The Ruby Way. Solutions and Techniques in Ruby Programming

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 10
Foreword......Page 28
Acknowledgments......Page 32
About the Author......Page 36
1 Ruby in Review......Page 50
  1.1.1 What Is an Object?......Page 51
  1.1.2 Inheritance......Page 53
  1.1.3 Polymorphism......Page 55
  1.1.4 A Few More Terms......Page 56
 1.2 Basic Ruby Syntax and Semantics......Page 57
  1.2.1 Keywords and Identifiers......Page 58
  1.2.3 Constants, Variables, and Types......Page 59
  1.2.4 Operators and Precedence......Page 62
  1.2.5 A Sample Program......Page 63
  1.2.6 Looping and Branching......Page 66
  1.2.7 Exceptions......Page 71
  1.3.1 Objects......Page 74
  1.3.2 Built-in Classes......Page 75
  1.3.3 Modules and Mixins......Page 77
  1.3.4 Creating Classes......Page 78
  1.3.5 Methods and Attributes......Page 82
 1.4 Dynamic Aspects of Ruby......Page 84
  1.4.1 Coding at Runtime......Page 85
  1.4.2 Reflection......Page 86
  1.4.3 Missing Methods......Page 88
 1.5 Training Your Intuition: Things to Remember......Page 89
  1.5.1 Syntax Issues......Page 90
  1.5.2 Perspectives in Programming......Page 92
  1.5.3 Ruby’s case Statement......Page 96
  1.5.4 Rubyisms and Idioms......Page 99
  1.5.5 Expression Orientation and Other Miscellaneous Issues......Page 106
 1.6 Ruby Jargon and Slang......Page 108
 1.7 Conclusion......Page 111
2 Working with Strings......Page 112
 2.1 Representing Ordinary Strings......Page 113
 2.3 Using Here-Documents......Page 114
 2.4 Finding the Length of a String......Page 116
 2.6 Processing a Byte at a Time......Page 117
 2.7 Performing Specialized String Comparisons......Page 118
 2.8 Tokenizing a String......Page 119
 2.9 Formatting a String......Page 121
 2.11 Controlling Uppercase and Lowercase......Page 122
 2.12 Accessing and Assigning Substrings......Page 124
 2.13 Substituting in Strings......Page 126
 2.14 Searching a String......Page 127
 2.15 Converting Between Characters and ASCII Codes......Page 128
 2.16 Implicit and Explicit Conversion......Page 129
 2.17 Appending an Item Onto a String......Page 131
 2.18 Removing Trailing Newlines and Other Characters......Page 132
 2.19 Trimming Whitespace from a String......Page 133
 2.21 Embedding Expressions Within Strings......Page 134
 2.23 Parsing Comma-Separated Data......Page 135
 2.24 Converting Strings to Numbers (Decimal and Otherwise)......Page 136
 2.26 Encrypting Strings......Page 139
 2.27 Compressing Strings......Page 140
 2.28 Counting Characters in Strings......Page 141
 2.30 Removing Duplicate Characters......Page 142
 2.33 Generating Successive Strings......Page 143
 2.34 Calculating a 32-Bit CRC......Page 144
 2.35 Calculating the MD5 Hash of a String......Page 145
 2.36 Calculating the Levenshtein Distance Between Two Strings......Page 146
 2.38 Encoding and Decoding Strings (uuencode/uudecode)......Page 148
 2.39 Expanding and Compressing Tab Characters......Page 149
 2.40 Wrapping Lines of Text......Page 150
 2.41 Conclusion......Page 151
3 Working with Regular Expressions......Page 152
 3.1 Regular Expression Syntax......Page 153
 3.2 Compiling Regular Expressions......Page 155
 3.4 Using Anchors......Page 156
 3.5 Using Quantifiers......Page 157
 3.6 Positive and Negative Lookahead......Page 160
 3.7 Accessing Backreferences......Page 161
 3.8 Using Character Classes......Page 164
 3.9 Extended Regular Expressions......Page 166
 3.10 Matching a Newline with a Dot......Page 167
 3.12 Using Embedded Subexpressions......Page 168
  3.13.1 Testing the Presence of Oniguruma......Page 169
  3.13.2 Building Oniguruma......Page 170
  3.13.3 A Few New Features of Oniguruma......Page 171
  3.13.4 Positive and Negative Lookbehind......Page 172
  3.13.5 More on Quantifiers......Page 173
  3.13.6 Named Matches......Page 174
  3.13.7 Recursion in Regular Expressions......Page 176
  3.14.1 Matching an IP Address......Page 177
  3.14.2 Matching a Keyword-Value Pair......Page 178
  3.14.3 Matching Roman Numerals......Page 179
  3.14.5 Matching a Date/Time String......Page 180
  3.14.6 Detecting Doubled Words in Text......Page 181
  3.14.9 A Few Other Patterns......Page 182
 3.15 Conclusion......Page 183
4 Internationalization in Ruby......Page 184
 4.1 Background and Terminology......Page 186
  4.2.1 The jcode Library and $KCODE......Page 190
  4.2.2 Revisiting Common String and Regex Operations......Page 191
  4.2.3 Detecting Character Encodings......Page 196
  4.2.4 Normalizing Unicode Strings......Page 197
  4.2.5 Issues in String Collation......Page 199
  4.2.6 Converting Between Encodings......Page 202
  4.3.1 Background and Terminology......Page 205
  4.3.3 Localizing a Simple Application......Page 206
  4.3.4 Other Notes......Page 211
 4.4 Conclusion......Page 212
5 Performing Numerical Calculations......Page 214
 5.1 Representing Numbers in Ruby......Page 215
 5.2 Basic Operations on Numbers......Page 216
 5.3 Rounding Floating Point Values......Page 217
 5.4 Comparing Floating Point Numbers......Page 219
 5.5 Formatting Numbers for Output......Page 221
 5.7 Working with Very Large Integers......Page 222
 5.8 Using BigDecimal......Page 223
 5.9 Working with Rational Values......Page 225
 5.10 Matrix Manipulation......Page 226
 5.11 Working with Complex Numbers......Page 231
 5.12 Using mathn......Page 232
 5.13 Finding Prime Factorization, GCD, and LCM......Page 233
 5.14 Working with Prime Numbers......Page 234
 5.15 Implicit and Explicit Numeric Conversion......Page 235
 5.16 Coercing Numeric Values......Page 236
 5.17 Performing Bit-level Operations on Numbers......Page 238
 5.18 Performing Base Conversions......Page 239
 5.19 Finding Cube Roots, Fourth Roots, and so on......Page 240
 5.20 Determining the Architecture's Byte Order......Page 241
 5.21 Numerical Computation of a Definite Integral......Page 242
 5.22 Trigonometry in Degrees, Radians, and Grads......Page 243
 5.24 Finding Logarithms with Arbitrary Bases......Page 244
 5.25 Finding the Mean, Median, and Mode of a Data Set......Page 245
 5.27 Finding a Correlation Coefficient......Page 247
 5.28 Generating Random Numbers......Page 249
 5.29 Caching Functions with memoize......Page 250
 5.30 Conclusion......Page 251
6 Symbols and Ranges......Page 252
 6.1 Symbols......Page 253
  6.1.2 Symbols As Metavalues......Page 255
  6.1.3 Symbols, Variables, and Methods......Page 256
  6.1.4 Converting to/from Symbols......Page 257
 6.2 Ranges......Page 258
  6.2.3 Iterating Over Ranges......Page 259
  6.2.5 Converting to Arrays......Page 261
  6.2.7 The Flip-Flop Operator......Page 262
  6.2.8 Custom Ranges......Page 266
 6.3 Conclusion......Page 268
7 Working with Times and Dates......Page 270
 7.1 Determining the Current Time......Page 271
 7.2 Working with Specific Times (Post-epoch)......Page 272
 7.3 Determining the Day of the Week......Page 273
 7.5 Finding the Nth Weekday in a Month......Page 274
 7.6 Converting Between Seconds and Larger Units......Page 276
 7.8 Working with Leap Seconds: Don't!......Page 277
 7.10 Validating a Date/Time......Page 278
 7.11 Finding the Week of the Year......Page 279
 7.12 Detecting Leap Years......Page 280
 7.14 Working with Hours and Minutes Only......Page 281
 7.15 Comparing Date/Time Values......Page 282
 7.17 Computing the Difference in Two Date/Time Values......Page 283
 7.19 Interconverting Between Time, Date, and DateTime......Page 284
 7.20 Retrieving a Date/Time Value from a String......Page 285
 7.21 Formatting and Printing Date/Time Values......Page 287
 7.23 Determining the Number of Days in a Month......Page 288
 7.24 Dividing a Month into Weeks......Page 289
 7.25 Conclusion......Page 290
8 Arrays, Hashes, and Other Enumerables......Page 292
  8.1.1 Creating and Initializing an Array......Page 293
  8.1.2 Accessing and Assigning Array Elements......Page 294
  8.1.4 Comparing Arrays......Page 296
  8.1.5 Sorting an Array......Page 299
  8.1.6 Selecting from an Array by Criteria......Page 301
  8.1.7 Using Specialized Indexing Functions......Page 303
  8.1.8 Implementing a Sparse Matrix......Page 305
  8.1.9 Using Arrays as Mathematical Sets......Page 306
  8.1.10 Randomizing an Array......Page 310
  8.1.11 Using Multidimensional Arrays......Page 311
  8.1.12 Finding Elements in One Array But Not Another......Page 312
  8.1.15 Removing Specific Array Elements......Page 313
  8.1.16 Concatenating and Appending onto Arrays......Page 315
  8.1.17 Using an Array as a Stack or Queue......Page 316
  8.1.18 Iterating Over an Array......Page 317
  8.1.20 Reversing an Array......Page 318
  8.1.23 Counting Frequency of Values in an Array......Page 319
  8.1.25 Synchronized Sorting of Multiple Arrays......Page 320
  8.1.26 Establishing a Default Value for New Array Elements......Page 321
 8.2 Working with Hashes......Page 322
  8.2.1 Creating a New Hash......Page 323
  8.2.3 Accessing and Adding Key-Value Pairs......Page 324
  8.2.4 Deleting Key-Value Pairs......Page 326
  8.2.6 Inverting a Hash......Page 327
  8.2.8 Extracting Hashes into Arrays......Page 328
  8.2.9 Selecting Key-Value Pairs by Criteria......Page 329
  8.2.11 Merging Two Hashes......Page 330
  8.2.14 Using a Hash as a Sparse Matrix......Page 331
  8.2.15 Implementing a Hash with Duplicate Keys......Page 332
 8.3 Enumerables in General......Page 335
  8.3.1 The inject Method......Page 336
  8.3.2 Using Quantifiers......Page 337
  8.3.3 The partition Method......Page 338
  8.3.4 Iterating by Groups......Page 339
  8.3.5 Converting to Arrays or Sets......Page 340
  8.3.6 Using Enumerator Objects......Page 341
  8.3.7 Using Generator Objects......Page 342
 8.4 Conclusion......Page 344
9 More Advanced Data Structures......Page 346
  9.1.1 Simple Set Operations......Page 347
  9.1.2 More Advanced Set Operations......Page 349
 9.2 Working with Stacks and Queues......Page 350
  9.2.1 Implementing a Stricter Stack......Page 352
  9.2.2 Detecting Unbalanced Punctuation in Expressions......Page 353
  9.2.3 Understanding Stacks and Recursion......Page 354
  9.2.4 Implementing a Stricter Queue......Page 356
  9.3.1 Implementing a Binary Tree......Page 357
  9.3.2 Sorting Using a Binary Tree......Page 359
  9.3.3 Using a Binary Tree as a Lookup Table......Page 361
  9.3.4 Converting a Tree to a String or Array......Page 362
 9.4 Working with Graphs......Page 363
  9.4.1 Implementing a Graph as an Adjacency Matrix......Page 364
  9.4.2 Determining Whether a Graph Is Fully Connected......Page 366
  9.4.3 Determining Whether a Graph Has an Euler Circuit......Page 368
  9.4.4 Determining Whether a Graph Has an Euler Path......Page 369
 9.5 Conclusion......Page 370
10 I/O and Data Storage......Page 372
  10.1.1 Opening and Closing Files......Page 374
  10.1.2 Updating a File......Page 375
  10.1.4 Random Access to Files......Page 376
  10.1.5 Working with Binary Files......Page 377
  10.1.6 Locking Files......Page 379
  10.1.7 Performing Simple I/O......Page 380
  10.1.8 Performing Buffered and Unbuffered I/O......Page 381
  10.1.9 Manipulating File Ownership and Permissions......Page 382
  10.1.10 Retrieving and Setting Time Stamp Information......Page 384
  10.1.11 Checking File Existence and Size......Page 386
  10.1.12 Checking Special File Characteristics......Page 387
  10.1.13 Working with Pipes......Page 389
  10.1.14 Performing Special I/O Operations......Page 391
  10.1.15 Using Nonblocking I/O......Page 392
  10.1.17 Manipulating Pathnames......Page 393
  10.1.18 Using the Pathname Class......Page 394
  10.1.19 Command-Level File Manipulation......Page 395
  10.1.20 Grabbing Characters from the Keyboard......Page 397
  10.1.21 Reading an Entire File into Memory......Page 398
  10.1.24 Treating a String as a File......Page 399
  10.1.25 Reading Data Embedded in a Program......Page 400
  10.1.27 Working with Temporary Files......Page 401
  10.1.28 Changing and Setting the Current Directory......Page 402
  10.1.30 Iterating Over Directory Entries......Page 403
  10.1.33 Deleting a Directory Recursively......Page 404
 10.2 Performing Higher-Level Data Access......Page 405
  10.2.1 Simple Marshaling......Page 406
  10.2.2 More Complex Marshaling......Page 407
  10.2.4 Better Object Persistence with PStore......Page 409
  10.2.5 Working with CSV Data......Page 411
  10.2.6 Marshaling with YAML......Page 413
  10.2.7 Object Prevalence with Madeleine......Page 414
  10.2.8 Using the DBM Library......Page 415
 10.3 Using KirbyBase......Page 416
  10.4.1 Interfacing to SQLite......Page 420
  10.4.2 Interfacing to MySQL......Page 422
  10.4.3 Interfacing to PostgreSQL......Page 425
  10.4.4 Interfacing to LDAP......Page 428
  10.4.5 Interfacing to Oracle......Page 430
  10.4.6 Using the DBI Wrapper......Page 431
  10.4.7 Object-Relational Mappers (ORMs)......Page 432
 10.5 Conclusion......Page 435
11 OOP and Dynamic Features in Ruby......Page 436
 11.1 Everyday OOP Tasks......Page 437
  11.1.1 Using Multiple Constructors......Page 438
  11.1.2 Creating Instance Attributes......Page 439
  11.1.3 Using More Elaborate Constructors......Page 440
  11.1.4 Creating Class-level Attributes and Methods......Page 442
  11.1.5 Inheriting from a Superclass......Page 445
  11.1.6 Testing Classes of Objects......Page 448
  11.1.7 Testing Equality of Objects......Page 450
  11.1.8 Controlling Access to Methods......Page 452
  11.1.9 Copying an Object......Page 454
  11.1.10 Using initialize_copy......Page 456
  11.1.12 Working with Modules......Page 457
  11.1.13 Transforming or Converting Objects......Page 461
  11.1.14 Creating Data-only Classes (Structs)......Page 465
  11.1.15 Freezing Objects......Page 466
 11.2 More Advanced Techniques......Page 467
  11.2.1 Sending an Explicit Message to an Object......Page 468
  11.2.2 Specializing an Individual Object......Page 470
  11.2.3 Nesting Classes and Modules......Page 473
  11.2.4 Creating Parametric Classes......Page 474
  11.2.5 Using Continuations to Implement a Generator......Page 477
  11.2.6 Storing Code as Objects......Page 480
  11.2.7 How Module Inclusion Works......Page 481
  11.2.9 Delegating or Forwarding......Page 484
  11.2.10 Automatically Defining Class-level Readers and Writers......Page 487
  11.2.11 Working in Advanced Programming Disciplines......Page 488
 11.3 Working with Dynamic Features......Page 490
  11.3.1 Evaluating Code Dynamically......Page 491
  11.3.3 Dynamically Instantiating a Class by Name......Page 493
  11.3.4 Getting and Setting Instance Variables......Page 494
  11.3.5 Using define_method......Page 495
  11.3.6 Using const_missing......Page 499
  11.3.7 Removing Definitions......Page 500
  11.3.8 Obtaining Lists of Defined Entities......Page 503
  11.3.9 Examining the Call Stack......Page 505
  11.3.10 Monitoring Execution of a Program......Page 506
  11.3.12 Handling Calls to Nonexistent Methods......Page 508
  11.3.13 Tracking Changes to a Class or Object Definition......Page 509
  11.3.14 Defining Finalizers for Objects......Page 513
 11.4 Conclusion......Page 515
12 Graphical Interfaces for Ruby......Page 516
  12.1.1 Overview......Page 517
  12.1.2 A Simple Windowed Application......Page 519
  12.1.3 Working with Buttons......Page 521
  12.1.4 Working with Text Fields......Page 524
  12.1.5 Working with Other Widgets......Page 528
  12.1.6 Other Notes......Page 531
  12.2.1 Overview......Page 532
  12.2.2 A Simple Windowed Application......Page 533
  12.2.3 Working with Buttons......Page 534
  12.2.4 Working with Text Fields......Page 536
  12.2.5 Working with Other Widgets......Page 539
  12.2.6 Other Notes......Page 544
  12.3.1 Overview......Page 546
  12.3.2 A Simple Windowed Application......Page 547
  12.3.3 Working with Buttons......Page 549
  12.3.4 Working with Text Fields......Page 551
  12.3.5 Working with Other Widgets......Page 552
 12.4 QtRuby......Page 562
  12.4.2 A Simple Windowed Application......Page 563
  12.4.3 Working with Buttons......Page 564
  12.4.4 Working with Text Fields......Page 566
  12.4.5 Working with Other Widgets......Page 568
  12.4.6 Other Notes......Page 573
  12.5.2 Ruby and wxWidgets......Page 574
 12.6 Conclusion......Page 575
13 Threads in Ruby......Page 578
  13.1.1 Creating Threads......Page 579
  13.1.2 Accessing Thread-local Variables......Page 581
  13.1.3 Querying and Changing Thread Status......Page 582
  13.1.4 Achieving a Rendezvous (and Capturing a Return Value)......Page 587
  13.1.5 Dealing with Exceptions......Page 588
  13.1.6 Using a Thread Group......Page 590
 13.2 Synchronizing Threads......Page 591
  13.2.1 Performing Simple Synchronization with Critical Sections......Page 592
  13.2.2 Synchronizing Access to Resources (mutex.rb)......Page 593
  13.2.3 Using the Predefined Synchronized Queue Classes......Page 597
  13.2.4 Using Condition Variables......Page 599
  13.2.5 Using Other Synchronization Techniques......Page 601
  13.2.6 Allowing Timeout of an Operation......Page 604
  13.2.7 Waiting for an Event......Page 605
  13.2.8 Continuing Processing During I/O......Page 606
  13.2.9 Implementing Parallel Iterators......Page 607
  13.2.10 Recursive Deletion in Parallel......Page 609
 13.3 Conclusion......Page 610
14 Scripting and System Administration......Page 612
  14.1.1 Using system and exec......Page 613
  14.1.2 Command Output Substitution......Page 614
  14.1.3 Manipulating Processes......Page 616
  14.1.4 Manipulating Standard Input/Output......Page 618
  14.2.1 Parsing Command-Line Options......Page 619
  14.2.2 Working with ARGF......Page 621
  14.2.3 Working with ARGV......Page 622
  14.3.1 Using Shell for I/O Redirection......Page 623
  14.3.2 Other Notes on shell.rb......Page 625
 14.4 Accessing Environment Variables......Page 626
  14.4.1 Getting and Setting Environment Variables......Page 627
  14.4.3 Importing Environment Variables as Globals......Page 628
 14.5 Scripting in Microsoft Windows......Page 629
  14.5.1 Using Win32API......Page 630
  14.5.2 Using Win32OLE......Page 631
  14.5.3 Using ActiveScriptRuby......Page 635
 14.6 The Windows One-Click Installer......Page 636
 14.7 Libraries You Need to Know About......Page 637
 14.8 Working with Files, Directories, and Trees......Page 638
  14.8.2 Copying a Directory Tree (with symlinks)......Page 639
  14.8.3 Deleting Files by Age or Other Criteria......Page 641
  14.8.4 Determining Free Space on a Disk......Page 642
  14.9.1 Single-File Ruby Solutions......Page 643
  14.9.2 Piping into the Ruby Interpreter......Page 644
  14.9.3 Getting and Setting Exit Codes......Page 645
  14.9.5 Determining the Current Platform or Operating System......Page 646
  14.9.6 Using the Etc Module......Page 647
 14.10 Conclusion......Page 648
15 Ruby and Data Formats......Page 650
 15.1 Parsing XML with REXML......Page 651
  15.1.1 Tree Parsing......Page 652
  15.1.2 Stream Parsing......Page 653
  15.1.3 XPath and More......Page 655
  15.2.1 The rss Standard Library......Page 656
  15.2.2 The feedtools Library......Page 659
  15.3.1 Common Graphics Tasks......Page 661
  15.3.2 Special Effects and Transformations......Page 665
  15.3.3 The Drawing API......Page 668
 15.4 Creating PDF Documents with PDF::Writer......Page 671
  15.4.1 Basic Concepts and Techniques......Page 672
  15.4.2 An Example Document......Page 674
 15.5 Conclusion......Page 682
16 Testing and Debugging......Page 684
 16.1 Testing with Test::Unit......Page 685
 16.2 The ZenTest Tools......Page 689
 16.3 Using the Ruby Debugger......Page 693
 16.4 Using irb as a Debugger......Page 696
 16.5 Measuring Code Coverage......Page 698
 16.6 Measuring Performance......Page 699
 16.7 Prettyprinting Objects......Page 704
 16.8 Conclusion......Page 706
17 Packaging and Distributing Code......Page 708
 17.1 Using RDoc......Page 709
  17.1.1 Simple Markup......Page 711
  17.1.2 More Advanced Formatting......Page 713
  17.2.1 setup.rb......Page 714
  17.2.2 RubyGems......Page 717
 17.3 RubyForge and the RAA......Page 718
 17.4 Conclusion......Page 720
18 Network Programming......Page 722
  18.1.1 A Simple Server: Time of Day......Page 724
  18.1.2 Implementing a Threaded Server......Page 726
  18.1.3 Case Study: A Peer-to-Peer Chess Server......Page 727
  18.2.1 Retrieving Truly Random Numbers from the Web......Page 735
  18.2.2 Contacting an Official Timeserver......Page 738
  18.2.3 Interacting with a POP Server......Page 739
  18.2.4 Sending Mail with SMTP......Page 741
  18.2.5 Interacting with an IMAP Server......Page 745
  18.2.6 Encoding/Decoding Attachments......Page 747
  18.2.7 Case Study: A Mail-News Gateway......Page 749
  18.2.9 Using the Open-URI Library......Page 755
 18.3 Conclusion......Page 756
 19.1 CGI Programming with Ruby......Page 758
  19.1.1 Introduction to the cgi.rb Library......Page 760
  19.1.2 Displaying and Processing Forms......Page 761
  19.1.3 Working with Cookies......Page 762
  19.1.4 Working with User Sessions......Page 763
 19.2 Using FastCGI......Page 765
  19.3.1 Principles and Techniques......Page 767
  19.3.2 Testing and Debugging Rails Apps......Page 769
  19.3.3 Core Extensions......Page 770
 19.4 Web Development with Nitro......Page 771
  19.4.1 Creating a Basic Nitro Application......Page 772
  19.4.2 Nitro and the MVC Pattern......Page 774
  19.4.3 Nitro and Og......Page 779
  19.4.4 Common Web Development Tasks in Nitro......Page 780
  19.4.5 Other Important Details......Page 784
 19.5 An Introduction to Wee......Page 786
  19.5.1 A Simple Example......Page 787
  19.5.2 Associating State with URLs......Page 788
 19.6 Web Development with IOWA......Page 789
  19.6.1 Basic IOWA Concepts......Page 790
  19.6.2 Templating in IOWA......Page 792
  19.6.3 Component Control Transfer......Page 794
  19.7.1 Using mod_ruby......Page 796
  19.7.2 Using erb......Page 797
  19.7.3 Using WEBrick......Page 800
  19.7.4 Using Mongrel......Page 803
 19.8 Conclusion......Page 805
20 Distributed Ruby......Page 808
 20.1 An Overview: Using drb......Page 809
 20.2 Case Study: A Stock Ticker Simulation......Page 812
 20.3 Rinda: A Ruby Tuplespace......Page 815
 20.4 Service Discovery with Distributed Ruby......Page 820
 20.5 Conclusion......Page 821
21 Ruby Development Tools......Page 822
 21.1 Using RubyGems......Page 823
 21.2 Using Rake......Page 825
 21.3 Using irb......Page 829
 21.5 Editor Support......Page 835
 21.6 Integrated Development Environments......Page 837
 21.7 Conclusion......Page 839
 22.1 Web Resources......Page 840
 22.3 Blogs and Online Magazines......Page 841
 22.4 Ruby Change Requests......Page 842
 22.6 Ruby Conferences......Page 843
 22.8 Conclusion......Page 844
 Symbols......Page 846
  A......Page 847
  B......Page 848
  C......Page 849
  D......Page 853
  E......Page 855
  F......Page 857
  G......Page 859
  H......Page 860
  I......Page 861
  L......Page 864
  M......Page 865
  N......Page 871
  O......Page 872
  P......Page 874
  Q-R......Page 875
  S......Page 878
  T......Page 882
  U......Page 884
  W......Page 886
  X-Y-Z......Page 888