The Routledge Companion to Transmedia Studies

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Foreword
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Transmedia Studies—Where Now?
	Industries of Transmediality
	Arts of Transmediality
	Practices of Transmediality
	Cultures of Transmediality
	Methodologies of Transmediality
	References
PART I Industries of Transmediality
	1 Transmedia Film: From Embedded Engagement to Embodied Experience
		Two Transmedia Film Trajectories
		Franchise and Campaign Transmedia
		Franchise and Campaign Convergence
		Transmedia Film and Social Media
		Transmedia Film Strategies
		The Extension and Enhancement of the World of the Film
		The Extension of the Story and Plotlines of the Film
		To Reveal and Rehearse the Narrative Structuring of the Film
		From Embedded Engagement to Embodied Experience
		Body/Mind/Change
		Virtual Reality
		Secret Cinema and Star Wars
		Conclusion
		References
	2 Transmedia Documentary: Experience and Participatory Approaches to Non-Fiction Transmedia
		Designing Non-Fiction Transmedia
			Developing the Participatory Approach
		Case: Project Moken
			Designing Experiences
			Designing for Participation
		The Relevance of the Two Approaches
		Conclusion
		References
	3 Transmedia Television: Flow, Glance, and the BBC
		Television, Transmediality, and Time: Liveness and Flow
		The Domesticity of Transmedia Television: Mediating the Glance
		Case Study: The BBC as Transmedia Television
		Conclusion
		References
	4 Transmedia Telenovelas: The Brazilian Experience
		Transmedia Content for Brazilian Telenovelas
		Case Study: Cheias de Charme [Sparkling Girls, 2012]
			The Video Clips
			Websites: Tom’s Stars and Domestic Worker
			Campaigns Free Empreguetes and Empreguetes Forever
			The Most Charming Housemaid in Brazil
			Book: Cida, the Empreguete, an Intimate Diary
		Conclusion
		References
	5 Transmedia.Comics: Seriality, Sequentiality, and the Shifting Economies of Franchise Licensing
		Transmedia Disney
		Television: The Final Frontier
		Star Wars Comics: From Seriality to Sequentiality
		Conclusion
		References
	6 Transmedia Publishing: Three Complementary Cases
		Transmedia Publishing in the Industry’s “First Digital Decade”
		Endgame
		Pottermore
		Accidental Transmedia: Publishing and Doctor Who
		The 1960s: Adaptation
		New Adventures in Time and Space
		Participatory Culture Assumes Control
		Conclusion
		References
	7 Transmedia Games: Aesthetics and Politics of Profitable Play
		Transmedia Games
		Transmedia Play
		Conclusion
		References
	8 Transmedia Music: The Values of Music as a Transmedia Asset
		Defining Transmedia Music
		One Direction: Superstar Brands, Transmedia Narrative, and Counter-Narrative
		Björk’s Biophilia: A Multiplatform Project and Transmedia Experience
		The Get Down: Music and TV Series
		Conclusion
		References
	9 Transmedia Journalism: The Potentialities of Transmedia Dynamics in the News Coverage of Planned Events
		Transmedia Journalism
		Analytical and Operational Model of Transmedia News Coverage of Planned Events
		Conclusion
		References
	10 Transmedia.Sports: The National Basketball Association, Emojis, and Personalized Participation
		Sports Narratives
		Protective vs Inclusive Transmedia Sports Social Media: The Case of NBAmoji
		Conclusion
		References
	11 Transmedia Social Platforms: Livestreaming and Transmedia Sports
		The Trouble with Transmedia Sports
		Transmedia Opportunities for Niche Sports
		Niche Sports as Trailblazers of Innovation
		Innovation Pressure from Fan Communities
		Conclusion: Toward Live Sports’ Netflix Moment?
		References
	12 Transmedia Celebrity: The Kardashian Kosmos—Between Family Brand and Individual Storylines
		Celebrity Culture
		The World of the Family
		The Individual Storylines
		The Matriarch as an Author
		Conclusion
		References
	13 Transmedia Attractions: The Case of Warner Bros. Studio Tour—The Making of Harry Potter
		Conceptualizing Leisure and Tourism Spaces as Transmedia Worlds
		Behind-the-Scenes
		Into-the-Scenes
		Conclusion
		References
PART II Arts of Transmediality
	14 Transmedia Storytelling: Character, Time, and World—The Case of Battlestar Galactica
		Character-based Transmedia: Giving Depth to the Cylons and the Humans
		Time-based Transmedia: Telling the Past, Filling “Negative Spaces”
		World-based Transmedia: A Universe in Constant Expansion
		Conclusion
		References
	15 Transmedia World-Building: History, Conception, and Construction
		The Road to Transmedial Worlds
		Multiple Windows on the Same World
		More of the Same, But Different
		The Construction of Transmedial Worlds
		Forms of Audience Participation
		Conclusion
		References
	16 Transmedia Characters: Additionality and Cohesion in Transfictional Heroes
		Time/Place Transfictions versus Character Transfictions
		Realist Character Transfictions versus Fantastic Character Transfictions
		Proprietorial Transfictions versus Public Domain Transfictions
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		References
	17 Transmedia.Genres: Form, Content, and the Centrality of Memory
		Genre Defined
		Form and Content
		Genre and Memory
		Dominant Genres
		Genre on the Holodeck
		Conclusion
		References
	18 Transmedia Writing: Storyworlds and Participation at the Intersection of Practice and Theory
		Participation and Interactivity
		World-building
		Design and Collaboration
		Case Study: Welcome to Pine Point
		Conclusion
		References
	19 Transmedia Photography: Implicit Narrative from a Discrete Moment
		The Photograph as a Narrative
		The Photograph on Freytag’s Pyramid
			Action
			Blurred Motion
			Layered Content
		Photographs in the Transmedia Narrative
		Conclusion
		References
	20 Transmedia.Indie: Creativity Outside Hollywood
		Contextualizing the Independent Approach to Transmedia Storytelling
		The Industry Impact on Indie and Mainstream Transmedia Production
		Beyond Franchise: Collider, an Indie European Transfiction
		Conclusion
		References
PART III Practices of Transmediality
	21 Transmedia Adaptation: Revisiting the No-Adaptation Rule
		The Adaptation Exclusion Arguments
		The Functions of Adaptation Exclusion
			Debunking the Redundancy and Simple Retelling Arguments
			The Effects of Exclusion
			Possible Futures of Differentiation, Theory, and Practice
		Conclusion
		References
	22 Transmedia Developer: Success at Multiplatform Narrative Requires a Journey to the Heart of Story
		The Challenge
		Linking the Story to the Storyteller
		Deriving Storyworld Essence
		The Primal Message
		The Guidebook
		Establishing the Clearinghouse
		Conclusion
		References
	23 Transmedia Production: Embracing Change
		About the Team
		About the VISA Project
		About the Kodansha Project
		Project Organization
			Asset Numbering
			Languages
		Design and Other Documents
			Right-sizing the Documentation
		Key Design Features—Attack on Titan
			Obey the Lore
			Defeating Titans
			Character Phone Calls
		Key Design Features—VISA Finance Game
			Cut Scenes
			Personal Assistance
			Embedded Quizzes
		Production Workflow
			Premise and Purpose
			Early Demo
			Prioritization
			Testing
			Resetting and Replaying
			Review and Approval
		At the End of the Day
		Conclusion
		References
	24 Transmedia Commodification: Disneyfication, Magical Objects, and Beauty and the Beast
		Disneyfied Magic Merchandise: Simulating “Capitalist Realist” Reveries for Infantilized Consumers
		Transmedia Extension and Market Expansion
		Prosumer Networks: Audience Engagement and/or Ideological Containment?
		From Princess Industrial Complex to Feminism Appropriated for Marketing Purposes
		Neurotic Hedonists
		The Secret Lives of Things: Enchanted Object or Replaceable Merchandise?
		Conclusion
		References
	25 Transmedia Franchising: Driving Factors, Storyworld Development, and Creative Process
		Transmedia Franchises versus Traditional Media Franchises
		Factors Driving Development of Transmedia Franchises
			Technological Change
			Proliferation of Content Choices; Declining Audiences
			Commercial Considerations
			Fan Experiences
		Transmedia Franchises and Storyworlds
		Transmedia Franchises and the Creative Process
		Conclusion
		References
	26 Transmedia Distribution: From Vertical Integration to Digital Natives
		Mapping Transmedia Distribution
		New Forms of Vertical Integration and Conglomeration
		Intra-Industry Collaborations
		Digitally Native Global Players
		Breaking and Reforming the Bottleneck: Understanding Transmedia Distribution
		Transmedia as Distribution Logic: A Case Study of “Carpool Karaoke”
		Conclusion
		References
	27 Transmedia Branding and Marketing: Concepts and Practices
		Deodorizing and Merging
		Brand Stories
		Gamification
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
PART IV Cultures of Transmediality
	28 Transmedia Archaeology: Narrative Expansions across Media Before the Age of Convergence
		A New Perspective on Transmedia Storytelling
		Three Approaches to Historicizing Transmediality
		Textual Expansions of a Transmedia Hero: Buck Rogers in the 1930s
		Conclusion
		References
	29 Transmedia Heritage: Museums and Historic Sites as Present-Day Storytellers
		St Fagans National History Museum
		Literary Houses and Museums
		Conclusion
		References
	30 Transmedia Fandom and Participation: The Nuances and Contours of Fannish Participation
		Transmedia and Fandom: An Industrial Perspective
		Fandom and Transmedia: A Fannish Perspective
		Doctor Who and Issues of Canonicity
		Conclusion
		References
	31 Transmedia Paratexts: Informational, Commercial, Diegetic, and Auratic Circulation
		Merchandise Beyond Rebranding and Reviews Beyond Textual Framing: Transmedia Paratexts as Sites of Audience Struggle
		References
	32 Transmedia Politics: Star Wars and the Ideological Battlegrounds of Popular Franchises
		Transmedia as Cultural Form and Industrial Practice
		Ideological Criticism: Star Wars as an Expression of Politics
		Political Economy: Star Wars as a Capitalist Commodity
		Meme Wars: Negotiating the Political Meanings of Star Wars
		Conclusion
		References
	33 Transmedia Charity: Constructing the Ethos of the BBC’s Red Nose Day Across Media
		Red Nose Day—A Brief Overview
		Participation
		Documentary
		Community
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		References
	34 Transmedia Education: Changing the Learning Landscape
		The Seven Principles of Transmedia Storytelling Applied to Education
		Transmedia Literacy
		Transmedia Educational Projects for Children and Teens
		Transmedia in Higher Education
		Transmedia Education as a Tool for Citizen Activism
		Conclusion
		References
	35 Transmedia Literacy: Rethinking Media Literacy in the New Media Ecology
		The New Media Ecology
			Transmedia Storytelling and Participatory Cultures
			Informal Learning Strategies
		Transmedia Literacy
			Toward a Transmedia Literacy
			Transmedia Skills and Informal Learning Strategies
				Video Game Literacy
				Web/Social Media Literacy
				Participatory Cultures Literacy
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	36 Transmedia for Social Change: Evolving Approaches to Activism and Representation
		Activism and Transmedia
			Narrative Representations
		Immersion and Engagement
		Conclusion
		References
	37 Transmedia Identities: From Fan Cultures to Liquid Lives
		Main Themes in Research on Identity and Transmedia
			Fan Cultures
			Social Mobilization
			Play
		A Giddensian Approach to Transmedia Identities
			Liquidization of Lifestyle Sectors
			Extended Reliance on Abstract Systems
			Ontological Vulnerability
		Conclusion
		References
	38 Transmedia Psychology: Creating Compelling and Immersive Experiences
		Pushing Boundaries
		Psychology Shifts the Focus
		Producer Decision Points and User Experience
		Psychological Foundations of Transmedia
		Attention Starts in the Brain
		Using the Triune Brain Heuristic in Transmedia Design
		The Psychology of Story
		The Brain Fills in Gaps
		All Stories Start as Chemical Signals
		Metaphors and Archetypes: Cognitive Patterns of Shared Meaning
		Stories Link the Parts of the Brain
			Case Study: The Lizzie Bennet Diaries
			Case Study: Simplemente Maria
		Structuring the Narrative Zone
		Optimal Engagement: The Theory of Flow
		Narrative Transportation
		Media and Platform Choices Matter
		Cost–Benefit Analysis
		Conclusion
		References
	39 Transmedia Religion
	From Representations to Propaganda Strategy
		Religion and Transmediality Over the Years
		Transmedia Propaganda Strategies Used by the Islamic State Terrorist Organization
		IS Strategies for Reaching Mass Media
		Is the Mass Media Being Caught in the Strategies of Terrorist Organizations?
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		References
PART V Methodologies of Transmediality
	40 A Narratological Approach to Transmedial Storyworlds and Transmedial Universes
		The Concept of the Storyworld and Representational Correspondence across Media
		Work-Specific Storyworlds, Transmedial Storyworlds, and Transmedial Universes
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	41 An Ontological Approach to Transmedia Worlds
		Ontology to Study the Structure of Interconnected Works
		Ontology to Study the Internals of Transmedia Worlds
		Ontology to Study Fan Information-Seeking Behavior
		Conclusion
		References
	42 An Experience Approach to Transmedia Fictions
		The Transmedial Experience
		How to Observe
		Case Sample: Regency Love and the Jane Austen TMW
		A Transmedial Playing Experience
			The User: Expectations, Motivations, Desires
			The World: Jane Austen Mythos, Topos, and Ethos
			The Platform: Affordances, What Can a Game Do
		Conclusion
		References
	43 A Design Approach to Transmedia Projects
		Design Process and Transmedia Projects
		Transmedia Supersystem
		Transmedia Design Project
		Conclusion
		References
	44 A Management Approach to Transmedia Enterprises
		From Corporate Strategies to Network Management
		Transmedia Human Resource Management
		Transmedia Audience Management
		The Economics of Transmedia Investment
		The Challenges of Studying Transmedia Enterprises
			(1) Product level: Transmedia enterprises as producers of transmedia products
			(2) Firm level: Transmedia enterprises and their decision-making and strategies
			(3) Industry and society level: Transmedia enterprises as part of industries and the general society
		Acknowledgements
		References
	45 A Micro-Budget Approach to Transmedia in Small Nations
		Scotland’s New Talent
		Scottish Cinema: Themes, Styles, and Micro-Budget Approaches
		Micro-Budget Production
		Crowdfunding: Participatory Culture and “Everyone is a Producer”
		Riptide: A Scottish Crowdfunded Feature
		LUYD: Personal Transmedia Narratives
		Conclusion
		References
	46 A Genettian Approach to Transmedia (Para)Textuality
		Genettian Paratextuality
		Updating Paratextuality
			Paratextuality and Screen Studies
			Why Do We Want Paratexts? The Multiple Functions of Paratexts
			Paratextuality and Authorization: Who Can Produce Paratexts?
		Conclusion
		References
	47 A Semiotic Approach to Transmedia Storytelling
		The Main Approaches
		Peircean Semiotics Contributions
		Transmedia Television According to Peircean Semiotics
		Conclusion
		References
	48 A Mythological Approach to Transmedia Storytelling
		The “Bardic Function” in Transmedia Storytelling
		Mytho(do)logy: Myth, Mythanalysis, Mythocriticism
		Actantial Structure and Narrative Design
		Conclusion
		References
	49 A Qualitative Network Approach to Transmedia Communication
		Social Networks and Communication Networks
			Qualitative Communication Network Analysis
		Three Levels of Transmedia Qualitative Network Research: A Case Study
			Level of Meaning: Qualitative Interviews
			Level of Structure: Network Maps
			Level of Process: Media Diaries
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		References
	50 A Metrics Model for Measuring Transmedia Engagement
		One Step Back: Developing a Transmedia Metrics Model
		Overview on Engagement Models and Insights
		Engagement Models: What is Missing?
		The Need for Actionable Insights: Introducing a New Transmedia Metrics Model
		Expert Evaluation of Our Transmedia Metrics Model
		The Transmedia Metrics Model Put into Practice
		Designing Stories that Engage
		Case Study: The Curse of the Diamonds
		Measuring the Performance
		Conclusion
		References
	Afterword: The Present and Future of Transmedia Practices—A Conversation
		Alison Norrington (AN)
		Kate Pullinger (KP)
		KP
		Natalie Rios Gioco (NRG)
		Kate Fitzpatrick (KF)
		AN
		KP
		AN
		NRG
		KF
		AN
		NRG
		KF
		KP
		NRG
		KP
		AN
		KF
		AN
		KP
		KF
		AN
Index