The rights of refugees under international law

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 15
International Court of Justice......Page 19
UN Human Rights Committee......Page 20
European Court of Human Rights......Page 25
Australia......Page 26
Canada......Page 28
India......Page 29
South Africa......Page 30
United Kingdom......Page 31
United States......Page 33
Table of Treaties and other International Instruments......Page 35
Abbreviations for courts and tribunals cited......Page 52
Introduction......Page 55
1 International law as a source of refugee rights......Page 69
1.1 A modern positivist understanding of the sources of universal rights......Page 70
1.1.1 Customary law......Page 78
1.1.2 General principles of law......Page 80
1.1.3 Jus cogens standards......Page 82
1.2 The present scope of universal human rights law......Page 85
1.2.1 Human rights under customary international law......Page 88
1.2.2 Human rights derived from general principles of law......Page 93
1.2.3 Human rights set by the United Nations Charter......Page 95
1.3 An interactive approach to treaty interpretation......Page 102
1.3.1 The perils of "ordinary meaning"......Page 103
1.3.2 Context......Page 107
1.3.3 Object and purpose, conceived as effectiveness......Page 109
1.3.4 But what about state practice?......Page 122
2.1 International aliens law......Page 129
2.2 International protection of minorities......Page 135
2.3 League of Nations codifications of refugee rights......Page 137
2.4 The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees......Page 145
2.4.1 Substantive rights......Page 147
2.4.2 Reservations......Page 149
2.4.3 Temporal and geographical restrictions......Page 150
2.4.4 Duties of refugees......Page 152
2.4.5 Non-impairment of other rights......Page 162
2.5.1 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees......Page 164
2.5.2 Conclusions and guidelines on international protection......Page 166
2.5.3 Regional refugee rights regimes......Page 172
2.5.4 International human rights law......Page 173
2.5.5 Duty of equal protection of non-citizens......Page 177
2.5.6 International aliens law......Page 201
3 The structure of entitlement under the Refugee Convention......Page 208
3.1 Attachment to the asylum state......Page 210
3.1.1 Subject to a state's jurisdiction......Page 214
3.1.2 Physical presence......Page 225
3.1.3 Lawful presence......Page 227
3.1 4 Lawful stay......Page 240
3.1.5 Durable residence......Page 244
3.2 The general standard of treatment......Page 246
3.2.1 Assimilation to aliens......Page 250
3.2.2 Exemption from reciprocity......Page 254
3.2.3 Exemption from insurmountable requirements......Page 259
3.2.4 Rights governed by personal status......Page 263
3.3 Exceptional standards of treatment......Page 282
3.3.1 Most-favored-national treatment......Page 284
3.3.2 National treatment......Page 288
3.3.3 Absolute rights......Page 291
3.4 Prohibition of discrimination between and among refugees......Page 292
3.5 Restrictions on refugee rights......Page 314
3.5.1 Suspension of rights for reasons of national security......Page 315
3.5.2 Exemption from exceptional measures......Page 324
4 Rights of refugees physically present......Page 332
4.1 Right to enter and remain in an asylum state (non-refoulement)......Page 333
4.1.1 Beneficiaries of protection......Page 356
4.1.2 Nature of the duty of non-refoulement......Page 361
4.1.3 Extraterritorial refoulement......Page 389
4.1.4 Individuated exceptions......Page 396
4.1.5 Qualified duty in the case of mass influx......Page 409
4.1.6 An expanded concept of non-refoulement?......Page 417
4.2 Freedom from arbitrary detention and penalization for illegal entry......Page 424
4.2.1 Beneficiaries of protection......Page 442
4.2.2 Non-penalization......Page 459
4.2.3 Expulsion......Page 466
4.2.4 Provisional detention and other restrictions on freedom of movement......Page 467
4.3 Physical security......Page 493
4.3.1 Right to life......Page 504
4.3.2 Freedom from torture, cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment......Page 507
4.3.3 Security of person......Page 511
4.4 Necessities of life......Page 514
4.4.1 Freedom from deprivation......Page 515
4.4.2 Access to food and shelter......Page 525
4.4.3 Access to healthcare......Page 561
4.5 Property rights......Page 568
4.5.1 Movable and immovable property rights......Page 571
4.5.2 Tax equity......Page 581
4.6 Family unity......Page 587
4.7 Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion......Page 614
4.8 Education......Page 638
4.9 Documentation of identity and status......Page 668
4.10 Judicial and administrative assistance......Page 680
5 Rights of refugees lawfully present......Page 711
5.1 Protection from expulsion......Page 713
5.2 Freedom of residence and internal movement......Page 749
5.3 Self-employment......Page 773
6.1 Right to work......Page 784
6.1.1 Wage-earning employment......Page 793
6.1.2 Fair working conditions......Page 817
6.1.3 Social security......Page 826
6.2 Professional practice......Page 840
6.3 Public relief and assistance......Page 854
6.4 Housing......Page 867
6.5 Intellectual property rights......Page 883
6.6 International travel......Page 894
6.7 Freedom of expression and association......Page 928
6.8 Assistance to access the courts......Page 959
7 Rights of solution......Page 967
7.1 Repatriation......Page 971
7.2 Voluntary reestablishment......Page 1007
7.3 Resettlement......Page 1017
7.4 Naturalization......Page 1031
Challenges to the viability of refugee rights......Page 1045
The challenge of enforceability......Page 1046
The challenge of political will......Page 1052
Article 1 Definition of the term "refugee"......Page 1057
Article 2 General obligations......Page 1059
Article 7 Exemption from reciprocity......Page 1060
Article 11 Refugee seamen......Page 1061
Article 16 Access to courts......Page 1062
Article 18 Self-employment......Page 1063
Article 23 Public relief......Page 1064
Article 25 Administrative assistance......Page 1065
Article 28 Travel documents......Page 1066
Article 32 Expulsion......Page 1067
Article 35 Co-operation of the national authorities with the United Nations......Page 1068
Article 40 Territorial application clause......Page 1069
Article 42 Reservations......Page 1070
Article 46 Notifications by the Secretary-General of the United Nations......Page 1071
Article II Co-operation of the national authorities with the United Nations......Page 1073
Article VI Federal clause......Page 1074
Article VII Reservations and declarations......Page 1075
Article XI Deposit in the archives of the Secretariat of the United Nations......Page 1076
Preamble......Page 1077
Article 7......Page 1078
Article 14......Page 1079
Article 20......Page 1080
Article 25......Page 1081
Article 29......Page 1082
Article 30......Page 1083
Article 1......Page 1084
Article 4......Page 1085
Article 6......Page 1086
Article 9......Page 1087
Article 12......Page 1088
Article 14......Page 1089
Article 16......Page 1090
Article 20......Page 1091
Article 24......Page 1092
Article 28......Page 1093
Article 31......Page 1094
Article 35......Page 1095
Article 40......Page 1096
Article 41......Page 1097
Article 42......Page 1099
Article 45......Page 1100
Article 49......Page 1101
Article 53......Page 1102
Article 1......Page 1104
Article 5......Page 1105
Article 8......Page 1106
Article 10......Page 1107
Article 12......Page 1108
Article 14......Page 1109
Article 16......Page 1110
Article 21......Page 1111
Article 26......Page 1112
Article 29......Page 1113
Article 31......Page 1114
Books......Page 1115
Articles and chapters......Page 1118
Reports for the International Academy of Comparative Law......Page 1124
UNHCR documents......Page 1125
Index......Page 1127