The Routledge Handbook of Gender in Central-Eastern Europe and Eurasia

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Endorsement
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Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Illustrations
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Part I Conceptual Debates and Methodological Differences
	Introduction: Conceptual Debates and Methodological Differences
	The Development of the Field
		1 Between Regional and Transnational Contexts
			The Region: What’s in a Name?
			The Nation: Diverse Approaches to Gender Analysis
			Transnational and Global Frameworks
			Conclusions
			References
		2 Fluidity or Clean Breaks?
			The Critical Junctures: Transition vs. Transformation
			Shaping Gender Identities and Dynamics: Actors and Processes
			Interaction of Actors
			Conclusions
			References
		3 Neoliberal Intervention: Analyzing the Drakulic– Funk–Ghodsee Debates: Analyzing the Drakulic– Funk–Ghodsee Debates
			Feminist Disputes Between East and West: Drakulić– Funk in the 1990s
			The Impact of Western Donors on Feminism: Funk–Ghodsee in the 2000s
			Debating State Socialist Women’s Organizations: Funk–Ghodsee in the 2010s
			(Not) Laughing in Communism and Postcommunism: Drakulic–Ghodsee and Others in the 2010s
			Feminism in Times of Neoliberalism and Authoritarianism: CEE Authors Engage the Debate
			Conclusions
			References
	Methodologies
		4 Legacies of the Cold War and the Future of Gender in Feminist Histories of Socialism
			What is a Cold War Narrative?
			Gender Analysis Meets Cold War Narratives of Socialism
			Beyond the Cold War Plots
			The Trouble with Gender in Counter-narratives of Socialism
			Conclusions
			References
		5 The Case and Comparative Methods
			Tradeoffs in the Use of Case Studies and Other Comparative Methods
			Varying Disciplinary Approaches to Case Studies and Comparative Method
			Political Science Approaches to Women’s Organizing in Russia
			Cultural Anthropology of Women’s Organizing and Lived Experiences of Gender in and Beyond Russia
			Sociological Mixed Methods to Women’s Organization and Gender
			Conclusions
			References
		6 Quantitative and Experimental Methods
			Quantitative– Qualitative Debates in Gender and Politics Research
			Quantitative Research, Intersectionality, and Multidimensionality
			Research on Institutions and Institutional Change in CEE&E
			Research on Genderspecific Public Opinion in CEE&E
			Conclusions
			References
	Epistemologies
		7 Postcoloniality in Central-Eastern Europe and Eurasia
			After Socialist Internationalism: A New Postcolonial Optic
			Multiple Centers and Peripheries
			Decolonial Interventions
			Conclusions
			References
		8 Post-Soviet Masculinities: Sex, Power, and the Vanishing Subject
			Masculinity and Homoeroticism
			Homosociality and Power
			Masculinity and State Power: Who’s on Top?
			Conclusions
			References
Part II Feminist and Women’s Movements Cooperating and Colliding
	Introduction: Feminist and Women’s Movements Cooperating and Colliding
	Women’s Organizing Under Empires
		9 Challenging Tradition and Crossing Borders: Women’s Activism and Literary Modernism in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
			Women’s Philanthropic Organizations and Salons
			The National Movements and Women’s Organizations
			The Fight for Women’s Education
			The Role of Women’s Professional Organizations
			Women’s Alliances
			Women Writers
			Conclusions
			References
		10 The First All-Russian Women’s Congress: “The Women’s Parliament”
			Revolution, Repression, and Resistance
			Ladies, Laborers, and Professionals
			Congress Sessions: Debating Feminist Theory and Practice
			The Final Congress Resolutions: Advocating Within an Autocracy
			The Short- and Long-term Impact of the Congress
			Conclusions
			References
	Socialist (Feminist) Interpretations
		11 the Russian Revolution and Women’s Liberation: Rethinking the Legacy of the Socialist Emancipation Project
			Labor Feminism and the Russian Revolution
			Soviet Socialism and the Woman Question
			The Socialist Model and Its Discontents
			References
	Dissident Women and Feminisms
		12 Czechoslovak Feminisms During the Interwar Period
			Czech and Slovak Women’s Emancipation Efforts Prior to Independence
			The First Republic
			Conclusions
			References
		13 Women in Poland’s Solidarity
			Women Within Male Political and Religious Narratives
			The Development of a Gendered Perspective of Dissent
			Religious/ Cultural Factors Influencing Gender Roles
			Women’s Rights and Opposition to Socialism
			Women Organize the Underground: Solidarity’s “Third Space”
			A Gendered Elite
			The Rise of Feminist and Nationalist Turns
			The New Patriarchy
			Conclusion
			References
	Postcommunist NGO Feminisms and Beyond
		14 From Soviet Feminism to the European Union: Transnational Women’s Movements Between East and West
			East– West Exchanges After 1945
			From International to Local: Impact of International Networks on Local Gender Politics
			Postsocialist Feminism, the European Union Accession, and the Turn to “Connective” Action
			Conclusions
			References
		15 Transnational Feminism and Women’s NGOs: the Case of the Network of East– West Women
			Structural Steps to Minimize Risks of US Feminist Domination
			Neww as Transnational Feminist Donor Without Colonization
			Neww Commitment to Intersectionality
			How Not to be Donor Driven
			Avoiding Complicity in Neoliberalism
			NEWW’s Difficulties
			Conclusions
			References
		16 Contentions of Funding Gender Equality in Central-Eastern Europe
			Gender Equality and Women’s Organizing Under Late State Socialism
			Frameworks for Funding: The Civil Society and Philanthrocapitalist Approaches
			NGOization, Project Feminism, and Movement Building
			Neoliberalism, Governance Feminism, and Movement Building
			Austerity, Identity, and Intersectional Movement Building
			Conclusion
			References
		17 Pussy Riot and Femen’s Global Trajectories in Law, Society, and Culture
			Design and Strategies
			Common Roots, Diverging Routes
			From Postcommunist Post-Secularism to “Sextremism”
			A Moving Vector with no Endpoint
			Conclusions
			References
Part III Constructions of Gender in Different Ideologies
	Introduction: Constructions of Gender in Different Ideologies
	Nationalism
		18 Nationalism and Sexuality in Central-Eastern Europe
			Strange but Magnetic Bedfellows: Prostitution and Nationalism
			Eugenics and the Scientific Legitimization of Racialized Nationalism
			Nationalism and Homosexuality
			Sexuality and Nationalism Through the Lens of Antisemitism
			Conclusions
			References
		19 Gender, Militarism, and the Modern Nation in Soviet and Russian Cultures
			Intertwined National and Gender Identities
			Hegemony and Challenge: Masculinity and the Military
			The Great Patriotic War of the Fatherland
			Late Soviet Responses to Military Masculinity
			Conclusions
			References
	Fascism
		20 Farright Expectations of Women in Central-Eastern Europe
			Research on Women and Fascism in CEE After WWII
			Gendered Analyses of Fascism in CEE After Communism
			The Birth of Gendered Antimodernism in Central-Eastern Europe
			Gender and Fascism During World War II in CEE
			Conclusions
			References
	Socialisms and Communisms
		21 Paradoxes of Gender in Soviet Communist Party Women’s Sections (the Zhenotdel), 1981-1930
			Tensions from the Beginning
			Organizational Struggles Force the Women’s Sections to Become More Compliant
			Assessing the Work of the Women’s Sections
			The Gender Politics of Backwardness
			Conclusions
			References
		22 Women’s Education, Entry to Paid Work, and Forced Unveiling in Soviet Central Asia
			Debates About the Soviet Emancipatory Project
			Bolshevik Ideas on Women’s Education and Emancipation: the “Woman of the East”
			Bolshevik Ideas on Work Among “Women of the East”
			Soviet Ideology on the Transformation of Women’s Family and Private Life: The Case of hujum
			Conclusions
			References
		23 “Gypsies”/ Roma and the Politics of Reproduction in Post-Stalinist Central-Eastern Europe
			Pronatalism and Eugenic Thought in the First Half of the 20th Century
			“New Eugenics” in Postworld War II Reproductive Politics
			“Gypsies”/ Roma as Targets of Post-world War II “Racialist Thinking”
			“Gypsies”/ Roma and Racialized Selective Pronatalism
			Conclusions
			References
		24 Legalizing Queerness in Central-Eastern Europe
			Discourses on Decriminalization
			Ideological Continuities in the Conceptualization of Homosexualities
			Ideological Approaches to Legislation in Post-Stalinist CEE
			Postsocialist Decriminalization
			Grassroots Mobilizations Under Different Ideologies
			Movements and
			Processes
			Conclusions
			References
	Democracy
		25 Gender and the Democratic Paradox in Latvia
			Political Legacies of 20th-century Latvia
			Women and Opposition: Building the Foundations of Democratic Development
			Gender and Early Postcommunist “Normalization” in Latvia
			Public Representation and Political Practices in a Gendered Democracy
			Conclusions
			References
		26 Anti-Gender Mobilization and Right-Wing Populism
			Origins and Core Claims of the Anti-Gender Discourse
			Transnational Antigender Networks and Organizations
			Antigender Campaigns in CEE
			Anti-Genderism and Populism: Political Alliances and Discursive Patterns
			Central-Eastern Europe: Is There a Difference?
			Conclusions
			References
Part IV Lived Experiences of Individuals in Different Regimes
	Introduction: Lived Experiences of Individuals in Different Regimes
	Empires and Monarchies
		27 Late Imperial Russia and Its Gendered Order in the Countryside
			Peasant Male Authority and Its Potential Enhancement by Way of the Stolypin Reforms
			Improvements in Peasant Women’s Standard of Living
			Sexual Norms, Violence Against Peasant Women, and Peasant Women’s Agency
			Religious Devotion as Resistance
			Conclusions
			References
		28 Gendered Moral Panics in the Late Habsburg Monarchy: Prostitution, Sex Trafficking, and Venereal Disease
			Varying Prostitution Regulations Across Austria-Hungary
			The Specter of Sex Trafficking
			The Panic over Venereal Disease
			The Afterlife of Regulation
			Conclusions
			Note
			References
	Independence
		29 the Promise of Gender Equality in Interwar Central-Eastern Europe
			Women in Politics in Interwar Central-Eastern Europe
			The Meaning of Citizenship: Equality, Difference, Nation
			The Appeal of the Nationalist Right
			Conclusions
			References
	Nazism, Stalinism, and War
		30 Sexuality in the Holocaust
			Pleasure and Love
			Sexual and Sexualized Violence
			Sexual Barter
			Men Selling Sex
			Sexuality as a Tool of Othering
			Samesex Desire in the Camps
			Conclusions
			References
		31 Deportation and Gulag as Gendered Processes
			Gendered Traumas and Gendered Processes of Deportation
			The Dynamics of Survival: Hunger and Food
			The Worst Experiences and the Ways of Coping with Them
			The Small Zone and the Larger Zone
			Women’s Stories and Political Transition from Communism to Democracy
			Conclusions
			References
	Socialisms and Communisms
		32 Yugoslav Gender Experiments and Soviet Influences
			Charting Socialist Gender Policies
			Postwar Legal Transformation
			Broader Interventions and Resistance
			Conclusions
			References
		33 Struggles to Reconcile Women’s Wage Labor and Kitchen Labor in the German Democratic Republic
			Communist Approaches to Cooking
			Women’s Work and Kitchen Labor in the GDR
			Collective Meals and Female Emancipation
			Remaking “Home Cooking” as a Communist Necessity
			Conclusions
			References
Part V the Ambiguous Postcommunist Transitions
	Introduction: the Ambiguous Postcommunist Transitions
	Democratic and Economic Changes
		34 Gender and the Ambiguities of Economic Transition in Romania
			The Gendered Dimensions of Privatization
			Negotiating Precarity and Uncertainty
			Sink, Swim, or Tread Water? Navigating Neoliberalism
			Conclusions
			References
		35 Democratization, Authoritarianism, and Gender in Russia
			Regime Type and Gender Equality
			The Gender Regime in Russia
			Conclusions
			References
	Europeanization
		36 Europeanization and the Challenge of Gender Equality
			EU Impact on Gender Equality Legislation: “hard Law” and “soft Law”
			National Machineries for the Advancement of Gender Equality
			The Agency of Women’s Movements
			Conclusions
			References
		37 the Europeanization and Politicization of LGBT Rights in Serbia
			Antidiscrimination Policies and Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Serbia
			Pride Parades as a Battlefield on Europe
			Conclusions
			References
	Migrations
		38 Russianspeaking LGBTQ Communities in the West
			Negotiating Queerness in Post-Soviet Diasporas
			Statesponsored Homophobia and LGBTQ Migration After 2013
			Activism and Gender(ed) Matters in LGBTQ Migration and Asylum
			Conclusions
			References
		39 Postsocialist Migration and Intimacy
			Postsoviet Migrants, Gender, Intimacy
			Intimate Practices: Labor, Sexuality, and Nurturing
			Conclusions
			References
	Armed Conflict/Resolution
		40 the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the Development of Legal Frameworks on Violence ...
			Women’s Presence in Developing International Justice
			Violence Against Women in War: International Law and Feminist Critiques
			The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Redefining Sexual Violence in Wartime and Changing Procedures
			Rape, Genocide, Victimhood, and Nationalist Narratives
			Limits of the Law
			Conclusions
			References
		41 Gender, Conflict, and Social Change in Armenia and Azerbaijan
			The Gendered Impact of Conflict and Transition
			Women’s Activism Within and Across Borders
			Male Dominance, Militarism, and Authoritarianism
			Conclusions
			Note
			References
Part VI Postcommunist Policy Issues
	Introduction: Postcommunist Policy Issues
	Political Leadership
		42 Women’s Representation in Politics
			The Mixed Communist Legacy
			The Gradual Increase in Women’s Descriptive Representation After 1990
			The Growing Impact of Substantive Representation
			Emerging Patterns of Representation at the EU Level
			Conclusions
			References
		Gender-based Violence
			43 Hybrid Regimes and Gender Violence Prevention Campaigns in Ukraine
				Violence Against Women in Soviet Ukraine
				European Integration and Comprehensive Gender Violence Policy
				High-level Subversion Under Yanukovych and During the Hybrid War
				Conclusions
				References
			44 Bride Kidnapping and Polygynous Marriages: Gendered Debates in Central Asia
				The Social Value of Marriage in Central Asia
				Bride Kidnapping and Polygyny in the Presoviet and Soviet Periods
				Postsoviet Revivals
				Debates About Polygyny
				Debates About Bride Kidnapping
				Conclusions
				References
			45 Trafficked Women and Men to and from Russia
				Human Trafficking Policy in Postsoviet Russia
				The Reality of Human Trafficking in Russia
				International and Regional Comparisons
				Conclusions
				References
	Reproductive Rights
		46 Assisted Reproduction: Poland in a Comparative Perspective
			Assisted Reproduction in Postcommunist Countries: Between Global Trends and Local Specificities
			Opposition to Arts in Poland: the Synergy Between Nationalism and Neoliberalism
			Conclusions
			References
		47 Abortion and Reproductive Health in Eurasia: Continuity and Change
			Expanding Contraceptive Knowledge and Access
			Uneven Reproductive Health Improvements
			Rising Nationalism and Falling Birthrates
			Fertility Patterns and Pathways of Control and Choice
			Conclusions
			References
	Social Policy and Health
		48 Single Mothers, Family Change, and Normalized Gender Crisis in Russia
			A Stalled Gender Revolution in Family Life
			Creating “Single Mothers” in the Postwar Soviet Period (1944–1967)
			Single Motherhood in the Late Soviet Period (1968–1991)
			Single Motherhood in Post-soviet Russia (1992–Present)
			Conclusions
			References
		49 Social Welfare and Family Policies in Central-Eastern European Countries
			Legacies of the Pre-world War II Period
			State Socialism and the New Interpretation of Gender Roles: Pre-1956
			Reinterpretation of Gender Roles After 1956
			The Collapse of State Socialism, Transformation, and Comparative Studies of the Region
			From Defamilialization to Degenderization
			Gender, Right-Wing Populism, and Recent Welfare Policy Reforms
			Conclusions
			References
		50 Women’s Representation in Sport
			Physical Culture and Professional Sport Under Communism
			The Privatization of Leisure Sport and the Marketization of Professional Sport in the Postcommunist Era
			Women’s (un)recognition in Postcommunist Professional Sport
			Conclusions
			References
		51 Gender, Sexuality, and Disability in Postsocialist Central-Eastern Europe
			State Socialism and Its Legacy
			Postsocialist Neoliberalization
			Postsocialist Agencies
			References
Index