The Racial Crisis in American Higher Education, Third Edition

Contents
List of Illustrations
Foreword
Introduction
	References
Part 1. Contextualizing the Crisis
	1 Institutionalized White Racism: The Impact on US Higher Education
		Institutionalized White Racism Overview
		Power
		White Privilege
			Institutionalized White Racism: Contemporary Responses
			US Higher Education Today
			Schooling Versus Education: A Dilemma
			Curriculum Reform, Broadly Defined: An Opportunity
		Summary
		Notes
		References
	2 Who Gets “Left Out”: Pacific Islanders, Data Aggregation, and Native Erasure
		Who Are Pacific Islanders?
		History of the Asian Pacific Islander Category
		Pacific Islanders as Indigenous People / What Does Indigeneity Have to Do with It?
		The Need for Race in Left Out
		The Startling Statistics
		Disaggregated Data
		Conclusion
		References
	3 Black Male Genocide: Systemic Racism and Implications for Black Male Presence and Success in Higher Education
		Infancy
			Infant Mortality
			Racial Battle Fatigue
		The School-to-Prison Pipeline
			Zero Tolerance and Suspensions
			Arrests
			Incarceration
			Pull-Out
			Violent Deaths and Murders
		Higher Education
			Enrollment
			Black Male Attrition and Disparities in Degree Attainment in Higher Education
			Arrest and Death of College-Aged Black Males
			Achievement
			Postgraduation Employment and Income
		Economic Exclusion
			Professional Occupations and Higher Education
		Health and Life Expectancy
			Negative Health Outcomes
			Racialized Stress
		Conclusion
		References
Part 2. Considering History
	4 Presidential Responses to Campus Racism: A Historical Perspective
		References
	5 Race-Conscious Affirmative Action in US Higher Education in an Era of Pronounced White Racial Backlash
		Race-Conscious Admissions Practices in the New Millennium
		White Backlash: Universities under Threat
		Student Activism and Race-Conscious Admissions
		Implications of Current Court Cases and Judicial Updates
		Color-Blind Policy Framework Challenges and Myths
			Race-Neutral Alternatives
			The Mismatch Hypothesis
			Myth of Meritocracy
			Post-Racial Myths
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
Part 3. The Day-to-Day Realities
	6 The Psychosocial Antecedents of Racial Battle Fatigue
		Defining Racism and Subordinate-Racialized Groups
		We Charge Genocide: Identifying (Racist) Racial Misandry and Racial Misogyny
		Racial Battle Fatigue in Society and Schools
		Operationalizing Racial Battle Fatigue as a Theoretical Framework
		Applying Trauma-Informed Care to Racial Battle Fatigue
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
	7 Outsiders Within: Black Faculty in US Higher Education
		Theoretical Framework
			Critical Race Theory
			Black Critical Theory and Anti-Blackness
		Review of Literature
		Obstacles Encountered by Black Faculty
			Retention and Campus Racial Climate and Cultures
			Promotion and Tenure
			The Black Tax—Teaching, Mentoring, and Service
			Race and Gender: Misogynoir in the Professoriate
		Methodology
		Findings
			Locating Black faculty in the Academy
			Few and Far Between: Underrepresentation of Black Faculty with Tenure
			The Road Less Traveled: Black Faculty on the Tenure Track
			Black Faculty Not on the Tenure Track
			Teaching at the Intersection: Race and Gender Demographics of Black Faculty
		Summary, Discussion, and Conclusion
			Seeing through the Smog of Anti-Blackness
			Benefits of Diversity at the Expense of Black Faculty
			Reimagining an Academy with Black Faculty Included
			Recommendations
			Black Life Making in the Academy
			#BlackFacultyMatter
		References
	8 African American Faculty and Administrators in Higher Education: From Recruitment to Retention
		The Data
		Theoretical Framework
		Geography of African Americans in Higher Education
			Geographical Mobility among Faculty
			What Contributes to African American Faculty Mobility?
			Geographical Mobility among Administrators
			What Contributes to African American Administrator Lack of Mobility?
		Patterns of Employment across Institutional Characteristics
			Growing Faculty Participation in the Private Sector and Two-Year Institutions
			Growing Administrator Participation at Research Institutions and Two-Year Institutions
		Changing Representation of Higher Education Leaders in the Academy
			African American Faculty
			African American Administrators
		Recurring Challenges from Recruitment to Retention
		Conclusion
		Recommendations
		References
	9 Asian American Faculty Discrimination: Why Does It Matter?
		Faculty of Color Matter
		Campus Climate Matters
		Needs, Challenges, and Contributions
		Implications for the Inclusion of Asian American Faculty
		Conclusion
		References
Part 4. Leadership Does Matter
	10 HBCU Activism: The Evolving Role of HBCUs in Resolving Racial Tensions and Advancing Racial Conciliation in Higher Education
		HBCUs during Reconstruction and Post-Reconstruction (1862–1900)
		HBCUs during the New Negro Movement (1900s–1940s)
		HBCUs during the Civil Rights Movement (1940s–1960s)
		HBCUs during the Black Power Movement (1960s–1970s)
		HBCUs during the Afrocentric Movement (1980s–2000s)
		The Black Lives Matter Movement (2010s–Present)
		Summary and Conclusions
		References
	11 Exploring the Latinx-Servingness of Faculty at Hispanic-Serving Institutions
		Contexts and Structures of Servingness at Southeastern University and Western University
		Faculty Acts of Servingness
			Navigating College
			Navigating STEM
		Conclusion
		References
	12 Black Women Faculty Engendering Brave (Online) Spaces for Black/Students of Color and Themselves
		Birth of My Calling: Why We Came and Why We Stay
		Labor Practices
			We Don’t Teach in a Vacuum
			Harmonize Our Voices
			Exhaustion
			“But Some of us are brave”: Synthesis
			Design Effectively
			Set Boundaries
			Re/Imagine Space
		Note
		References
	13 Diversity Leadership at the University of Michigan: From Desegregation to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
		Historical Shifts in Societal Diversity Policies
		From Desegregation to Affirmative Action: Sociopolitical and Campus Diversity Challenges
			Black Student Activism and Affirmative Action
			Anti–Affirmative Action Backlash: From the Reagan Era to the Michigan Diversity Defense
		Evolution of Strategic Diversity Leadership at Michigan
		Hatcher Era (1951–1967): Legal Segregation to Desegregation Strategies
		Fleming Era (1968–1979): Civil Rights to Black Power and BAM I Activism
		Shapiro Era (1980–1987): Managing Racial Tensions and Developing Strategic Diversity Responses at the University of Michigan
		Duderstadt Era (1988–1996): Michigan Mandate to Legal Opposition
		Bollinger Era (1996–2001): Anti–Affirmative Action Lawsuits to Diversity Legal Strategy
		Coleman Era (2002–2014): Affirmative Action Ban to Institutional Diversity Strategy
		Innovative Diversity Research and Training (2005)
		New National Center for Institutional Diversity (2006)
		Schlissel Era (2014–2022): Institutional Diversity to DEI Strategic Planning Strategy
		Conclusions and Implications
			Bridging DEI Strategic Evaluation and Related Scholarship: Reciprocal Translation
		References
Afterword: Equity, Justice, and The Racial Crisis
	Note
	References
Contributors
	Editors
	Contributors
Index