The Routledge Companion to Women and Monarchy in the Ancient Mediterranean World

Cover
Half Title
Endorsement
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
Figures
Table
Contributors
Part I Women and monarchy in the ancient Mediterranean
	1 Introduction to thinking about women and monarchy in the ancient world
Part II Egypt and the Nile Valley
	2 The king’s mother in the Old and Middle Kingdoms
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	3 Regnant women in Egypt
		Cultural context and sources
		The terminology and scope of this chapter
		Current state of research
		Examples of (co-)regnant women in ancient Egypt
			Dynasty 1: Neithhotep and Meretneith
			Dynasties 4–5: the king’s mother Khentkaus and an unknown king’s wife
			Dynasty 6: Nitokris
			Dynasty 12: Neferusobek (or Sobeknofru, Skemiophris)
			Dynasties 17–18: Tetisheri and Ahmes-Nefertari
			Dynasty 18: Hatshepsut
			Late Dynasty 18: Tiy and Nefertiti
			Dynasty 19: Nefertari and Tawosret
		Powerful royal women after the late New Kingdom
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	4 The image of Nefertiti
		Introduction to the image of Nefertiti
		Thebes, the early years
		The queen in the new capital
		The aftermath
		An alternative ending?
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	5 The God’s Wife of Amun: Origins and rise to power
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	6 The role and status of royal women in Kush
		Introduction
		Sources
			Archaeological sources
			Pictorial presentations
			(Egyptian) texts
			Classical authors
		Appearance in textual and visual representations
			Names and titles
			Costume
		The functions of the royal women in the Kushite kingdom
			Roles in cultic actions
			Roles in succession and coronation
			Roles in the ideology of kingship
		Ruling queens
		Final remarks
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	7 Ptolemaic royal women
		Introduction
		The valorization of the royal conjugal couple
		Royal partnership in political matters and joint rules
		The dynastic cult and the representation of the rulers in Egyptian temples
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	8 Berenike II
		Introduction
			Berenike’s early years
		Berenike as a Ptolemaic basilissa
		Poetic images of Berenike II
		Regency and co-rule?
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	9 Royal women and Ptolemaic cults
		Arsinoë II – the religious role model of the deified basilissa
		Arsinoë – a new Greek goddess in Alexandria and beyond
		Arsinoë: becoming an Egyptian goddess
		Berenike II – the political role model of Ptolemaic female pharaohs
		The Kleopatras
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	10 Ptolemaic women’s patronage of the arts
		Ptolemaic patronage: gendered strategies of representation
		Berenike I
		Arsinoë II and Berenike II
			Arsinoë III
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	11 The Kleopatra problem: Roman sources and a female Ptolemaic ruler
		Introduction
		Kleopatra and Caesar
		In Rome
		Back in Alexandria
		Kleopatra and Mark Antony
		The eastern “land grants”
		The Parthian Campaign
		Celebrating the Armenian victory
		The war against Octavian
		The battle of Actium
		Showdown in Egypt
		Suicide
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
Part III The ancient Near East
	12 Invisible Mesopotamian royal women?
		Mesopotamian textual evidence
		Terminology
		Heavenly queens
			Ninsun—the loving mother
		Inanna/Ishtar—the dangerous lover
		Earthly queens
		Ku-Baba of Kish
			Enheduanna
		Sammu-ramat
		Naqi'a
		Adad-guppi
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	13 Achaimenid women
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	14 Karian royal women and the creation of a royal identity
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	15 Seleukid women
		Introduction
		Apama, Seleukos I, and their progeny
		Stratonike and Antiochos I
		The clan of Achaios
		Laodike (2), Antiochos II Theos, and Berenike Phernophoros
		Split in the dynasty—the families of Seleukos II and Antiochos Hierax
		Laodike (5), Antiochos III, and their progeny
		Laodike (6) and (7): from Seleukos IV to Demetrios I (187–150)
		Kleopatra Thea and her royal consorts (150–121)
		The epilogue—in the shadow of Kleopatra Tryphaina and Selene
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	16 Apama and Stratonike: The first Seleukid basilissai
		Royal titles
			Early usages
			The title’s benefits
		The basilissa’s duties?
		Apama and Stratonike’s legacy
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	17 Seleukid marriage alliances
		Antiochos I and Stratonike I
		Antiochos II and Laodike I
		Antiochos III and Laodike III
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	18 Royal mothers and dynastic power in Attalid Pergamon
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	19 Hasmonean women
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	20 Women at the Arsakid court
		Introduction
		Titles and ranks of Arsakid royal women and hierarchies at court
		Political influence of Arsakid royal women
		Mousa: an example of political influence?
		Arsakid marriage policy
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	21 Women of the Sassanid dynasty (224–651 CE)
		Introduction
		The sources
		The women of the early days of the dynasty
		Women of the fourth and fifth centuries
		The women of the Late Sassanian Period
		Conclusion: the position and scope of action of women of the Sassanid royal house
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	22 Zenobia of Palmyra
		Introduction
		The events: a summary
		Zenobia in context
		Zenobia and the women of Palmyra
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
Part IV Greece and Macedonia
	23 “Royal” women in the Homeric epics
		Homeric epics and Homeric society
		Before marriage: Polykaste and Nausikaa
		Inverted cases? Eumaios and Eurykleia
		Marriage: paternal decisions, marital presents, dowries
		Maturity: four literary heroines
			Conglomerate identities: Helena
			A background for Penelope: Klytaimnestra
			Outweighing the “king”: Arete
			Managing crisis from the rear: Penelope
		Inside the seraglio: Trojan women
		Conclusion: no consistent sociology
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	24 Royal women in Greek tragedy
		Introduction
		Royal women in relation to the ruling authorities
			Monarchial heroines with executive power
			Monarchial heroines overthrowing executive power
			Monarchial heroines defying executive power
			Royal heroines challenging and deceiving the ruling authorities
			“Good wives” who make their stands against ruling authorities—who are also their husbands: Deianeira, Kreusa, Phaidra, ...
			The supreme woman—Helen’s femininity versus ruling authorities
		Monarchial women fulfilling women’s traditional roles
			Motherhood
			Lamenting the dead
		Relations with the gods
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	25 Argead women
		Introduction
		The sources
		Missing titles, significant names
		Succession advocacy and polygamy
		Historical developments
		Argead women and war
		Argead widows
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	26 Women in Antigonid monarchy
		Introduction
		The Antigonids before Demetrios Poliorketes’ loss of Macedonia in 288
		Reconstituted Antigonid rule, based in Macedonia
		The growth of royal monogamy and the narrow presentation of Antigonid monarchy
		Basilissa and the ranking of royal wives
		Antigonid marriage alliances
		Wedding festivals
		Cults and royal women
		Euergetism and piety
		The sources and their significance
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
Part V Commonalities
	27 Transitional royal women: Kleopatra, sister of Alexander the Great, Adea Eurydike, and Phila
		Introduction
		Kleopatra
		Adea Eurydike
		Phila
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	28 Women and dynasty at the Hellenistic imperial courts
		Introduction
		Royal women and dynastic succession
		Dynastic marriage
		Royal women as power brokers
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	29 Royal brother–sister marriage, Ptolemaic and otherwise
		Royal brother–sister marriage: appendix
			Royal Hellenistic marriages closer than first cousin
				The Argeads
				The Ptolemies
				The Seleukids
				The Antigonids
				Epiros
				Pontos
				Kommagene
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	30 Jugate images in Ptolemaic and Julio-Claudian monarchy
		Introduction
		Sibling gods and mother-loving kings
		From Mark Antony to the Julio-Claudians
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
Part VI Rome
	31 Octavia Minor and patronage
		Introduction
		Biographical sketch
		Patronage
			Books
			Coins
			Portraits
			Portico
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	32 Livia and the principate of Augustus and Tiberius
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	33 Julio-Claudian imperial women
		Introduction
		Julia the Elder and Julia the Younger
		Agrippina the Elder
		Claudia Livia Julia
		Valeria Messalina
		Agrippina the Younger
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	34 The imperial women from the Flavians to the Severi
		Introduction
		Lucilla and Lucius Verus: a question of benefits
		Succession and a lack of sons
		Marriage policy and dynastic order
		Imperial women’s honors as part of political communication
		Autonomous actions and political networks
		Conclusions: imperial women and patriarchal power
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	35 Portraiture of Flavian imperial women
		Female portraits for “monarchs”—evidence and methods
		Portraits and dynasty: between family resemblance and Julio-Claudian model
		Portraits and exemplary womanhood
		Portraits and pomp
		Portraits and divinity
		Conclusion
		Illustrations
		Abbreviations
	36 The Faustinas
		Introduction
		The family of Faustina Maior
		The succession arrangements of Hadrian and the role of the Faustinas
		Faustina Maior as empress and her early death
		The good marriage and the construction of a dynasty
		Faustina Minor: the multiple mother
			Mater castrorum
		Faustina Minor as mother of Commodus
		The rebellion of Avidius Cassius
		The death of Faustina Minor
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	37 Women in the Severan dynasty
		Introduction
		Dawn of the dynasty: Julia Domna and the early reign of Severus
			The last years of Severus and the reign of Caracalla
		The dynasty strikes back: Elagabalus and the Syrian Augustae
		Severus Alexander and the rule of mamma
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	38 Women in the family of Constantine
		Dynastic potential (the prelude)
		Sisters, a bargaining chip
		The two Augustae, Fausta and Helena
		Constantina and Helena (the Younger)
		Eusebia (the aftermath)
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
Part VII Reception from antiquity to present times
	39 Semiramis: Perception and presentation of female power in an Oriental garb
		Introduction
		Semiramis in the classical sources
		Aspects of female power
			Ruling an empire and building monuments
			Leading an army
			Preliminary results on aspects of female power in the public space
		Female power in the social space
			An Assyrian queen and “mundus muliebris”
			Semiramis under moral judgment—motherhood, promiscuity and stereotypes
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Ancient sources
	40 Tanaquil and Tullia in Livy as Roman caricatures of Greek mythic and historic Hellenistic queens
		Introduction
		Livy’s Tanaquil, Sophokles’ Iokaste and Plutarch’s Olympias
		Livy’s Tullia, Klytaimnestra and Kleopatra
		A more complex Tanaquil: the evidence of other Roman and Greek authors
		Vergil’s Dido, Greek mythic and historical queens, and Livy’s Tanaquil
		Foreshadowing Julio-Claudian women
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
	41 Roman empresses on screen: An epic failure?
		Introductory remarks
		Livia—founding mother of the dynasty or serial killer?
		Poppaea—the wickedest woman in the world?
		A change of gender roles in late antiquity?
		Notes
		Abbreviations
		Bibliography
Index