Treatment
			Thermal Treatment
			Asphalt Incorporation and Other Methods
			Solidification/Stabilization
			Chemical Extraction
			Excavation
		Economic Outlook for Soil Remediation
		Animal Waste Treatment
			Manure Treatment
		Waste Control Technology
			Waste Minimization
				Substitution of Inputs
				Process Modifications
				Good Operating Practices
				Recycling
			Treatment Technologies
				Biological Treatment
				Thermal Processes
				Activated Carbon Sorption
				Electrolytic Recovery Techniques
				Air Stripping
				Stabilization and Solidification
				Filtration and Separation
			Ultimate Disposal
				Deep-Well Injection
				Waste Piles
				Landfilling
		Green Remediation
			Core Elements of Green Remediation
				Energy Requirements of the Treatment System
				Air Emissions
				Water Requirements and Impacts on Water Resources
				Land and Ecosystem Impacts
				Material Consumption and Waste Generation
				Long-Term Stewardship Actions
			Green Remediation Techniques
		The Bottom Line
		Discussion Questions
		Bibliography
Part V Hormone Pollution
	Chapter 15 Endocrine Disruptors
		Introduction
		The 411 on DDT
		A Brief History of the Development and Use of Chemicals
		Endocrine Disruptors
		Biological Effects
			Carcinogenic Effects
			Reproductive Effects
			Neurological Effects
			Immunological Effects
			Risk Methodology Issues
				Hazard Identification
				Dose–Response Assessment
				Exposure Assessment
				Risk Characterization
		Discussion Questions
		Bibliography
Part VI Epilogue
	Chapter 16 Pollution and the 21st Century
Glossary
Index