The Romans: From Village to Empire

CONTENTS
MAPS
FIGURES
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES TO THE READER
Chapter 1 Early Italy
	Italy And The Mediterranean World
	The Evidence
	Italy Before The City
	The Iron Age In Etruria, Latium, And Campania
		Greeks and Phoenicians in the Central Mediterranean
	The Rise Of Cities
		Beginning of Writing
		Appearance of an Elite
		Cities and Monumental Architecture
		Warfare in the Orientalizing and Archaic Periods
		Social and Economic Organization
	Greeks And Etruscans
		Greek Cities of Southern Italy and Sicily
		Etruscans
Chapter 2 Rome\'s First Centuries
	Emergence Of An Urban Community
	The Romans And Their Early History
	Rome Under The Kings
	Rome And The Latins
	The Early Republic
		Beginning of the Republic
		Rome and Its Neighbors in the Fifth Century
		Struggle of the Orders
Chapter 3 Rome And Italy In The Fourth Century
	Fall Of Veii And The Sack Of Rome
	The City And Its Institutions In The Fourth Century
		Officials
		Senate
		Assemblies of Citizens
		The City, Its Gods, and Its Priests
	Rome And Central Italy
		Warfare and the Civic Order
		Rome in Latium and Campania
		Samnite Wars
	Expansion Of Roman Hegemony In Italy
		Wars in Central and Northern Italy
		Conquest of the South
	War And The Roman State
Chapter 4 The Beginnings Of A Mediterranean Empire
	Sources
	The Nobility And The City Of Rome
	Wars With Carthage
		First Punic War (264–241)
		Second Punic War (218–201)
	A Mediterranean Empire
		Governors, Provinces, and Empire
		Spain
		Greece and Asia Minor
		North Africa
Chapter 5 Italy And Empire
	Senators, Officials, And Citizen Assemblies
	Italy And The Consequences Of Empire
		Changing Relations Between Rome, Its
		, and Allies
		Roman and Italian Elites
		Demographic and Economic Changes
	Roman Politics From The Mid-second Century
		Scipio Aemilianus
		Tiberius Gracchus
		Gaius Gracchus
Chapter 6 Italy Threatened, Enfranchised, Divided
	War With Jugurtha (112–105)
	Italy Threatened From The North (113–101)
	Changes In The Roman Army
	Marius’ Career In Roman Politics
	Sixth Consulship Of Marius And Second Tribunate Of Saturninus (100)
	Administration Of The Provinces
	Tribunate Of Livius Drusus (91)
	Social War (91–87)
	Tribunate Of Sulpicius Rufus (88)
	Sulla’s First March On Rome (88)
	Cinna’s Rule (87–84)
	Sulla’s Second March On Rome (83–82)
Chapter 7 The Domination Of Sulla And Its Legacy
	Sulla’s Proscriptions (82–81)
	Sulla The Dictator And His Program (82–81)
		Senate
		Tribunate
		, Courts
		Citizens
		Governors
	Verdicts On Sulla’s Program
	Lepidus’ Rising And Its Aftermath (78–77)
	Challenge From Sertorius In Spain (80–73)
	Spartacus’ Slave Revolt (73–71)
	Consulship Of Crassus And Pompey (70)
	Roman Women
	Pompey Frees The Mediterranean Of Pirates (67)
	Threat From King Mithridates Vi Of Pontus
	Sulla’s Campaign Against Mithridates (87–85)
	Lucullus’ Struggle With Mithridates (74–67)
	Pompey’s Defeat Of Mithridates (66–63)
	Roles Of Crassus And Cicero In Rome (65–63)
	Catiline’s Rising (63–62)
Chapter 8 End Of The Republic:
	Sources
	Pompey’s Return From The East (62)
	Pompey And Political Stalemate In Rome
	Partnership Of Pompey, Crassus, And Caesar
	Caesar’s First Consulship (59)
	Clodius’ Tribunate (58)
	Cicero’s Recall And The Renewal Of The Triumvirate (57–56)
	Caesar’s Campaigns In Gaul (58–51)
	Death Of Clodius And Pompey’s Sole Consulship (52)
	Prospect Of Civil War (51–49)
	Causes And Consequences Of Caesar Crossing The Rubicon (january 49)
	Cicero’s Governorship Of Cilicia (51–50)
	Civil War Campaigns (49–45)
	Caesar’s Activity As Dictator (49–44)
	Caesar’s Impact Upon The City Of Rome
	Political Prospects For Rome, And For Caesar
Chapter 9 Augustus And The Transformation Of The Roman World
	Reactions To The Assassination Of Caesar (44–43)
	Emergence Of A Second Triumvirate (43)
	Battle Of Philippi (42)
	Perusine War (41–40)
	Elimination Of Sextus Pompey And Lepidus (39–36)
	Antony In The East (42 Onwards)
	Clash Between Antony And Octavian (36–30)
	Octavian As Sole Ruler (30 Onwards)
	“the Republic Restored”
	Second Settlement (23)
	Latin Literature In The Late Republic And Augustan Age
	Succession
	Senate And
	Army
	The Empire And Its Expansion
	City Of Rome
	Attitudes Outside Rome
	Of Augustus
	Augustus: Final Assessment
Chapter 10 The Early Principate
	Sources
	The Julio-claudian Emperors: Civil Government And Military Concerns
	Tiberius (14–37)
	Gaius (caligula) (37–41)
	Claudius (41–54)
	Nero (54–68)
	Civil War In 68–69
	Economic And Social Change
	Army
	Economy
	Intellectual Life
	“beneficial Ideology”
	Cities And Provinces
	Diversity: Women, Local Languages, And Culture
	Religious Practices And Principles
	Imperial Cult
Chapter 11 Institutionalization Of The Principate
	Sources
	Institutionalization Of The Principate
	Vespasian (69–79)
	Titus (79–81)
	Domitian (81–96)
	A New, Better Era?
	Nerva (96–98)
	Trajan (98–117)
	Hadrian (117–138)
	Roman Cities And The Empire’s Peoples
	Theaters And Processions
	Circuses And Chariot Racing
	The Amphitheater, And Gladiatorial Games
	Other Urban Amenities
	Education
	State Religion And Imperial Cult
Chapter 12 Italy And The Provinces
	Sources
	Antoninus Pius (138–161)
	Marcus Aurelius (161–180) And Lucius Verus (161–169)
	Commodus (176–192, Sole Augustus After 180)
	Septimius Severus (193–211)
	Caracalla (198–217, Sole Augustus After 211)
	Macrinus (217–218)
	Elagabalus (218–222)
	Severus Alexander (222–235)
	Roman Law
	Roman Citizenship
	Rome And Christianity
Chapter 13 The Third Century, The Dominate, And Constantine
	Sources
	Mid-third Century
	Aurelian (270–275)
	Diocletian, The Tetrarchy, And The Dominate (284–305)
	Dissolution Of The Tetrarchy (305–313), And The Rise Of Constantine (306–324)
	Constantine And The Empire
TIMELINE
GLOSSARY
PRINCIPAL ANCIENT AUTHORS
ART CREDITS
INDEX
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