The Sandy Ridge and Halstead Paleo-Indian Sites: Unifacial Tool Use and Gainey Phase Definition in South-Central Ontario

View of sites
Contents
List of tables
List of illustrations
Foreword by Henry T. Wright
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Gainey and Regional Paleo-Indian Studies
	Introduction
	The Gainey Phase
	Age of Gainey
	Hypotheses for Testing
	Regional Sampling
Chapter 2: Gainey Phase Technology: A Great Lakes View
	Fluted Points and Phases
	Phases, Diagnostics, and Lithic Sources
	Gainey Sites in Ontario
	Theoretical Constructs
	Raw Materials and Procurement
	Discussion
	Rice Lake Deglaciation and Occupation Sequence
Chapter 3: Sandy Ridge: A Gainey Logistical Camp
	History of Investigation
	Site Situation
	Test Excavation
	Excavation Methodology
	Site Features
	Other Features
	Phytolith Analysis
	Artifact Distributions
	Uniface Distributions and Spatial Patterns
Chapter 4: Sandy Ridge Artifact Descriptions
	Unifacial Tools
	Bifacial Tools
	Pièces Esquillées
	Uniface/Scraper Retouch Flakes
	Other Debitage
	Gainey Definition at Sandy Ridge
	Residential or Logistical
Chapter 5: Halstead: A Gainey Residential Camp
	History of Investigation
	Site Situation
	Test Excavation
	Excavation Methodology
	Site Features
	Faunal Analysis
	Residue Analysis
	Phytolith Analysis
	Artifact Distributions
	Uniface Distributions and Spatial Activity
	Biface Distributions and Spatial Activity
	Debitage Analysis and Site Partitions
	Artifact Assemblages and Proximity Relationships
	Feature Event Assemblages
Chapter 6: Halstead Artifact Descriptions
	Unifacial Tools
	Bifacial Tools
	Other Tools
	Uniface/Scraper Retouch Flakes
	Biface Flakes
	Other Debitage
	A Gainey Residential Camp
	Gainey Definition at Halstead
Chapter 7: Sandy Ridge and Halstead Assemblage Comparisons
	Introduction
	Tool Classes
	Debitage Classes
	Tool and Debitage Ratios
	Artifact Types
	Chert Banding
	Raw Material Use
	Uniface/Scraper Bit Length
	Tool Use, Curation, and Site Function
	Sandy Ridge, Halstead and Rice Lake
Chapter 8: Gainey Assemblages Sites and Regions
	Introduction
	Assemblage Composition
	Gainey and Parkhill Trianguloid End Scrapers
	Logistical Organization and Settlement Systems
	Activity and Assemblages
	Feature Event Units
	Feature Configuration
	Hypotheses Tested
	Site Types and Settlement Systems
	Gainey Phase Indicators
	Conclusion
References
Appendix: Phytolith Analysis At The Sandy Ridge and Halstead Sites: Late Pleistocene Microenvironments, by Anita Buehrle
	Introduction and Purpose
	Phytolith Production
	Identification of Phytoliths
	Tabulation of Phytoliths
	Laboratory Methods
	Results
	Conclusions
	References Cited