The Science and Engineering of Materials

Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 17
About The Authors......Page 21
Ch 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering......Page 24
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 25
1-1: What is Materials Science and Engineering?......Page 26
1-2: Classification of Materials......Page 29
1-3: Functional Classification of Materials......Page 32
1-5: Environmental and Other Effects......Page 34
1-6: Materials Design and Selection......Page 36
Summary......Page 37
Glossary......Page 38
Problems......Page 39
Ch 2: Atomic Structure......Page 42
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 43
2-1: The Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance......Page 44
2-2: The Structure of the Atom......Page 47
2-3: The Electronic Structure of the Atom......Page 48
2-4: The Periodic Table......Page 51
2-5: Atomic Bonding......Page 53
2-6: Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing......Page 59
2-7: The Many Forms of Carbon: Relationships between Arrangements of Atoms and Materials Properties......Page 62
Summary......Page 66
Glossary......Page 67
Problems......Page 69
Ch 3: Atomic and Ionic Arrangements......Page 72
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 73
3-1: Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order......Page 74
3-3: Lattice, Basis, Unit Cells, and Crystal Structures......Page 76
3-4: Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations......Page 88
3-5: Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell......Page 89
3-6: Interstitial Sites......Page 98
3-7: Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials......Page 100
3-8: Covalent Structures......Page 106
3-9: Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis......Page 109
Summary......Page 113
Glossary......Page 114
Problems......Page 116
Ch 4: Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements......Page 124
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 125
4-1: Point Defects......Page 126
4-2: Other Point Defects......Page 131
4-3: Dislocations......Page 133
4-4: Significance of Dislocations......Page 139
4-5: Schmid's Law......Page 140
4-6: Influence of Crystal Structure......Page 142
4-7: Surface Defects......Page 144
4-8: Importance of Defects......Page 150
Glossary......Page 153
Problems......Page 155
Ch 5: Atom and Ion Movements in Materials......Page 162
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 163
5-1: Applications of Diffusion......Page 164
5-2: Stability of Atoms and Ions......Page 167
5-3: Mechanisms for Diffusion......Page 169
5-4: Activation Energy for Diffusion......Page 170
5-5: Rate of Diffusion [Fick's First Law]......Page 171
5-6: Factors Affecting Diffusion......Page 175
5-7: Permeability of Polymers......Page 181
5-8: Composition Profile [Fick's Second Law]......Page 182
5-9: Diffusion and Materials Processing......Page 187
Summary......Page 191
Glossary......Page 192
Problems......Page 194
Ch 6: Mechanical Properties: Part One......Page 202
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 203
6-1: Technological Significance......Page 204
6-2: Terminology for Mechanical Properties......Page 205
6-3: The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress Strain Diagram......Page 207
6-4: Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test......Page 212
6-5: True Stress and True Strain......Page 219
6-6: The Bend Test for Brittle Materials......Page 221
6-7: Hardness of Materials......Page 224
6-8: Nanoindentation......Page 225
6-9: Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior......Page 229
6-10: Properties Obtained from the Impact Test......Page 230
6-11: Bulk Metallic Glasses and Their Mechanical Behavior......Page 232
6-12: Mechanical Behavior at Small Length Scales......Page 235
6-13: Rheology of Liquids......Page 237
Summary......Page 239
Glossary......Page 240
Problems......Page 242
Ch 7: Mechanical Properties: Part Two......Page 250
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 251
7-1: Fracture Mechanics......Page 252
7-2: The Importance of Fracture Mechanics......Page 255
7-3: Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials......Page 258
7-4: Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites......Page 261
7-5: Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis......Page 263
7-6: Fatigue......Page 267
7-7: Results of the Fatigue Test......Page 269
7-8: Application of Fatigue Testing......Page 271
7-9: Creep, Stress Rupture, and Stress Corrosion......Page 274
7-10: Evaluation of Creep Behavior......Page 276
7-11: Use of Creep Data......Page 278
Summary......Page 279
Glossary......Page 280
Problems......Page 281
Ch 8: Strain Hardening and Annealing......Page 290
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 291
8-1: Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress Strain Curve......Page 292
8-2: Strain-Hardening Mechanisms......Page 296
8-3: Properties versus Percent Cold Work......Page 298
8-4: Microstructure, Texture Strengthening, and Residual Stresses......Page 300
8-5: Characteristics of Cold Working......Page 304
8-6: The Three Stages of Annealing......Page 307
8-7: Control of Annealing......Page 309
8-8: Annealing and Materials Processing......Page 311
8-9: Hot Working......Page 313
Summary......Page 314
Glossary......Page 315
Problems......Page 317
Ch 9: Principles of Solidification......Page 326
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 327
9-1: Technological Significance......Page 328
9-2: Nucleation......Page 329
9-3: Applications of Controlled Nucleation......Page 333
9-4: Growth Mechanisms......Page 334
9-5: Solidification Time and Dendrite Size......Page 336
9-6: Cooling Curves......Page 340
9-7: Cast Structure......Page 341
9-8: Solidification Defects......Page 343
9-9: Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components......Page 347
9-10: Continuous Casting and Ingot Casting......Page 349
9-11: Directional Solidification [DS], Single Crystal Growth, and Epitaxial Growth......Page 353
9-12: Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses......Page 354
9-13: Joining of Metallic Materials......Page 355
Summary......Page 357
Glossary......Page 358
Problems......Page 360
Ch 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium......Page 370
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 371
10-1: Phases and the Phase Diagram......Page 372
10-2: Solubility and Solid Solutions......Page 375
10-3: Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility......Page 378
10-4: Solid-Solution Strengthening......Page 379
10-5: Isomorphous Phase Diagrams......Page 381
10-6: Relationship between Properties and the Phase Diagram......Page 389
10-7: Solidification of a Solid-Solution Alloy......Page 390
10-8: Nonequilibrium Solidification and Segregation......Page 392
Summary......Page 395
Glossary......Page 396
Problems......Page 398
Ch 11: Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams......Page 406
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 407
11-1: Principles and Examples of Dispersion Strengthening......Page 408
11-2: Intermetallic Compounds......Page 409
11-3: Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions......Page 411
11-4: The Eutectic Phase Diagram......Page 413
11-5: Strength of Eutectic Alloys......Page 423
11-6: Eutectics and Materials Processing......Page 428
11-7: Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System......Page 429
11-8: Nanowires and the Eutectic Phase Diagram......Page 430
Summary......Page 432
Glossary......Page 433
Problems......Page 434
Ch 12: Dispersion Strengthening by Phase Transformations and Heat Treatment......Page 442
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 443
12-1: Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions......Page 444
12-2: Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit......Page 448
12-3: Age or Precipitation Hardening and Its Applications......Page 450
12-4: Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening......Page 451
12-5: Effects of Aging Temperature and Time......Page 454
12-7: Use of Age-Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures......Page 455
12-8: The Eutectoid Reaction......Page 456
12-9: Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction......Page 460
12-10: The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering......Page 465
12-11: The Shape-Memory Alloys [SMAs]......Page 469
Summary......Page 470
Glossary......Page 471
Problems......Page 472
Ch 13: Heat Treatment of Steels and Cast Irons......Page 482
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 483
13-1: Designations and Classification of Steels......Page 484
13-2: Simple Heat Treatments......Page 487
13-3: Isothermal Heat Treatments......Page 490
13-4: Quench and Temper Heat Treatments......Page 493
13-5: Effect of Alloying Elements......Page 497
13-6: Application of Hardenability......Page 499
13-7: Specialty Steels......Page 502
13-8: Surface Treatments......Page 504
13-9: Weldability of Steel......Page 506
13-10: Stainless Steels......Page 507
13-11: Cast Irons......Page 510
Summary......Page 515
Glossary......Page 516
Problems......Page 518
Ch 14: Nonferrous Alloys......Page 524
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 525
14-1: Aluminum Alloys......Page 526
14-2: Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys......Page 532
14-3: Copper Alloys......Page 533
14-4: Nickel and Cobalt Alloys......Page 537
14-5: Titanium Alloys......Page 540
14-6: Refractory and Precious Metals......Page 546
Glossary......Page 547
Problems......Page 548
Ch 15: Ceramics......Page 552
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 553
15-1: Bonding in Ceramics......Page 555
15-2: Structures of Crystalline Ceramics......Page 557
15-3: Defects in Crystalline Ceramics......Page 560
15-4: Flaws in Ceramics......Page 563
15-5: Synthesis and Processing of Crystalline Ceramics......Page 566
15-6: Silica and Silicate Compounds......Page 571
15-7: Inorganic Glasses......Page 573
15-8: Glass-Ceramics......Page 579
15-9: Processing and Applications of Clay Products......Page 580
15-10: Refractories......Page 582
15-11: Other Ceramic Materials......Page 584
Glossary......Page 586
Problems......Page 588
Ch 16: Polymers......Page 592
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 593
16-1: Classification of Polymers......Page 594
16-2: Addition and Condensation Polymerization......Page 597
16-3: Degree of Polymerization......Page 601
16-4: Typical Thermoplastics......Page 603
16-5: Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastics......Page 605
16-6: Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics......Page 609
16-7: Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics......Page 615
16-8: Elastomers [Rubbers]......Page 620
16-9: Thermosetting Polymers......Page 624
16-10: Adhesives......Page 626
16-11: Polymer Processing and Recycling......Page 627
Glossary......Page 632
Problems......Page 634
Ch 17: Composites: Teamwork and Synergy in Materials......Page 638
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 639
17-1: Dispersion-Strengthened Composites......Page 641
17-2: Particulate Composites......Page 643
17-3: Fiber-Reinforced Composites......Page 647
17-4: Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites......Page 651
17-5: Manufacturing Fibers and Composites......Page 658
17-6: Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications......Page 662
17-7: Laminar Composite Materials......Page 668
17-8: Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites......Page 669
17-9: Sandwich Structures......Page 670
Glossary......Page 672
Problems......Page 673
Ch 18: Construction Materials......Page 680
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 681
18-1: The Structure of Wood......Page 682
18-2: Moisture Content and Density of Wood......Page 684
18-3: Mechanical Properties of Wood......Page 686
18-5: Plywood......Page 688
18-6: Concrete Materials......Page 689
18-7: Properties of Concrete......Page 691
18-8: Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete......Page 695
Summary......Page 696
Problems......Page 697
Ch 19: Electronic Materials......Page 700
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 701
19-1: Ohm's Law and Electrical Conductivity......Page 703
19-2: Band Structure of Solids......Page 707
19-3: Conductivity of Metals and Alloys......Page 711
19-4: Semiconductors......Page 714
19-5: Applications of Semiconductors......Page 721
19-6: General Overview of Integrated Circuit Processing......Page 724
19-7: Deposition of Thin Films......Page 727
19-8: Conductivity in Other Materials......Page 728
19-10: Polarization in Dielectrics......Page 730
19-11: Electrostriction, Piezoelectricity, and Ferroelectricity......Page 734
Summary......Page 737
Glossary......Page 738
Problems......Page 739
Ch 20: Magnetic Materials......Page 744
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 745
20-2: Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetic Moments......Page 746
20-3: Magnetization, Permeability, and the Magnetic Field......Page 748
20-4: Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic, Ferrimagnetic, and Superparamagnetic Materials......Page 751
20-5: Domain Structure and the Hysteresis Loop......Page 753
20-6: The Curie Temperature......Page 756
20-7: Applications of Magnetic Materials......Page 757
20-8: Metallic and Ceramic Magnetic Materials......Page 763
Summary......Page 768
Glossary......Page 769
Problems......Page 770
Ch 21: Photonic Materials......Page 774
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 775
21-2: Refraction, Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission......Page 776
21-4: Examples and Use of Emission Phenomena......Page 788
Glossary......Page 797
Problems......Page 798
Ch 22: Thermal Properties of Materials......Page 802
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 803
22-1: Heat Capacity and Specific Heat......Page 804
22-2: Thermal Expansion......Page 806
22-3: Thermal Conductivity......Page 810
22-4: Thermal Shock......Page 814
Summary......Page 815
Problems......Page 816
Ch 23: Corrosion and Wear......Page 820
Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 821
23-1: Chemical Corrosion......Page 822
23-2: Electrochemical Corrosion......Page 824
23-3: The Electrode Potential in Electrochemical Cells......Page 827
23-4: The Corrosion Current and Polarization......Page 831
23-5: Types of Electrochemical Corrosion......Page 832
23-6: Protection against Electrochemical Corrosion......Page 837
23-7: Microbial Degradation and Biodegradable Polymers......Page 842
23-8: Oxidation and Other Gas Reactions......Page 843
23-9: Wear and Erosion......Page 846
Summary......Page 848
Glossary......Page 849
Problems......Page 850
Appendix A: Selected Physical Properties of Metals......Page 854
Appendix B: The Atomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements......Page 857
Answers to Selected Problems......Page 859
Index......Page 870