The Roots of the Reformation: Tradition, Emergence and Rupture

Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1. Setting the Scene: The "Fair Field of Folk"

PART 1: BIBLE AND CHURCH: THE QUESTIONS BEGIN
2. The Idea of Church
A New Idea
The Emergence of Ministers as Leaders
Local Churches and the Universal Church
3. The Idea of Faith
What Do We Believe? Trying to Put the Faith in a Nutshell
One Faith and Different Rites
4. Where Was the Bible?
Adding to the Old Testament
Creating a Standard Text of the Bible for Use in the West
The Ministry of the Word in the Early Church
Finding Many Meanings in Scripture
5. Becoming and Remaining a Member of the Church
The Doctrine of Baptism Emerges
Insiders and Outsiders: Cyprian and the Rigorist Approach to the Problem of Apostasy
6. Penance and the Recurring Problem of Sin
7. The Eucharist and the Idea of Sacraments
Eucharist
Sacraments
8. Organization, Making Decisions and Keeping Together
Councils and Other Ways of Making Decisions
The Fifteenth-Century Bid for Conciliarism Instead of Primatial Government of the Church
9. The Church and the State
The Two Swords
The Body Politic, the City, the Corporation and the Church
Titles and Benefices and the Growing Problem of the Church's Wealth

PART 2: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
10. Monastic Life, Monastic Education and Awakening Social Concerns
Guibert of Nogent: Monk and Social Commentator
Monasteries as Powerhouses of Education
11. The Beginning of Academic Theology and the Invention of Universities
The Invention of Universities
Bible Study and the Beginning of Academic Theology
12. The Evangelical Urge and the Wandering Preachers
Preaching Becomes Popular Again
The Formal Rhetorical Art of Preaching 
The Franciscans and the Dominicans
13. Religious Experiments by the Laity
Working People, Active Orders
Exemplary Individuals and Being an Example to Others
Glimpses of Ordinary Lives: Learning What to Believe and How to Live
The Church Fosters the Mixed Life
14. Rebels, Repression and the Stirrings of Reform
Social Comment and the Debate About Poverty
John Wyclif
John Hus

PART 3: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE FROM THE REFORMATION
15. Renaissance
The Rediscovery of the Greek and Hebrew Scriptures
The Biblical Languages and the Universities
Humanism or Scholasticism: The Two Ways
16. Luther and His Heirs: The Moderate Reformers
The Conversion of Martin Luther and Its Consequences
Melanchthon, Moderation and Building a Bridge Between the Academic and the Popular
Creating a Lutheran Doctrinal System
17. Henry VIII and the English Reformation
18. Peaceful Extremists? The Anabaptist Heirs of the Medieval Sects
Huldreich Zwingli and the Battle with the Anabaptists
Lutheran "Good Citizens" and Anabaptist "Anarchy"
19. Calvin and His Heirs: The Reformed Churces
John Calvin
France, Huguenots and Some Notable Women
John Knox and Scotland
The English Reformation Turns Calvinist
Puritans Leave for the New World
20. The Counter-Reformation
Responding to the Challenge: Reforming Moves in Rome
Science and the Bible from a Roman Catholic Perspective
21. Church and State Again: New Political Dimensions of the Idea of Order
22. Bible Questions Continue
Wrestling with the Humanity of Scripture
Textual Difficulties and Translation Issues
The Style and Obscurity of Scripture
Increasingly Radical Divergences of Opinion and Practice

Conclusion
Handlist of Reformation Concerns and Their History
Select Bibliography
Author Index
Subject Index
Scripture Index