The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
MAP......Page 9
Tables......Page 10
Boxes......Page 14
Notes on Contributors......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 21
Foreword......Page 23
Introduction and overview......Page 25
The scope of social capital......Page 26
The forms of social capital......Page 27
Is it capital?......Page 28
Social capital: from concept to measurement......Page 30
The structure of the book......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 39
Part 1 Social capital at the micro and macro levels: a conceptual discussion and review......Page 41
1 Social capital and poverty: a microeconomic perspective......Page 43
What is “social” about social capital?......Page 44
Why is social capital a form of capital?......Page 46
Classifying social capital......Page 48
Learning about the world......Page 50
Learning about the reliability of other agents......Page 51
Enhancing the capacity for collective action......Page 52
Endogenizing social capital......Page 54
Disaggregating into government and civil social capital......Page 55
One-way social interaction......Page 56
Networks and pooling......Page 57
When is social capital damaging?......Page 58
Public action and social capital......Page 60
Social capital and poverty......Page 61
REFERENCES......Page 64
Defining social capital......Page 66
Cooperation at what level, or which groups benefit?......Page 67
Social capital, investment, and growth: a survey of the empirical literature......Page 69
Government social capital......Page 70
Civil social capital......Page 79
Poverty, income distribution, and social capital......Page 88
Income distribution......Page 90
Absolute poverty......Page 95
Conclusion......Page 96
Gastil/Freedom House civil liberties and political freedoms indexes......Page 97
Business Environmental Risk Intelligence (BERI)......Page 98
Humana’s World Human Rights Guide......Page 99
Competitiveness indexes......Page 100
World Values Surveys......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 102
Part 2 The impact of social capital on development......Page 107
3 Mapping and measuring social capital through assessment of collective action to conserve and develop watersheds…......Page 109
Giving substance to the concept of social capital......Page 110
Watershed development as a focus for assessing the nature and effects of social capital: the Rajasthan case......Page 112
Sample and database......Page 114
Constructing the first dependent variable: the Common Land Development Index......Page 115
Testing alternative hypotheses for variations in watershed performance......Page 117
Relative need of powerholders......Page 118
Government staff support......Page 119
Modernization......Page 120
Heterogeneity and stratification......Page 121
Literacy......Page 122
Combining independent variables......Page 123
Developing a broader measure of collective action for development......Page 124
Measuring social capital in Rajasthan......Page 127
Testing the association between social capital and development outcomes......Page 132
Divisions and factions......Page 133
Political competition......Page 134
Identifying factors that affect the formation of social capital......Page 139
Wealth and status......Page 140
Decisionmaking processes......Page 141
History......Page 142
Conclusion......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 147
4 Social capital and the firm: evidence from agricultural traders in Madagascar......Page 149
Survey methodology and the structure of agricultural trade in Madagascar......Page 150
Imperfect markets and social capital......Page 153
Poor market institutions......Page 154
High search costs......Page 157
Imperfect and asymmetric information......Page 159
Determinants of and returns to social capital......Page 164
Accumulation of social capital......Page 167
Returns to social capital......Page 168
Social capital and modes of transaction......Page 174
Conclusion......Page 175
REFERENCES......Page 176
5 How do participation and social capital affect community-based water projects? Evidence from Central Java, Indonesia......Page 179
The planned design of water services......Page 183
The actual design of water services......Page 184
Design outcomes......Page 185
Effect of participation on design outcomes......Page 186
Actual construction and operation and maintenance of water services......Page 191
Construction and operation and maintenance outcomes......Page 193
Effect of household contributions and community monitoring on outcomes......Page 194
Effect of design, construction, and operation and maintenance outcomes on impact......Page 198
Effect of social capital on outcomes and impacts......Page 199
Indicators of social capital......Page 200
Evidence from survey data......Page 202
Supporting evidence from village case studies......Page 203
Interpreting the quantitative and qualitative results on social capital and performance......Page 206
Conclusion......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 210
6 Does social capital increase participation in voluntary solid waste management? Evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh......Page 212
Social capital......Page 213
Modeling the development of voluntary solid waste management systems......Page 215
Estimation strategy......Page 218
The survey and some background......Page 219
The data and variable selection......Page 220
Social capital......Page 224
Conclusion......Page 228
REFERENCES......Page 232
Part 3 The creation and transformation of social capital......Page 235
7 The impact of development assistance on social capital: evidence from Kenya......Page 237
School governance in Kenya......Page 239
The education projects......Page 240
Educational outcomes......Page 241
Parental participation in school activities......Page 243
Teacher effort......Page 245
Women’s groups in Kenya......Page 247
The women’s group project......Page 248
Preprogram comparison......Page 249
Agriculture project outcomes......Page 250
Labor input and participation rates......Page 252
Community interaction......Page 254
Group composition......Page 255
REFERENCES......Page 256
The importance of organizations of the poor......Page 258
Defining second-order organizations......Page 260
Social difference, social capital, and organizations of the poor in the Andes......Page 261
Challenges of internal bonding......Page 262
Challenges of external bridging......Page 265
Dimensions of social capital within federations......Page 266
Peasant federations and local development in Guamote......Page 268
Jatun Ayllu......Page 270
Impact of federations in Guamote......Page 271
Measuring structural social capital in peasant federations......Page 273
The capacities and limits of federations......Page 278
Case studies from Peru......Page 279
Case studies from Ecuador......Page 283
Case studies from Bolivia......Page 286
Lack of ownership......Page 289
Exclusion......Page 290
Tensions between political and economic organizations......Page 291
Inducing effective social capital: the role of external actors in building effective federations......Page 292
External actors and federation accountability......Page 293
Preconceptions about organizational models......Page 295
Social capital, empowerment, and second-order organizations......Page 296
Implications for practice: inducing and reinforcing social capital through intervention......Page 298
REFERENCES......Page 301
9 Social capital and social cohesion: case studies from Cambodia and Rwanda......Page 303
Conceptual framework......Page 304
Social capital, social cohesion, and violent conflict......Page 306
Methodology......Page 309
State-sponsored warfare and citizen victims......Page 312
The social outcomes of ideological and regional war......Page 314
Rwanda: hate, fear, and the decay of social relations......Page 316
Methodology......Page 317
Anatomy of genocide......Page 319
The perversion of social capital......Page 321
Social capital in the aftermath of violence......Page 323
Policies and programs for strengthening social capital and social cohesion......Page 325
Cambodia: nurturing associations for economic growth and development......Page 326
Rwanda: rebuilding family, community, and state interrelations......Page 328
Designs for sustainable peace and development......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 331
Ethnicity and modernization......Page 334
Rural origins: the family and contracts between generations......Page 336
The family, modernization, and investment......Page 337
Political power and social reciprocity......Page 340
Land rights......Page 341
Cultural rites......Page 342
Social correlates of leadership......Page 343
Strategies of leaders......Page 346
The movement toward protest......Page 347
Do ethnic tensions lead to political violence?......Page 349
Policy implications......Page 353
REFERENCES......Page 362
Conclusion: measuring impact and drawing policy implications......Page 365
Measuring social capital and its impacts......Page 368
Policy implications: can one invest in social capital?......Page 371
REFERENCES......Page 373
Index......Page 375