The Routledge Handbook of the Polar Regions

The Routledge Handbook of the Polar Regions- Front Cover
The Routledge Handbook of the Polar Regions
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of contributors
Introduction: locating the Polar Regions
	The Polar Regions and global change
	Protecting the Polar Regions
	Imagining, approaching and placing the Polar Regions in contemporary world affairs
	Locating polar research
	Notes
	References
PART I:
Circumpolar worlds
Chapter 1: Exploring and mapping the Arctic: histories of discovery
and knowledge
	Toward hyperborea: early “discoveries” in the Arctic
	After Columbus: the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
	The Arctic and the Age of Reason
	The Heroic Age? Arctic exploration in the 1800s and early 1900s
	Air, undersea, and space: mapping the Arctic in the 1900s and beyond
	Notes
	References
Chapter 2: Exploring and mapping the Antarctic: histories of discovery
and knowledge
	Introduction
	Early mapping of Antarctica: from imaginings to the first observations
	Nineteenth-century expeditions: from piecemeal science to co-operation and the influence of geographical societies
	The Heroic Age (1901–22): national aspirations, personal ambitions and science
	A time of higher priorities: the Interwar period and World War II
	Post-war exploration and the Antarctic Treaty: Cold War interests and emerging international collaboration
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 3: The Arctic in literature and the popular imagination
	The Arctic as site for heroic endeavour
	The Arctic as futile goal
	The Arctic as gendered space
	The Arctic as otherworld
	New Arctic, new fiction
	Notes
	References
Chapter 4: The Antarctic in literature and the popular imagination
	Fiction
	Poetry
	Drama
	Film
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 5: Self-determination and indigenous governance in the Arctic
	Land claims and self-government
	Self-determination and self-government: some examples from Canada and Greenland
	Environmental change and indigenous governance
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: Indigenous cartographies of Arctic places and spaces
	Introduction
	Arctic and northern mapping
	Towards critical cartography
	Indigenous counter-mapping
	Inuit maps and land claims
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Circumpolar health and well-being
	Proximal determinants
	Intermediate determinants
	Distal determinants
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Education in the Arctic: trends, challenges
	Introduction
	Literature review
	Journeys and journeying in the Canadian Arctic
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 9: Historical sites and heritage in the Polar Regions
	Introduction
	Archaeological sites in the Polar Regions
	Archaeological sites in the Arctic
	Archaeological sites in the Antarctic
	Cultural heritage in the Polar Regions
	Conclusions
	Note
	References
	Web published sources
PART II:
Polar environments
Chapter 10: Biodiversity in the Polar Regions in a warming world
	Introduction to polar biodiversity
	Human impacts on wildlife through time
	Climate change
	UV-B radiation
	Contaminants
	Mineral exploitation, extraction and transport
	Human disturbance to wildlife
	Research needs
	References
Chapter 11: Geological histories of polar environments
	Introduction
	Techniques
	Geology
	Tectonic evolution
	References
Chapter 12: Polar oceans and their global significance
	The polar oceans and their global significance
	The polar oceans and the global overturning circulation
	The polar oceans in Earth’s past climate
	The polar oceans in a warming world
	Summary and outlook
	References
Chapter 13: Polar sea ice as a barometer and driver of change
	Introduction
	Sea ice formation
	The Arctic sea ice
	The Antarctic sea ice
	Note
	References
Chapter 14: The current health of polar ice sheets and implications
for sea level
	Introduction
	Methods for monitoring the health of an ice sheet
	The health of the Greenland Ice Sheet
	The health of the Antarctic Ice Sheet
	Limits in detecting long-term ice sheet mass imbalance
	Total ice sheet contribution to sea level rise
	The contribution of ice sheets to future sea level rise
	References
Chapter 15: Polar climate and evidence for anthropogenically-driven
climate change
	Introduction
	Detecting anthropogenic change
	The Arctic
	The Antarctic
	Concluding remarks
	References
Chapter 16: Post Last Glacial Maximum processes in
the Polar Regions
	Introduction
	The Polar Regions during the LGM
	Post-LGM changes across the Polar Regions
	Timeline of climatic changes in the Polar Regions since the LGM
	Processes associated with climatic changes in the Polar Regions
	Insolation effects
	Oceanic processes
	Atmospheric processes
	Ice-sheet processes
	Solid Earth processes and sea-level change
	Summary
	References
Chapter 17: Biogeochemical cycling in glacial environments
	Introduction
	Geochemical weathering in glacial environments
	Biogeochemical weathering in glacial environments
	Impacts of microbial activity
	Biogeochemical cycling in polar regions
	References
Chapter 18: Permafrost dynamics
	Introduction
	Parameters affecting permafrost dynamics
	Past trends in permafrost dynamics
	Current trends in permafrost dynamics
	Future trends in permafrost dynamics
	Impacts of permafrost dynamics
	247Yamalsky District in Siberia, Russia. More than 1,200 reindeer were killed, and families were evacuated from the tundra.Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 19: Polar feedbacks in a changing climate
	Introduction
	Recent polar climate change and what it tells us about feedbacks
	Feedback processes of the Polar Regions
	The particular case of the Arctic: warming amplification through strong, positive feedbacks
	Differences between the Arctic and Antarctic
	Twenty-first-century prospects
	Significant, additional feedbacks may become important in the course of the twenty-first century
	Conclusions
	References
PART III:
Polar politics and resource futures
Chapter 20: The Antarctic Treaty, territorial claims and a continent for science
	Introduction
	Territorial claims and the division of Antarctica
	Antarctica as a continent for science
	References
Chapter 21: The Polar Regions and the law of the sea: current controversies
	Introduction
	The international law of the sea
	The law of the sea and the Polar Regions
	Current controversies
	Concluding remarks
	References
Chapter 22: The Arctic Council: an intergovernmental forum facing
constraints and utilizing opportunities
	A brief history of Arctic-wide inter-governmental co-operation
	What are the constraints on how the Arctic Council can evolve?
	How the Arctic Council has found its niche
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 23: National Antarctic programmes: the politics-science interface
	Introduction
	Antarctica: a continent for science
	Towards sustained science activities in Antarctica
	Aspects of national Antarctic programmes
	Scope of national Antarctic programmes
	How has the science-politics interface in Antarctica changed?
	Concluding remarks
	Notes
	References
Chapter 24: Sustainable development and sustainability in Arctic political discourses
	Sustainable development and sustainability – origins and definitions of the concepts
	From environmental concerns to a broader understanding of sustainable development in the Arctic
	‘Sustainable development’ in national Arctic strategies and the international efforts of the Arctic states
	The Arctic Council’s focus on sustainable development
	Arctic Council member states’ Arctic and Northern strategies and policies and the application of ‘sustainable development’, ‘sustainability’ and ‘variations of the concepts’ to the strategies/policies – some examples
	The Arctic states’ references to international co-operation – especially United Nations global efforts towards a sustainable development
	United Nations sustainable development activities and the Arctic states’ involvement in UN global efforts towards sustainable development
	Strategies and policies of the Arctic states – economic (and sustainable?) development
	Summing up: Arctic and global frameworks for developing and implementing sustainable development initiatives
	Summing up: how the Arctic Council copes with sustainable development issues
	. . . and some future perspectives
	Notes
	References
	AEPS & Arctic Council documents (listed chronologically)
	Arctic states’ Arctic and northern strategies (organized geographically)
	Arctic states’ sustainable development strategies and implementation plans related to UN sustainable development initiatives
	Arctic states’ reporting to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development 2010, session 18 and UN documentation
	United Nations reports and initiatives
	Websites:
Chapter 25: Indigeneity, sovereignty, and Arctic indigenous internationalism
	IR theory and indigeneity: cosmopolitan indigenous diplomacies
	Who owns the Arctic: indigenous governance in Arctic history
	Expanding the domain of international law
	Constructing a global narrative of indigenous self-determination at home: a case of Inuit and Sámi sovereignties
	Arctic regime building: indigenous diplomacies and the Arctic Council
	Indigenous self-determination in a global Arctic
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 26: Geopolitics and security in the Arctic
	Imminent conflict in the Arctic
	Conflict over the Arctic?
	Conflict in the Arctic?
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 27: Polar tourism: status, trends, futures
	Introduction
	Knowledge and action
	Culture
	Concluding discussion
	References
Chapter 28: Consulting Arctic energy: from political hearings to roundtable events
	Consultant expertise
	Executive roundtables
	From hearings to roundtables
	References
Chapter 29: Social and environmental impact assessments in the Arctic
	Introduction
	Impact assessment: purpose, procedure, and effectiveness
	Key impact assessment principles, challenges, and opportunities
	Securing local benefits: a case study from Greenland
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 30: Northern fisheries
	The oceans and the fisheries
	Legal framework
	Management
	The central Arctic Ocean process
	Future developments
	Notes
	References
Chapter 31: The future of Antarctica: minerals, bioprospecting, and fisheries
	Introduction
	Resources futures of the Antarctic: international geopolitical economy of production, consumption and flows
	Antarctic minerals, resource diplomacy and the future of mining
	Strategic recall, fast-forward and the futures of fisheries
	Antarctic bioprospecting and Antarctic moral economy: access, profit and equity
	Resource geopolitics and ‘Polar Orientalism’:19 post-colonial engagement and assertions of Antarctic nationalism
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	Notes
	References
Chapter 32: Conservation and environmental governance in the Polar Regions
	Environmental institutions and the Polar Regions
	Antarctica
	The Arctic
	Indigenous peoples and Arctic environmental governance
	Community-based monitoring in the Arctic
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
PART IV:
Polar scientific frontiers
Chapter 33: Technology and the discovery of Antarctic subglacial landscapes
	Introduction
	Early history of discovery
	Introduction of aircraft in Antarctica
	Geophysical surveying of the ice sheet
	Radio-echo sounding and Antarctic exploration
	Combining satellite data with geophysical knowledge
	The fourth International Polar Year
	Future plans
	References
Chapter 34: Sediment and ice cores (past polar climates)
	Introduction
	Ice core proxies for past climate
	Sediment core proxies for past climate
	Evidence for rapid millennial-scale climate change events
	Last glacial termination
	Last interglacial climates
	Extending beyond the ice core records
	Past greenhouse worlds
	Summary of future challenges
	References
Chapter 35: Subglacial access and investigation
	Introduction
	History of subglacial access drilling
	Recent subglacial lake access programmes
	Future plans and new technologies
	References
Chapter 36: Upper atmosphere physics and chemistry
	Introduction
	Stratospheric clouds, the ozone hole and storm tracks
	Noctilucent clouds, meteor smoke and geo-engineering
	Solar variability, relativistic electrons and climate
	Concluding remarks
	References
Chapter 37: Ocean-land interactions and the Arctic carbon cycle
	Introduction
	Polar amplification and the terrestrial environment
	Sea ice decline and terrestrial CO2 exchange
	Sea ice decline and terrestrial methane emissions
	Lateral carbon flows from the terrestrial environment to the Arctic Ocean
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 38: Back to the future: detecting past Arctic environmental
change and investing in future observations
	Introduction
	Art
	Photographs
	Site re-visits
	Data-mining
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Index