The Routledge Handbook on Global Community Corrections

Cover
Endorsements
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Tables
Figures
Contributors
Introduction
	Section 1: Country-Specific Profiles of Community Corrections Systems from Each Global Region
	A Note on the Content of Our Country-Specific Profiles
	The Collection of Country-Specific Community Corrections Data
	Section 2: Comparative Analyses of Variations in the Size, Structure, Design Features, and Performance of Community Corrections Systems
	Notes
	References
Section 1: Country-Level Profiles of Community Corrections Systems
Part 1: Community Corrections Systems in Africa
1. Community Corrections in South Africa
	Introduction
	Community Supervision (Probation) in a Nutshell
	Historical Background/Developments of the Community Corrections System
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Organization
	The Staff Complement of Community Corrections Offices
	Substantive Legislation
	Supervision Practice
		Intensity and Conditions
		Consequences of Breach
		Length of the Supervision
	Victim Involvement
	Working with Volunteers
	Supervision Privatization
	Future Developments
	Conclusion/Summary
	Important Publications and Websites
	Notes
	References
2. Community Corrections in Kenya: A Developmental and Practice Account
	Understanding Probation: Meaning, Purpose, and Function in Kenya
	A Brief History of Probation in Kenya
	Probation Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Probation Organization and Staff Development
	Organizational Structure
	Staff Development and Training
	Probation Legislation and Policy Mandates
	Social Inquiries and Presentence Reports
	Bail Information Reports
	Supervision Practice
	Risk Assessment
	Supervision of Probation Orders
	Supervision of Community Service Orders
	Supervision Completions
	Probation Hostels
	Aftercare of People Who Have Completed Their Sentence
	Victims and Probation Work
	Community Probation Volunteer Program
	Probation Community Rehabilitation and Resource Center
	Future Developments
	Important Publications and Websites
	Notes
	References
Part 2. Community Corrections Systems in Asia
3. Community Corrections in China: Past Development, Current Practices, and Future Challenges
	Introduction
	A Brief History of Community Corrections in China
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Organization
	Staff
	Substantive Legislation
	Supervision Practice
		General Practices and Regional Differences
	Working with Volunteers
	Supervision Privatization
	Consequences of Breach
	Supervision Outcomes
	The Use of Technology
	Future Developments
	Important Publications and Websites
	References
4. Probation: A Singular Alternative to Incarceration, Reformation, and Community Corrections in India
	Community Corrections in a Nutshell
	Evolution of Probation in India
	Development of Probation in Independent India
	Structure of Probation System in India
	Strength of Probation Staff in India
	Eligibility Criteria for Probation Officers in India
	Work Undertaken by Probation Officers
	Challenges Plaguing the Probation System in India
	Way Forward
	Notes
	References
5. Community Corrections in Japan: An Illustration of the Hogoshi System
	Overview of the Probation System in Japan
	A Brief History of Probation in Japan
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Organization and Staff
		Rehabilitation Bureau, Ministry of Justice
		Regional Parole Board
		Probation Office and Probation Officer
	Substantive Legislation
		Juvenile Act
		Offender Rehabilitation Act
		Hogoshi Act
	Supervision Practice
		Procedure
		Subjects and Terms of Probation and Parole
			Juvenile Individuals on Probation
			Specified Juveniles
			Adults on Parole
			Adults on Probation
	Probation Practice
		Assessment
		Instruction and Supervision
		Conditions
			General Conditions
			Special Conditions
			Life and Conduct Guidelines
	Specialized Treatment Programs
	Guidance and Assistance
	Categorized Treatment System
	The Parole System and Community Reintegration
	Criteria for Granting Parole from Penal Institutions
	Criteria for Granting Parole from the Juvenile Training School
	Multi-agency Approach
	Urgent Care for Discharged Offenders
	Victim Involvement
	Working with Volunteers
	Women's Association for Rehabilitation Aid
	Big Brothers and Sisters Associations
	Supervision Privatization
		Cooperating Employers
		Corporation for Offender Rehabilitation (Juridical Person for Offender Rehabilitation)
	Future Developments
		Reform of the Rehabilitation Systems
		International Promotion of Community Volunteers and Hogoshi Day
	Important Publications and Websites
	Notes
	References
6. The Past, Present, and the Future of Community Corrections in South Korea: Focusing on Probation
	Introduction
	A Historical Trajectory of Probation in South Korea
	Organization
	Supervision Practice
		Profile of Offenders Supervised in the Community
		Forms and Processes of Community Supervision/Corrections
		Classification and Level of Supervision of Probationers and Parolees
		Probation Cases
		Other Forms
			Halfway Houses (or Other Residential Facilities Managed by Probation Services)
			Specific Measures and Programs of Community Corrections
	Different Types of Community Corrections
	Major Legislation on Community Corrections in South Korea
		The Law on Probation and Parole
		The Law on the Attachment of Electronic Devices
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
Part 3. Community Corrections Systems in Europe
7. Community Corrections in England and Wales
	Probation in a Nutshell
	A Brief History of Probation in England and Wales
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Organization and Structure
	Staff
	Substantive Legislation
	Supervision Practices
	Victim Involvement
	Future Challenges
	References
8. Community Corrections in Finland
	Probation in Finland
	A Brief History of Probation
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Organization
	Staff
	Substantive Legislation
	Supervision Practice
	Length of Supervision
	Intensity and Conditions
	Formal Treatment
	Compliance and Consequences of Breach
		Supervision Outcomes
	The Use of Technology: Electronic Monitoring
	The Use of Technology: Digitalization
	Victim Involvement
	Working with Volunteers
	Supervision Privatization
	Future Developments
	Important Publications and Websites
	References
9. Community Corrections in France
	French Probation: Fordian Processing and Executive Conquest: Probation in a Nutshell
	A Brief History of French Probation
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Organization
	Staff
	Substantive Legislation
	Supervision Practice
	Length of Supervision
	Intensity and Conditions
	Formal Treatment
	Consequences of Breach
	Supervision Outcomes
	Supervisee's Voice
	The Use of Technology
	Victim Involvement
	Working with Volunteers
	Supervision Privatization
	Future Developments
	Important Publications and Websites
	References
10. Probation Supervision in the Netherlands
	Probation in a Nutshell
	Brief History of Probation in the Country
	Organization
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Staff
	The Position of Probation within the Criminal Justice System
		Pre-Trial
		Sentencing Stage
		Post-Sentencing
	Supervision Practice
		Length of Supervision
		Intensity of Supervision
		Consequences of Breach
		Supervision Outcomes
		Supervisee's Voice
	Victim involvement
	Working with Volunteers
	Privatization
	Future Perspectives
	Useful Links and Addresses
	Notes
	References
11. From Nothing to Everything: The Dramatic Rise of Community Corrections in Romania
	Probation in a Nutshell
	A Brief History of Probation in Romania
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Organization
	Staff
	Substantive Legislation
	Supervision Practice
		The Length of Supervision
		Intensity of Conditions
		Formal Treatment
		Consequences of Breach
		Supervision Outcomes
		Supervisee's Voice
		The Use of Technology
			Victim Involvement
	Working with Volunteers
	Supervision Privatization
	Future Developments
	Important Publications and Websites
	Websites
	Laws
	Notes
	References
12. Community Corrections in Spain
	Probation in a Nutshell
	A Brief History of Probation in the Country
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Organization
	Staff
	Substantive Legislation
	Supervision Practice
	Victim Involvement
	Working with Volunteers
	Supervision Privatization
	Future Developments
	Important Publications and Websites
	Notes
	References
13. Community Corrections in Türkiye
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Probation in a Nutshell
	A Brief History of Probation in Türkiye
	Organization
		Incoming Document Bureau
		Registration and Admissions Bureau
		Assessment and Planning Bureau
		Enforcement Bureau
		Education and Rehabilitation Bureau
		Supervision/Monitoring Bureau
		Protection Boards Bureau
		Administrative and Financial Affairs Bureau
		Juvenile Services Bureau
		Bureau for Working with Drug Users
		Enforcement and Evaluation Commission
		Advisory Board
	Staff
	Substantive Legislation
	Types of Supervision
		Report Preparation
	Supervision Practice
		Length of Supervision
		Intensity and Conditions
		Formal Treatment
		Consequences of Breach
		Supervision Outcomes
		The Use of Technology
	Working with Volunteers
	Supervision Privatization
	Future Developments
	Important Publications and Websites
	References
Part 4: Community Corrections in the Middle East
14. Community Corrections in Israel: A Humanistic Approach
	Introduction
	Israeli Corrections—Data in a Nutshell
	Probation
	A Brief History of Probation in the Country
		The Development of Juvenile Probation Services
		The Development of Adult Probation Services
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
		Juvenile Probation Services
		Adult Probation Services
	Organizational Structure of Israeli Probation
		General Structure
		Organizational Structure—Juvenile Probation Services
		Organizational Structure—Adult Probation Services
	Supervision Practice
		Group Therapy
		Individual Therapy
		Family Therapy
		Diagnosis and Short-Term Intervention
		Restorative Justice Conferences
	Release from Prison
	The Israeli Parole
		Brief History of Parole in Israel
		The Parole Act
		The Parole Board
		Requirements for Licensed Parole
		Effectiveness of Early Release
	The PRA Program
		The PRA Program and Examination of Suitability for Joining It
		Released Incarcerated Individuals under the Care of PRA
		Vocational Component of the PRA Rehabilitation Program
		Friendly Employers
		Supervision vis-à-vis Psychological Treatment
		Work Relations among PRA Personnel
		Paroled Incarcerated Individuals' Perceptions of PRA Programs Regarding Re-entry Barriers and Difficulties
	The Organizational Structure of PRA
	PRA Activities in the Community
		PRA's Special Programs
		PRA and COVID-19
	Summary
	Notes
	References
Part 5: Community Corrections Systems in North America
	References
15. Community Corrections in Canada
	Canada and Its Correctional System Overview
	Canada's Federal Correctional System and Forms of Community Supervision for Adult
	Canada's Provincial/Territorial Correctional System and Forms of Community Supervision for Adults
	Canada's Youth Correctional System and Forms of Community Supervision
	Model and Practices of Community Supervision in Canada
	The Special Case of Community Corrections in British Columbia
	Summary
	Important Publications and Websites
	Notes
	References
16. Probation and Parole in California: An Experiment in Community Corrections Reform
	Introduction
	Probation and Parole in a Nutshell
	Probation
	Parole
	Brief History of Community Corrections in California
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Organization
	Staff
	Substantive Legislation
	Supervision Practice
	Length of Supervision
	Intensity and Conditions
	Formal Treatment Programming
	Consequences of Breach
	Supervision Outcomes
		Probation Recidivism
		Parole Recidivism
	Supervisee's Voice
	The Use of Technology
	Victim Involvement
	Working With Volunteers
	Supervision Privatization
	Future Developments
	Conclusion
	Important Publications and Websites
	Notes
	References
17. Georgia Department of Community Supervision (US)
	Scope of Community Supervision in Georgia
	Brief History of the Georgia Department of Community Supervision
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
		Mission
		Vision
		Objectives
	Organization
		Day Reporting Centers (DRCs)
		Reentry Services Division
	Staff
		Qualifications and Training
		Staffing
			Community Supervision Officers (CSOs)
			Specialized Caseloads
			Counselors
			Call Reporting Unit (CRU)
			Court Specialists
		Quality Assurance
	Substantive Legislation
	Probation Option Management (POM)
	Concepts and Terminology
		Probation Sentence Type
		Multiple Terms
		Direct Supervision vs. Administrative Supervision
		Supervision Length
		Entries and Exits
	Supervision Practice
		Risk Assessment
		Enhanced Supervision Program (ESP)
		Supervision Levels
			Specialized
			High-Risk
			Standard
			Contact
	Supervision Philosophy
		Time
		Relationships
		Dialogue
		Intersections
	Victim Involvement
	Working with Volunteers
	Supervision Privatization
	Future Developments
		Example 1: Enhancing Specialized Mental Health Supervision (SMHS) With a Clinical Case Consultation Model
		Example 2: A Biosocial Study of Client Outcomes in Probation and Parole
	Important Publications and Websites
	References
18. Community Supervision in Florida
	Introduction
	Felony Probation
	Probation Officer Qualifications and Duties
	Types of Probation
	Felony Probation Admissions and Supervised Population Statistics
	Programs
	Community Supervision Post-Incarceration
	Misdemeanor Probation
		Seminole County Sheriff's Office Adult Probation and Pretrial Diversion
	Overview of the Probation Division
	Probation Officer Work
	Supervision Conditions
	Measuring Success
	Accreditation
		FCAC Standards, June 2021
	Client Voice
	Technology
	Population Trends
	Future of Probation in Florida
	Important Publications and Websites
	Note
	References
19. Community Corrections in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, U.S.A.
	Probation and Parole in a Nutshell
	Brief History of Probation and Parole in Massachusetts
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Organization
		Community Justice Support Centers
		Organization of the Parole Board
	Staff
	Substantive Legislation
		Key Judicial Decisions
	Supervision Practice
		Parole Supervision Practices
		Length of Parole Supervision
		Probation: Intensity and Conditions
		Parole Intensity and Conditions
		Probation: Formal Treatment
		Parole: Formal Treatment
		Probation: Consequences of Breach
		Parole: Consequences of Breach
		Parole Supervision Outcomes
		Probation: The Use of Technology
		Probation Substance Abuse Testing Program
		Parole: The Use of Technology
	Victim Involvement
	Privatization
		MPS
		MPB
	Future Developments
	Important Websites:
	Notes
	References
	Appendix A. Links to Key Enabling Statutes
	Appendix B. Leading Recent Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Decisions Regarding Parole
	Appendix C. Standards Conditions of Parole Release
20. Community Corrections in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
	Introduction
	Structure of Community Corrections in Pennsylvania
	A Look Inside the Numbers
	Residential Community Corrections in Pennsylvania: An Ongoing Debate
	Future Developments and Recommendations
	Note
	References
Part 6: Community Corrections in South America
21. Alternatives to Incarceration in Colombia
	Introduction
	Probation in Colombia
	History and Context of Criminal Procedure and Pretrial Incapacitation in Colombia
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives of Criminal Procedure and INPEC in Colombia
	Substantive Legislation and Alternatives to Incarceration in Colombia
		Alternatives in Colombian Policing
		Alternatives in the Colombian Judicial System
		Alternatives in the Colombian Correctional System
		Parole in Colombia
		House Sentences in Colombia
		Conditional Suspension of the Sentence in Colombia
		New Alternative to Incarceration in Colombia
	Organization and Staff in Colombian Community Corrections
	Supervision Practice in Colombia
	Length of Supervision
	Intensity and Conditions
	Formal Treatment
	Consequences of Breach
	Supervision Outcomes
	Supervisee's Voice
	Future Developments and Conclusions
	Important Publications and Websites
	Notes
	References
22. Legal Reforms, Non-Custodial Sanctions, and Parole in Chile
	Non-custodial Sanctions and Parole in a Nutshell: The Chilean Case
	Brief History of Non-custodial Sanctions and Parole in Chile
		Non-custodial Sentences
		Parole
	Gendarmería de Chile
		Mission, Vision, and Objectives
		Supervision Privatization
		Supervision Practice
	Non-custodial Sanctions and Parole in Chile: A Brief Overview
		Non-custodial Sanction and Parole Populations
		Substantive Legislation of Non-custodial Sentences and Parole
		Probation and Enhanced Probation
		Conditional Remission
		Partial Reclusion
		Community Service
		Parole
	Intensity and Conditions: Probation
		Probation: Risk Level
	Supervision Outcomes: Recidivism Studies
		Non-custodial Sanctions
		Parole
	The Community Correction System and the Emergence of COVID-19
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
		Legislation
Part 7: Community Corrections in Oceania
23. Community Corrections in Australia
	Brief Historical Overview of Probation in Australia Introduction
	Transition From Probation to Corrections
	The Emergence of Specialty Courts in Australia
	Changing Role of the Corrections Officer
	Australian Adult Community-based Corrections
	NSW Adult Community Corrections
	Key Legislation
	Community Correctional Officers
	Evidence-based Review of NSW Community Corrections
	Risk Assessment
	Supervision Practices
		Community Corrections Programs
	The Use of Technology
	Privatization in Community Corrections
	Non-Compliance with Community Supervision
	Evaluating Effectiveness of Community Supervision in NSW
	Australian Youth Justice
	NSW Youth Justice
	Key Legislation
	Youth Justice Caseworkers
		Professional Supervision, Training, and Support
		Risk Assessment
	Supervision Practices
		Community Corrections Programs
	Diversionary Programs and Youth Justice Conferencing
	Youth Koori Court
	Conclusion
	Important Websites/Publications
	References
24. Probation/Parole Supervision in Aotearoa New Zealand
	Probation and Parole in a Nutshell
	Brief History of Probation in Aotearoa New Zealand
	Mission, Vision, and Objectives
	Organization
	Staff
	Substantive Legislation
		Community Work
		Supervision
		Intensive Supervision (IS)
		Post-imprisonment Community Supervision Orders
		Parole
	Supervision Practice
	Victim Involvement
	Working With Volunteers
	Supervision Privatization
	Future Developments
		Māori Pathways
		Hōkai Tapuwae
		Hawke's Bay and Northland Pathways
	Important publications and websites
	Selected Research on the DRAOR Using New Zealand Data
	Notes
	References
Section 2: Country-Level Comparative Research on Community Corrections
25. Estimating the Size, Scope, and Effectiveness of the Global Community Corrections System: A Comparative Analysis
	Introduction
	Data and Method
	Findings
		The Size of the Community Corrections System: A Global Review
		The Effectiveness of the Community Corrections System: A Global Review
			The Effectiveness of Probation Systems
			The Effectiveness of Parole and Reentry
	Conclusions and Recommendations
	Notes
	References
26. The Global Structure of Community Corrections
	Mission and Vision
	Probation
	Typology of the Structure of Community Supervision Services
	Parole
	Conclusions
	References
27. International Perspective on Treatment as Part of Probation/Parole
	Probation and Parole: Structurally Built into the Mission and Goals of the System
	Treatment
	The Role of Treatment in Probation/Parole Systems
		Psychotherapy
		Different Types of Psychotherapies
			Anger Management
			Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)
			Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
			Trauma-Focused Therapy
			Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
			Narrative Therapy
			Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
		Specific Therapies to Address Criminal Behavior for Individuals on Supervision
			Criminal Value Systems, Thinking Patterns, and History
			Substance Use Disorders
			Mental Health Disorders
			Relationships
	Work Programs
	Education
		High School/Secondary School Equivalency
	Community Services
	Community Treatment as Part of a Punitive Approach
		Incarceration/Reentry
		Short-Term Incarceration
		Community-Based Facilities with a Rehabilitative Approach
	Delivery of Therapeutic Services in Probation/Parole Systems
	Officer-Driven Models
		Motivational Interviewing
		Proactive Community Supervision
	Program-Driven Models
	System-Driven Models
		Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Model (Andrews & Bonta, 2010)
		Good Life Model (GLM)
		Evidence-Based Case Management (EBCM)
	Different Methods of Linkage to Services
	Treatment in Probation and Parole Settings—A Difficult Challenge
	Research Agenda for the Future
		What Works for Whom?
		Perceptions of Parolees and Probationers
		Culture-Sensitive and/or Gender-Responsive Care
		Technology-Based Interventions
		Officers and Service Delivery
	Conclusion
	References
28. Fostering Compliance with the Conditions of Community Supervision: A Global Review of Conditions, Monitoring, Support, and Response Strategies
	Data and Method
	Conditions of Supervision
	Compliance Rates
	Types of Violations Detected
		Decision-Making Authorities
		Residential Treatment
		More Supervision with More Conditions
		Graduated Sanctions Matrix
		Effectiveness of Responses to the Noncompliance of Requirements of Supervision
	Untapped Resource: Incentives
	Discussion: Recommendations for Change
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
29. A World View of Technology Use in Community Corrections: The Role of Electronic Monitoring
	A Brief History of EM
	The Current Scope of EM Use
	Uses of EM
	Applications
	Cost
	Effectiveness
	EM, Net Widening, and Mesh Thinning
	Ethics and Correctional Technology
	New Directions
	Conclusion
	References
30. Nongovernmental Entities in International Community Corrections Systems: Where the State, Civil Society, and Private Sector Meet
	Introduction
	The History of Nongovernmental Involvement in Community Corrections
	Nongovernmental Entities in Community Corrections
		Individual Community Members
		Community Associations and Nonprofit Organizations
		Private For-Profit Corporations
	Types of Services Provided
		Support Services
		Surveillance Services
	Discussion and Implications
	Conclusion
	References
31. Grand Challenges: Reflections on the Future of Community Corrections
	State of Knowledge and Practice
		A Little History
		Size of the Community Corrections System
		Nature and Extent of Community Supervision
		Profiles of Individuals Placed under Community Supervision
		Qualifications of Community Corrections Staff
		Caseload Size
		Volunteers
		Privatization
		Evidence-Based Supervision
		Desistance-Focused Community Supervision
		Stages of Reform to Community Corrections
	Grand Challenges for Community Corrections
		Establish Community Corrections as a Standalone Sanction Focused on Desistance and Rehabilitation
		Support Desistance-Focused Community Corrections through Relationship-Building, Culture Change, and Community Support
		Promote Fair and Just Treatment for Individuals on Supervision and Those That Work in the Field of Community Corrections
		Invest in Individuals, Families, Communities, and Community Corrections to Foster Desistence and Rehabilitation
	Concluding Comments
	Notes
	References
Index