The Routledge Handbook of Turkish Politics

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
List of contributors
Acknowledgements
Introduction
	The structure of the Handbook
PART I: History and the making of contemporary Turkey
	1. Turkish politics: structures and dynamics
		Introduction
		First Republic, 1920s–1960s
		‘Second Republic’, 1960s-1990s
		‘Third Republic’, 1990s–present day
		Conclusion
		References
	2. Turkey’s never-ending search for democracy
		Introduction
		Turkey’s pendular, variable geometry democracy
		Impediments to the well-functioning and consolidation of Turkey’s democracy
		The legacy: state-led modernisation
		The political consequences of state-led modernisation
		Socio-economic change democratises society
		What went wrong: the rise of electoral authoritarianism
		Conclusion: quo vadis Turkish democracy?
		References
	3. Turkish secularism: looking forward and beyond the West
		Introduction
		Secularisation
		Secularity
		Secularism
		Political secularism
		Explaining political secularism(s)
		Secularity beyond the West and post-secularity
		Situating laiklik in the world and overcoming Turkish exceptionalism
		Classifying Laiklik
		Explaining laiklik
		Conclusions: reforming and democratising versus vilifying and
scratching laiklik
		References
	4. Political Islam
		Introduction
		From Empire to Republic: religion and state building in the late Ottoman era
		Kemalist Turkey: religion becomes a bureaucratic apparatus
		The emergence of Islamist dissent
		Islamists’ early attempts to engage in institutionalised politics
		The Turkish Islamic synthesis begins to find its voice(s)
		Political Islam goes mainstream: the evolution of the AKP from
‘moderate Islam’ to ‘Erdog˘anism’
		Conclusions
		References
	5. The politics of Turkish nationalism: continuity and change
		Introduction
		The rise of Turkish nationalism: 1908–1945
		From state-nation to nation-state: Islam and Turkish nationalism (1950–2000)
		Political Islam and the ethnicisation of Turkish nationalism in the 2000s
		Conclusion
		References
PART II: Politics and institutions
	6. Elections, parties, and the party system
		Introduction
		Socio-cultural cleavages, elections, and the birth of political parties (1908–1950)
		The post-1982 elections, political parties, and party system
		Turkish political parties, party system, and elections in the twenty-first
century
		Conclusion: from one-party to multi-party and to hegemonic one-party rule
		Tables
		References
	7. The presidency in Turkish politics: from independence to the AKP
		Introduction: the rise and fall of parliamentarism in Turkey
		The 1990s: introducing a presidential system as effective government
		The conquest and transformation of the presidency under the AKP
		Erdog˘an’s political craft
		Conclusion: the 2018 elections for the executive presidency
		References
	8. Civil–military relations
		Introduction
		Secondary role
		Activist posture
		Interventions
		Normalisation The military
		Conclusion
		References
	9. NGOs and civil society
		Introduction
		Meanings of civil society
		The development of civil society and NGOs in Turkey
		A tale of two civil societies
		Future trajectories: populism, neoliberalism, and authoritarianism
		Conclusion
		References
	10. The media and media policy
		Introduction
		Mass media in Turkey until 2000
		European integration reforms and the AKP’s first term in power
(2002–2007)
		The second AKP government (2007–2011) and the consolidation of political tutelage on the media sector
		The third term of the AKP government (2011–2015)
		Post-coup media environment
		Conclusion
		References
PART III: The economy, environment, and development
	11. Political economy
		Introduction
		From state-led development to reluctant neoliberalism
		The political economy of the AKP era
		Conclusion: pathways from the semi-periphery – Turkey as an emerging
power
		References
	12. Energy security and policy: between bandwagoning and hedging
		Introduction: a brief history of Turkey’s bid for energy security
		Main areas of scholarly policy research
		Key issues in energy security policy
		Conclusion
		References
	13. The politics of environment and climate change
		Introduction
		A brief history of environmental and climate policies in Turkey
		Current debates and challenges to environmental politics
		Conclusion
		References
	14. The economic role of cities
		Introduction
		The backdrop: Turkey in an urbanising world
		Early urban settlement patterns and the modernisation period
		Turkish cities today
		Conclusions
		References
	15. Governing Turkey’s diaspora(s) and the limits of diaspora diplomacy
		Introduction
		Trajectories of Turkey’s diaspora policy
		From negligence to proactive engagement
		New Turkey’s diaspora policy under the AKP
		Conclusion
		References
	16. Disaster management policy and governance
		Introduction
		Disaster experiences and getting in line with formative ‘good practice’
		Wider governance dynamics in Turkey in the early 2000s
		The new system and earthquakes: test of the new system
		Conclusion
		References
PART IV: The Kurdish insurgency and security
	17. The Kurdish question
		Introduction
		Change and continuity in the Kurdish question in Turkey
		Kurdish revolts in the Ottoman Empire
		Kurdish politics in the early years of the Republic
		Kurds in the early multiparty era – the calm before the storm
		Coup politics and the violent radicalisation of the Kurdish question
		The AKP and the Kurdish question – from fresh thinking to more of
the same
		Conclusion
		References
	18. The Kurdish insurgency
		Introduction
		The historical context – past Kurdish insurgencies in Turkey
		The PKK – a new kind of Kurdish insurgency in modern Turkey
		The effects of the PKK insurgency in Turkey
		Conclusion: societal polarisation and democracy under siege – future
prospects for insurgency
		References
	19. The perennial Kurdish question and failed peace processes
		Introduction
		A deadly conflict
		A decade of peace processes
		The failure
		The road to the peace process II
		Conclusion:unpromising prospects
		References
	20. Terrorism, counter-insurgency, and societal relations
		Introduction
		Historical background
		The current situation
		Conclusion:future trajectories
		References
	21. The village guard system: counter-insurgency and local collaboration
		Introduction
		The 1980s: negotiation and reward
		The 1990s: transformation of the village guard system
		The 2000s: from militias to civil servants
		Conclusion
		References
	22. The 15 July 2016 failed coup and the security sector
		Introduction
		The context leading up to the failed coup
		The coup
		The aftermath of the coup and lessons unlearned
		Conclusion
		References
PART V: State, society, and rights
	23. Human rights
		Introduction
		The formation of the republic and transition to democracy (1923–1960)
		The implementation of the 1961 Constitution (1961–1980)
		The military rule and transition to the reform period (1980–2002)
		The rule of the AKP (since 2002)
		Conclusion
		References
	24. Gender politics and the women’s movement
		Introduction: women in the Turkish political scene
		Feminist interventions in Turkish politics: the radical turn since the 1980s
		Standing against the stream? Gender politics under the AKP government
		Conclusion
		References
	25. Religious minorities
		Introduction
		Limited ‘Lausanne’: Greeks, Armenians, and Jews
		Alevis: an unrecognised minority
		Other de facto religious minorities
		Conclusion: extermination, assimilation, folklorisation
		References
	26. Religious education
		Introduction
		The education system and religion in modern Turkey
		The establishment and growth of İmam-Hatip schools (1951)
		The military coup of 1980
		The golden age of İmam-Hatips
		The 28 February Process
		The AKP’s policy on religious education (2002–2017)
		The revival of İmam-Hatip schools
		4+4+4 and raising a pious generation
		Current challenges and possible future trajectories
		Acknowledgements
		References
	27. The transformation of health and healthcare: transitioning from consuming healthcare to producing and maintaining health
		Introduction
		Theoretical considerations in assessing health(care) system performance
		The health system before the Health Transformation Programme (HTP)
		The HTP era (2003–2011): goals and accomplishments
		Unfinished agenda and emerging new challenges
		What is next: the way forward
		Conclusion
		Disclaimer
		Acknowledgement
		References
PART VI: External relations
	28. Foreign policy, 1923–2018
		Introduction
		Foundations and geopolitical realities
		Conjunctural determinants of Turkish foreign policy
		Turkish foreign policy at the end of the Cold War
		Revisionism of the AKP
		Conclusion
		References
	29. Resetting Turkish foreign policy in a time of global turmoil
		Introduction
		Global turmoil and regional instability
		Turkish foreign policy in turbulent times: from proactivism to moral realism
		Conclusion: what next?
		References
	30. Turkey and its neighbours in the Middle East: Iran, Iraq, and Syria
		Introduction
		Historical background
		Post-cold war and AKP era
		Conclusion
		References
	31. US–Turkish relations in turmoil
		Introduction
		An enduring but tumultuous relationship: 1946–2018
		Implications
		Conclusion
		References
	32. Turkey and Russia
		Introduction
		Historical background
		Reconceptualising the new reality
		Intricacy of the insincere partnership
		Implications and possible deviations
		Conclusion: challenges for further research
		References
	33.‘Will you marry me? Who proposes?’ Forgotten promises and the possibilities for reviving relations between Turkey and the EU
		Introduction
		Historical background
		Given–forgotten–now reawoken promises
		Conclusion and future trajectories
		References
	34.Turkey’s Cyprus policy in transition
		Introduction
		What has been said about the Cyprus problem?
		Prospects for future study
		References
	35. Turkey–NATO relations: strategic imperatives, identity-building, and predicaments
		Introduction
		The origins of Turkey–NATO relations
		Turkey–NATO: mutual identity construction in the post-Cold War
		Building a collective security identity
		Practices
		Divergences, strains, and crises
		Conclusion
		References
	36. Turkey and UN peacekeeping missions
		Introduction
		Historical and political background
		Turkey’s peacekeeping diplomacy
		Peace operations of the Turkish Armed Forces
		Observer missions of Turkish Armed Forces
		Conclusion
		References
	37. Turkey as an emerging global humanitarian and peacebuilding actor
		Introduction
		Turkey as an aid actor within wider national and international politics
		Turkish humanitarian crisis response and peacebuilding in Somalia
		Why does Turkey help?
		Conclusion
		References
	38. Conclusion
		History matters
		Turkey cannot be reduced to any one single dynamic
		Turkey is not a model and needs no model
		Turkey is not ‘changing’ but ‘changed’
		History and the making of contemporary Turkey
		Politics and institutions
		The economy, environment, and development
		The Kurdish insurgency and security
		State, society, and rights
		External relations
Index