The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Childhood and Children

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of contributors
Introduction
	A burgeoning field
	The structure and content of the handbook
	References
Part I: Being a child
	1. Epistemology: knowledge in childhood
		Introduction
		Notions of knowledge in child development
		What is the nature of children’s knowledge?
		Children’s learning from others: concepts of knowledge in action
		Conclusions
		References
	2. Language and communication: evidence from studying children
		Introduction
		Knowledge of language
		Syntax
		Vocabulary development
		Abstract concepts
		Is it possible to learn abstract concepts?
		Conclusion
		References
	3. The science of the adolescent brain and its cultural implications
		Introduction
		State of the science on adolescent brain development
		The adolescent brain beyond the lab
		The “teen brain” as a unique brain in popular culture
		Situating the adolescent brain: historical, social and cultural contexts
		The historical construction of adolescence
		Adolescence as a cultural phenomenon
		The interface of history, culture and neuroscience
		Conclusions
		Note
		References
	4. Art and creativity
		Introduction
		Little ducks – pedagogy and ontogeny
		Child art as a creative response to the world
		Child art as a cipher
		Child art as a way of seeing
		Childhood and authenticity
		The child as artist
		Distinctions between the art of the adult and the child
		Notes
		References
	5. Philosophical thinking in childhood
		Introduction: wondering in childhood
		Can children do philosophy?
		Children’s philosophical thinking
		Epistemic openness
		The value of philosophy for children
		Epistemic injustice
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part II: Childhood and moral status
	6. The moral status of children
		Introduction
		What full moral status (FMS) involves
		Qualifications for full moral status (FMS)
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	7. The value of childhood
		Introduction
		The instrumental value of children
		Is childhood good for children? Thought experiments
		Is childhood good for children? Goods and bads of childhood
		Separate accounts of well-being?
		Complementarity
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	8. Children and well-being
		Introduction
		Preliminaries
		Hurdles
		Children’s well-being
		Pity the children?
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	9. Children’s rights
		Introduction
		The nature of rights
		Protection or liberation?
		Protection versus freedom
		The right to an open future
		Distinctive rights of childhood
		Critiques of children’s rights
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	10. Childhood and autonomy
		Introduction
		What is a child?
		What is autonomy?
		Are children autonomous?
		Why does it matter whether children are autonomous?
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	11. Paternalism towards children
		Introduction
		Paternalism and its components
		Paternalistic interference with a child
		Against a child’s will
		Voluntariness and children: hard and soft paternalism
		For the good of a child
		The child’s future autonomy
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	12. The age of consent
		Introduction: the magic of consent
		Age and capacity
		The weight of consent
		Medicine, sex, and political legitimacy
		Sexual consent
		Medical consent
		Consent and assent
		Consent to research
		Consent and open futures
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
Part III: Parents and children
	13. Reasons to have children – or not
		Introduction
		Skepticism about the debate
		Commonly cited reasons to have children
		Evaluating the commonly cited reasons to have children
		Having more children
		A virtue ethics approach
		What about the child?
		Antinatalism and some criticisms of it
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	14. The right to parent
		Introduction
		Central questions and distinctions
		Can anyone have a right to parent?
		The conditions for holding a right to parent in general
		The grounds of a right to parent a particular child
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	15. The good parent
		Introduction
		Who can be a good parent?
		Genetic relatedness
		Sexual orientation and gender
		How many parents?
		Parental duties
		Love
		Shaping children’ s convictions
		Limits of paternalism
		How good must the good parent be?
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	16. Parental partiality
		Introduction
		Mechanisms of advantage
		Impartiality and egalitarian justice
		Partiality and special duties
		Tackling advantage
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	17. The composition of the family
		Introduction
		Form and function
		Are children a necessary ingredient of the family?
		The role of genetics
		The relationship between parents
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	18. Parental licensing and discrimination
		Introduction
		The nature of parental licensing
		The status quo on parental licensing
		Philosophical positions on licensing and discrimination
		Arguments in favor of greater licensing
		Arguments against greater licensing
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	19. Ethical challenges for adoption regimes
		Introduction
		Adoption – a concise characterisation
		The claim from adoption
		Adoption regimes: regulating the adoption triad
		Legitimate expectations in adoptive and procreative parenthood
		Protecting all children in the adoption process
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	20. Gender and the family
		Introduction
		Children’s gender: transgender, gender variant, intersex, and cisgender children
		Gender roles and their impact on parents
		Measures responding to unequally gendered parenting
		Rigid gender norms and the family
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	21. Filial duties
		Introduction
		Definitions and distinctions
		The gratitude account
		The friendship account
		The special goods account
		“What do we know about our parents?”
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part IV: Children in society
	22. Childhood and race
		Introduction
		The ontology of race
		Children’s understanding of race
		Transracial adoption
		Conclusion
		References
	23. Childhood and disability
		Introduction
		Defining disability
		Who are disabled children?
		Questions of dependency, vulnerability and agency
		Children’s disabilities and parental love and care
		Children and parents’ disabilities
		Education of children with disabilities
		The moral status of children with cognitive disabilities
		Conclusion
		References
	24. Childhood and sexuality
		Introduction
		Conceptions of children and childhood sexuality
		Children’s sexual rights
		Sexual citizenship for children
		Sex education
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	25. Children and animals
		Introduction
		A shared social world
		Towards political inclusion
		Reimagining the future
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	26. What’s wrong with child labor?
		Introduction
		What’s the harm of child labor?
		Must children benefit?
		Is child labor necessarily exploitative?
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	27. The vulnerable child
		Introduction
		The nature of vulnerability and of the specific vulnerability of children
		How should children’s vulnerability be morally assessed?
		The child’s relational vulnerability
		Is the child’s relational vulnerability morally objectionable?
		Implications and obligations
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part V: Children and the state
	28. Childhood and the metric of justice
		Introduction
		Standard theories of the metric of justice
		The Agency Assumption
		Intrinsic goods of childhood and the metric of justice
		Conclusions
		References
	29. Children and political neutrality
		Introduction
		What is political neutrality?
		Why political neutrality?
		Should parents or teachers be neutral?
		Objections to neutral childrearing
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	30. The costs of children
		Introduction
		Which costs, and whose interests, are relevant?
		The case for sharing the costs of children (i): equality
		The case for sharing the costs of children (ii): fairness
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	31. Schooling
		Introduction
		Challenges for schooling
		Aims of schooling
		The challenges reconsidered
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	32. Children and the care system
		Introduction
		The moral and social significance of “taking children into care”
		Grounds for “taking children into care”
		The role and reach of the state
		Social justice and looked-after children
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	33. Children and health
		Introduction
		Embodiment and health
		Enacting health and illness
		Situatedness: illness in the family
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	34. Children and the right to vote
		Introduction
		Political competence and the regulatory problem
		The regulatory problem
		Democratic participation
		The democratic people
		Democratic equality
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	35. Children, crime and punishment
		Introduction
		Children in criminal justice: some themes and examples
		The philosophy of criminal justice and the philosophy of childhood
		Criminal justice in the child’s social environment
		Children in the criminal process
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	36. Children and war
		Introduction
		Children as non-combatants
		Children as participants in war
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Index