The Role of the Oceans as a Waste Disposal Option

Front Matter....Pages i-ix
The Oceans as a Waste Disposal Option - Management, Decision Making and Policy....Pages 1-18
Acceptable Environmental Change from Waste Disposal....Pages 19-26
Natural Variability and Waste Disposal Options....Pages 27-38
Basic Factors Affecting the Land/Freshwater Versus the Sea Option for Waste Disposal....Pages 39-53
Sewage Treatment and Disposal - Constraints and Opportunities....Pages 55-71
Engineering of Ocean Outfalls....Pages 73-109
Sewage Sludge Disposal Options....Pages 111-124
The Environmental Impact of Sludge Dumping at Sea and Other Disposal Options in the U.K. - Trace Metal Inputs....Pages 125-138
Freshwaters as Waste Disposal Systems: An Interpretation of the Experimental Lakes Area, Canada Whole-Ecosystem Experiments....Pages 139-163
A Comparison of Aquatic and Terrestrial Nutrient Cycling and Production Processes in Natural Ecosystems, with Reference to Ecological Concepts of Relevance to some Waste Disposal Issues....Pages 165-203
An Integrated Approach to Analyse the North Sea Ecosystem Behaviour in Relation to Waste Disposal....Pages 205-231
Experiences of the Federal Republic of Germany With Dumping of Sewage Sludge....Pages 233-242
The Izmit Bay Case Study....Pages 243-274
Sites for Effluent Outfall and Sludge Dumping in the Saronikos Gulf, Greece....Pages 275-284
A Comparative Study of Copper Cycles in Two Freshwater Environments....Pages 285-305
A Case Study of Waste Inputs in the Tagus Estuary....Pages 307-324
The Baltic Sea: Conditions and Options of Management....Pages 325-345
Ecological and Human Health Criteria for Cross Ecosystem Comparison of Waste Disposal Impacts....Pages 347-360
Organic Chemical Pollutants in the Oceans and Groundwater: A Review of Fundamental Chemical Properties and Biogeochemistry....Pages 361-425
Organo-Chlorines - A Review of Uses, Control and Disposal Options....Pages 427-440
Metal Pollution in the Great Lakes in Relation to their Carrying Capacity....Pages 441-468
Marine Disposal of Radioactive Waste: An Overview with Examples from the Coastal Water Situation....Pages 469-492
The Practice and Assessment of Sea Dumping of Radioactive Waste....Pages 493-515
Comparison of Land and Sea Disposal Options for Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes....Pages 517-544
Nuclear Waste Disposal: Ocean or Continental Crust?....Pages 545-550
Dispersal of Particulate Waste on an Open Continental Shelf....Pages 551-561
Hydrodynamical Modelling as a Tool in Waste Disposal Selection. A Case Study on Sado Estuary.....Pages 563-576
Disposal of Sewage in Dispersive and Non-Dispersive Areas: Contrasting Case Histories in British Coastal Waters....Pages 577-595
Mobility of Pollutants in Dredged Materials - Implications for Selecting Disposal Options....Pages 597-615
Measuring the Effects of Pollution at the Cellular and Organism Level....Pages 617-634
Biological Indices of Changes Including Primary Production....Pages 635-646
Physiological and Cellular Responses of Animals to Environmental Stress - Case Studies....Pages 647-665
Biological Effects Studies at Various Levels Along the U.S. Pacific Coast....Pages 667-690
Social Aspects of Waste Disposal....Pages 691-699
Summary of the Workshop....Pages 701-717
Back Matter....Pages 719-725