The Reproduction of Colour - 6th Edition (The Wiley-IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology)

The Reproduction of Colour......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Series Preface......Page 20
Preface to the Sixth Edition......Page 22
PART ONE FUNDAMENTALS......Page 25
1.2 The spectrum......Page 27
1.3 The micro-dispersion method of colour photography......Page 29
1.4 The Lippmann method......Page 30
1.7 A simplified approach......Page 31
2.2 Maxwell’s method......Page 33
2.3 The physiology of human colour vision......Page 34
2.4 Spectral sensitivity curves of the retina......Page 35
2.5 Unwanted stimulations......Page 37
3.2 The successive frame method......Page 42
3.3 The mosaic method......Page 43
3.4 The lenticular method......Page 45
3.6 The diffraction method......Page 47
3.7 Errors in additive methods......Page 48
4.1 Introduction......Page 49
4.2 The subtractive principle......Page 50
4.3 Defects of the subtractive principle......Page 51
5.1 Introduction......Page 55
5.2 The basis of judgement......Page 56
5.3 Variations of hue......Page 57
5.5 Variations of colourfulness......Page 58
5.6 Priorities......Page 60
5.7 Factors affecting apparent colour balance......Page 65
5.8 Integrating to grey......Page 68
5.9 The perception of depth......Page 69
6.3 Characteristic curves......Page 71
6.4 Different luminance levels......Page 72
6.5 Different surround conditions......Page 79
6.7 Comparisons of transparencies and reflection prints......Page 83
6.9 Exposure latitude......Page 84
6.10 Tone reproduction in duplicating......Page 85
6.13 Conclusions......Page 89
7.2 Colour terminology......Page 92
7.3 Trichromatic matching......Page 94
7.4 Colour-matching functions......Page 98
7.5 The colour triangle......Page 102
7.6 The centre of gravity law......Page 103
7.7 Other colour triangles......Page 105
7.8 Additive colour reproduction......Page 107
7.9 The Ives-Abney-Yule compromise......Page 109
7.11 Two-colour reproductions......Page 112
8.2 Standard illuminants......Page 116
8.3 The Standard Observers......Page 118
8.4 Colour transformations......Page 120
8.5 Properties of the XYZ system......Page 125
8.6 Uniform chromaticity diagrams......Page 128
8.7 Nomograms......Page 131
8.8 Uniform colour spaces......Page 133
8.10 Haploscopic matching......Page 140
8.11 Subjective colour scaling......Page 142
8.13 Whiteness......Page 147
9.2 Subtractive chromaticity gamuts......Page 150
9.3 Subtractive gamuts in the colour solid......Page 152
9.4 Spectral sensitivities for block dyes......Page 156
9.5 Spectral sensitivities for real dyes......Page 158
9.7 Umberger’s analysis......Page 159
9.8 Two-colour subtractive systems......Page 161
9.9 Subtractive quality......Page 162
10.2 Tungsten lamps......Page 163
10.3 Spectral-power converting filters......Page 166
10.4 Daylight......Page 170
10.5 Fluorescent lamps......Page 174
10.6 Sodium, mercury, and metal-halide lamps......Page 175
10.7 Xenon arcs......Page 176
10.8 Carbon arcs......Page 178
10.11 Correlated colour temperatures of commonly used light sources......Page 179
10.12 Colour rendering of light sources......Page 180
10.13 Visual clarity......Page 183
10.14 Polarization......Page 184
10.15 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)......Page 185
11.2 Comparative methods......Page 187
11.4 Spectral colour reproduction......Page 188
11.5 Colorimetric colour reproduction......Page 190
11.6 Exact colour reproduction......Page 191
11.7 Equivalent colour reproduction......Page 192
11.8 Colorimetric colour reproduction as a practical criterion......Page 195
11.9 Corresponding colour reproduction......Page 196
11.10 Preferred colour reproduction......Page 198
11.11 Degree of metamerism......Page 201
11.12 Conclusions......Page 202
PART TWO COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY......Page 205
12.2 Relief images......Page 207
12.3 Colour development......Page 209
12.4 Integral tripacks......Page 210
12.5 Processing with the couplers incorporated in the film......Page 211
12.6 Reversal processing......Page 213
12.7 Processing with the couplers in developers......Page 214
12.8 The philosophy of colour negatives......Page 215
12.9 Subtractive methods for amateur use in still photography......Page 216
12.10 Subtractive methods for professional use in still photography......Page 217
12.11 Subtractive methods for motion-picture use......Page 218
12.12 Motion-picture frame rates......Page 221
13.2 Direct reflection-print systems......Page 223
13.5 Internegative systems......Page 224
13.9 Inter-reflections in the image layer......Page 225
13.10 Luminance ranges......Page 228
13.11 Luminance levels......Page 231
13.12 Geometry of illumination and viewing......Page 234
14.1 Introduction......Page 236
14.3 Sensitometric wedges......Page 237
14.5 Exposure time......Page 238
14.6 Light sources for sensitometry......Page 239
14.10 Controlled processing......Page 240
14.12 Logarithmic scales......Page 242
14.13 Densitometers......Page 243
14.14 Specular and diffuse transmission densities......Page 245
14.15 Printing densities......Page 246
14.16 Integral densities......Page 251
14.17 Some effects of curve shape......Page 255
14.18 Colorimetric densities......Page 257
14.20 Analytical densities......Page 259
14.22 Analytical reflection densities......Page 261
14.23 Exposure densities......Page 262
14.24 Scales of equal visual increments......Page 263
14.26 Stability of dye images......Page 264
14.27 Photographic speed......Page 265
15.2 Contrast masking......Page 268
15.4 Coloured couplers......Page 271
15.5 Inter-image effects......Page 275
15.6 Masking when making separations......Page 277
15.7 Masking for colorimetric colour reproduction......Page 279
15.8 Masking for approximate colour reproduction......Page 282
15.9 Calculation of mask gammas......Page 284
16.2 Printing studio negatives......Page 286
16.4 Printing amateurs’ negatives......Page 287
16.6 Early printers......Page 288
16.7 Integrating to grey......Page 289
16.8 The 1599 printer......Page 290
16.10 Subtractive printers......Page 292
16.13 Factors affecting slope control......Page 294
16.15 Electronic printing......Page 298
17.1 Colour development......Page 301
17.2 Developing agents......Page 303
17.3 Couplers......Page 305
17.4 Coloured couplers......Page 310
17.5 The dye-coupling reaction......Page 311
17.7 Colour developing solutions......Page 312
17.9 Processing sequences......Page 314
17.10 Dye-bleach and dye-removal systems......Page 316
17.11 Development-inhibitor-releasing (DIR) couplers......Page 322
18.2 Magnifications......Page 324
18.4 Granularity of silver images......Page 329
18.5 Noise power spectra......Page 331
18.7 Granularity of colour images......Page 334
18.8 Reducing granularity of colour systems......Page 340
18.9 Sharpness......Page 341
18.11 Depth of field......Page 344
18.12 Modulation transfer functions......Page 345
18.13 Photographic modulation transfer functions......Page 347
18.14 Acutance......Page 350
18.15 Sharpness of colour images......Page 351
18.16 Increasing sharpness of colour films......Page 353
18.18 Image structure in transfer systems......Page 355
PART THREE COLOUR TELEVISION......Page 357
19.1 Historical introduction......Page 359
19.2 Bandwidth......Page 360
19.3 Interlacing......Page 362
19.5 The field sequential system......Page 363
19.6 Blue saving......Page 364
19.7 Band saving......Page 365
19.8 Colour-difference signals......Page 368
19.9 Band sharing......Page 370
19.10 The effect of band sharing on monochrome receivers......Page 372
19.11 Carrier sharing......Page 373
19.12 The effects of signal processing on colour reproduction......Page 374
19.13 Gamma correction......Page 377
19.14 Noise reduction......Page 378
19.16 High definition television (HDTV)......Page 379
19.17 Signals used in video-compression systems......Page 381
19.18 Videoconferencing......Page 382
20.2 Early camera tubes......Page 384
20.3 Tubes suitable for colour......Page 386
20.5 Charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors......Page 389
20.6 Camera arrangements......Page 391
20.8 R-Y-B cameras......Page 392
20.9 Four-sensor cameras......Page 393
20.11 Spectral sensitivities used in cameras......Page 396
20.13 Electronic news gathering (ENG)......Page 398
20.15 Electronic still cameras......Page 399
21.1 Introduction......Page 400
21.2 The trinoscope......Page 402
21.4 The shadow-mask tube......Page 403
21.5 The Trinitron......Page 405
21.7 Light-valve projectors......Page 406
21.8 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)......Page 407
21.10 Beam-penetration tubes......Page 410
21.13 Phosphors for additive receivers......Page 411
21.14 The chromaticity of reproduced white......Page 413
21.16 Reflective displays......Page 415
22.2 N.T.S.C. chromaticities......Page 417
22.3 The luminance signal......Page 418
22.5 The effects of variations in chrominance-signal magnitude......Page 420
22.6 The effect of gamma correction on E(R) - E(Y) and E(B) - E(Y)......Page 424
22.8 The P.A.L. and S.E.C.A.M. systems......Page 425
22.10 Blue saving in the N.T.S.C. system......Page 428
22.11 Gamma correction in the N.T.S.C. system......Page 435
22.13 Cross-talk between E(I) and E(Q)......Page 437
22.15 Comparison of the N.T.S.C., P.A.L., and S.E.C.A.M. systems......Page 440
22.16 Some useful graphical constructions......Page 441
22.17 Some useful equations......Page 447
23.2 Filming and televising techniques......Page 451
23.4 Choice of film......Page 453
23.5 Deriving television signals from colour film......Page 454
23.8 Telecines giving 60 fields per second......Page 455
23.9 Flying-spot scanners......Page 456
23.10 Telecines using solid-state sensors......Page 457
23.11 Telerecording......Page 458
23.12 Electronic adjustment of signals derived from colour film......Page 459
23.13 Electronic masking......Page 460
23.14 Overall transfer characteristics......Page 463
23.15 Reviewing colour films for television......Page 465
24.2 Magnetic tape......Page 467
24.3 Magnetic tape with helical scanning......Page 469
24.4 Recording on discs......Page 471
24.7 Discs using lasers......Page 472
24.8 Photo CD......Page 474
24.9 The duplication of programmes on video cassettes and discs......Page 478
25.2 Coloured captions......Page 479
25.4 Teletext......Page 481
25.6 Video graphics......Page 486
25.7 Computer assisted cartoons......Page 492
25.9 Colour ranges......Page 493
25.10 Colorization and restoration of films......Page 496
PART FOUR COLOUR PRINTING......Page 497
26.2 Letterpress......Page 499
26.4 Gravure (Intaglio)......Page 505
26.6 Superimposed dot images......Page 506
26.7 Colorimetric colour reproduction with dot images......Page 507
26.9 Contact screens......Page 509
26.11 Colour photocopying......Page 514
27.1 Introduction......Page 516
27.3 Duplicating transparencies......Page 517
27.6 Working from colour negatives......Page 518
27.8 A practical system of transparency duplication......Page 519
27.9 Comparing transparencies......Page 522
27.10 Comparing reflection prints and transparencies......Page 523
27.11 Prepress colour proofing......Page 525
28.2 A two-mask system......Page 528
28.4 Masking procedures......Page 530
28.5 Special colour films for masking......Page 531
28.7 Two-stage masking......Page 532
28.10 Choice of filters for making masks and separations......Page 534
28.11 Patches for controlling masking procedures......Page 535
28.12 Inks used in practice......Page 536
28.13 The subtractive colour triangle......Page 538
28.14 Standard inks......Page 540
28.16 The use of extra coloured inks......Page 541
29.2 The Hardy and Wurzburg scanners......Page 543
29.3 The P.D.I. scanner......Page 545
29.5 Other flat-bed mechanical scanners......Page 547
29.7 Scanners with variable magnification......Page 550
29.9 Electronic retouching......Page 551
29.13 Differential masking in scanners......Page 553
29.16 Typical scanner signal sequences......Page 556
29.18 Spectral sensitivities of scanners......Page 557
29.19 Calibration targets......Page 560
29.20 Scanners for desktop publishing......Page 564
PART FIVE DIGITAL IMAGING......Page 567
30.1 Introduction......Page 569
30.3 Spatial digitisation......Page 570
30.6 Using non-linear scales for tonal digitisation......Page 571
30.7 Allowing for the limited reproduction gamut......Page 572
30.8 Using luminance and chrominance signals to achieve bit reduction......Page 575
30.9 Allowing for the modulation transfer function of the eye......Page 576
30.11 Digital cinema......Page 577
30.12 Conclusions......Page 578
31.2 Filter arrays......Page 579
31.4 Spectral sensitivities......Page 580
31.6 Number of pixels......Page 581
31.7 Electronic camera flow chart......Page 582
31.8 Digital still camera signal processing......Page 583
31.9 White balance in electronic cameras......Page 585
31.10 A proposed standard default colour space, sRGB......Page 586
32.2 Scanning Methods......Page 588
32.6 Colorimetry......Page 589
32.7 Scanner targets......Page 590
32.9 Tonal resolution......Page 591
33.2 Number of tone levels required......Page 593
33.3 Dot gain......Page 594
33.4 Comparison of visual, continuous tone, half-tone, and micro-dot resolutions......Page 596
33.6 Desktop printing methods......Page 597
33.8 Laser electrophotography......Page 598
33.9 Thermal dye transfer......Page 599
33.10 Thermal wax transfer......Page 600
33.11 Ink jet......Page 602
33.13 Colour management systems......Page 603
33.15 Viewing conditions......Page 604
33.16 Gamut mapping......Page 605
33.17 Device stability......Page 606
33.19 Glossary of terms used in desktop printing......Page 607
PART SIX EVALUATING COLOUR APPEARANCE......Page 611
34.3 Adaptive colour shift......Page 613
34.4 Chromatic adaptation transforms......Page 614
34.5 The 1997 chromatic adaptation transform (CAT97)......Page 615
34.6 The 1997 colour inconstancy index (CON97)......Page 616
34.7 Reversing the 1997 chromatic adaptation transform (CAT97)......Page 618
35.2 Visual areas in the observing field......Page 620
35.3 Chromatic adaptation......Page 621
35.4 Spectral sensitivities of the cones......Page 622
35.5 Cone response functions......Page 623
35.6 Luminance adaptation......Page 624
35.7 Criteria for achromacy and for constant hue......Page 625
35.8 Effects of luminance adaptation......Page 626
35.9 Criteria for unique hues......Page 629
35.12 Correlate of saturation, s......Page 630
35.13 Correlates of hue, H and H(C)......Page 632
35.15 The achromatic response, A......Page 633
35.16 Correlate of lightness, J......Page 634
35.17 Correlate of brightness, Q......Page 635
35.19 Testing model CIECAM97s......Page 636
35.21 Effect of screen luminance on quality of projected pictures......Page 640
35.22 Steps for using the CIECAM97s model......Page 641
35.23 Steps for using the CIECAM97s model in reverse mode......Page 643
35.24 Worked example for the model CIECAM97s......Page 646
35.25 Using reversed colour models......Page 649
36.1 Introduction......Page 651
36.2 Steps for using the 1997 comprehensive colour appearance model, CAM97c......Page 652
36.4 Unrelated colours, model CAM97u......Page 653
36.5 Steps involved in using the model CAM97u for unrelated colours......Page 656
37.2 Steps in using a colour reproduction index......Page 661
37.3 Using the colour reproduction index in practice......Page 664
APPENDICES......Page 667
A1.1 General principles......Page 669
A1.2 Application to colorimetry......Page 671
A2.1 Calculating colorimetric measures......Page 674
A2.2 Formulae and tables......Page 679
A3.1 Relations between units of luminance......Page 687
A3.4 Typical levels of luminance and illumination......Page 688
A3.5 Typical levels of illumination from projectors......Page 689
A4.1 Film speeds......Page 690
A4.2 Film dimensions......Page 691
A4.3 Motion picture parameters......Page 692
A4.5 Flash guide numbers......Page 693
A5.3 CMC (l:c) colour difference formula......Page 694
A5.4 CIEDE2000 colour difference formula......Page 695
A6.2 Forward model......Page 696
A6.3 Reverse model......Page 699
A6.4 Worked example......Page 701
Appendix 7 Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions......Page 702
Index......Page 705