The Religion of Java

Introduction
Part One: The "Abangan" Variant
  1. The Slametan Communal Feast as a Core Ritual
    The Slametan Pattern
    The Meaning of the Slametan
  2. Spirit Beliefs
    Memedis: Frightening Spirits
    Lelembuts: Possessing Spirits
    Tujuls: Familiar Spirits
    Demits: Place Spirits
    Danjangs: Guardian Spirits
    The Meaning of Spirit Beliefs
  3. The Slametan Cycles
    Petungan: The Javanese Numerological System
    Costs of Slametans
  4. The Slametan Cycles: Birth
    Tingkeban
    Babaran
    Pasaran
    Pitonan
  5. The Slametan Cycles: Circumcision and Marriage
    Circumcision: Sunatan
    Marriage: Kepanggihan
    Social and Economic Aspects of Circumcision and Wedding Ceremonies
  6. The Slametan Cycles: Death
    Funerals: Lajatan
    Beliefs and Attitudes concerning Death
  7. The Slametan Cycles: Calendrical, Village, and Intermittent Slametans
    Calendrical Slametans
    The Village Slametan: Bersih Désa
    Intermittent Slametans
  8. Curing, Sorcery, and Magic
    The Dukun: Curer, Sorcerer, and Ceremonial Specialist
    Curing Techniques
    Theory of Disease and Curing
    The Possessed Curer: Dukun Tiban
    Secondary Curing Methods: Magic, Drugs, and Western Medicine
    Sorcery
  9. Permai: A Modern Abangan Cult
Part Two: The "Santri" Variant
 10. Santri versus Abangan
   Islam: A General Introduction
   The Development of Islam in Indonesia
   Santri versus Abangan: General Differences
 11. The Development of Islam in Modjokuto
   The Rise of Modernism: 1910-194
   The Japanese Period: 1942-194
   The Republican Period: 1945 to Present
 12. Conservative versus Modern: The Ideological Background
   Fate versus Self-Determination
   Totalistic versus Narrowed Religion
   Syncretic versus Puristic Islam
   Religious Experience versus Religious Behavior
   Custom and Scholasticism versus Pragmatism and Rationalism
   Conservative and Modern Islam and the Traditional Javanese Religious Outlook
 13. Patterns of Internal Organization of the Santri Community
   Political-Religious Leadership
   Political-Religious Activity
   Political-Religious Organization
   Conservative versus Modern: A Balanced Opposition
 14. The Santri Educational System
   Pondok: The Traditional Pattern
   Langgar and Mosque: The Local Santri Community
   Tarékat: Traditional Islamic Mysticism
   Pondok to Sekolah: The Santri Educational System in Modjokuto
   The Pondok Pattern in Modjokuto
   Madrasah: The Conservative School in Modjokuto
   The Modern Religious School in Modjokuto
   Religion in the Public Schools in Modjokuto
 15. The Administration of the Moslem Law: Islam and the State in Modjokuto
   The General Organization of the Ministry of Religion
   The Local Organization of the Ministry of Religion
   Marriage and Divorce
   Religious Foundations and the Pilgrimage
   Religious Foundations and the Pilgrimage
   Religious Propaganda and Village Religious Officials
   The Ministry of Religion and the Santri Political Parties
   The Islamic State: The Santri Approach to the Problem of Church and State
 16. The Santri Ritual Pattern
   The Prayers
   The Friday Service
   The Fast
Part Three: The "Prijaji" Variant
 17. The Background and General Dimensions of Prijaji Belief and Etiquette
   The Development of a "Great Tradition"
   Gentry and Peasantry in Java
   Basic Concepts in the Prijaji World-View
   Prijaji versus Abangan: General Differences
   Literati versus Intelligentsia
   The General Dimensions of Prijaji Belief
   The Role of Etiquette
   Linguistic Etiquette
 18. The Role of Classical Art
   Wajang: The Shadow Play
   Wajang Stories
   Prijaji versus Abangan Views of the Wajang
   Prijaji Interpretations of the Wajang
   The Gamelan: Javanese Music
   The Tembang: Javanese Poetry
   The Djoged: Javanese Dance
   Batik: Javanese Textile Dyeing
   Classical Javanese Art: Summary
 19. The Role of Popular Art
   Popular Drama: Wajang Wong, Ketoprak, and Ludrug
   Street Dancers: Kledek, Djaranan, and Djanggrung
   The Tajuban: A Javanese Party
   Folktales
   Contemporary Art
   Orchestras and Popular Singers
   Contemporary Literature, Drama, and Motion Pictures
   Contemporary Art and the Emerging "Youth Culture"
 20. Mysticism
   The Theory of Mysticism
   The Inner Connection between Happiness and Unhappiness
   The Fundamental Religious Equation
   The Search for Ultimate Enlightenment and "This-Worldly"Mysticism
   Mystical Discipline
   Metaphysical Psychology
   The Teacher (Guru) -Student (Murid) Pattern
   The Underlying Identity of Individuals and the Organic Theory of Social Organization
   Religious Relativism
 21. The Mystical Sects
   Budi Setia
   Sumarah
   Kawruh Bedja
   Ilmu Sedjati
   Kawruh Kasunjatan
   The Social Implications of the Mystical Sects
Part Four: Conclusion: Conflict and Integration
 22. Conflict and Integration
   Religion and Society in Modjokuto
   Religion and Social Conflict
   Ideological Conflicts
   Class Conflicts
   Political Conflicts
   Psychological Factors
   Religion and Social Integration
   Traditionalism and the Inherited Common Culture
   Nationalism and the Projection of a New Common Culture
   Mixed Types and Marginal Groups: Social Structural Factors
   Tolerance and Pluralistic Social Integration
   The Holidays--Ceremonies of Social Integration and Conflict
   National Holidays
   Rijaja: The End of the Fast Holiday
Appendix: A Note on Methods of Work
Subject and Author Index
Index of Javanese and Indonesian Terms
Maps