The Psychology of Poverty Alleviation: Challenges in Developing Countries

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Dedication
Contents
Lis of
Figures
List of
Tables
Acknowledgments
Part I Introduction
	1 The Challenges of Conflict-Sensitive Poverty Alleviation
		The Promise - and Limitations - of Social Psychology
		How People Shape Poverty Alleviation Policies
		What Pro-Poor Policies Require
		Poverty Alleviation Policies and Programs
		Where Does Income Distribution Come In?
		Poverty Alleviation Initiatives and the Implications for Destructive Conflict
			Physical Destruction/Violence
			Policy Conflict
			Economic Withdrawal
		Focusing on Policy Adoption and Defense of Existing Pro-Poor Policies
			Cases
			Preview of the Chapters
	2 Political Economy Considerations
		Introduction
			Economic Growth of the Poor and the Prosperous
			Growth and Distributional Dynamics
		Destructive Conflict and Growth
		The Political Economy of Growth and Stability
			The Damage due to Economic Volatility
			''Hollow'' Growth, ''Hollow'' Democracy, Institutions, and Organizing
			Persistence of ''Winners''?
			Organizing and Mutual Adjustment
		Taxation
		The Trends in the Featured Cases
			Economic Growth Trends
			Poverty Trends
			Income-Distribution Trends
				Intrastate Regional Distribution
			Tax Effort
Part II The Underlying Psychology
	3 Identity, Attributions, Deservingness Judgments, and Hostility
		Introduction
		Some Simple Definitions and Concepts of Identity
			Defining Group Membership
			Defining Membership Meaning
			Emotive vs. Non-emotive Identifications
			Ascriptive vs. Non-ascriptive Identifications
			Continuum of Degrees of Boundedness
			Dimensions of Economic Bases of Identification
			Overlap of Wealth and Other Dimensions of Identification
		Theories of the Formation of Identifications
			Formation of Attitude-Based Identifications
			Plasticity of Identifications
			Ingroup Influences on Individual's Attributions
			Moods, Crises, and Identities
				Identifications and Pro-Poor Predispositions
		Bases of Attributions
			Ethnic Stereotypes
			Consequences of Enhancing Ingroup Esteem
			Attribution Biases
			Attributions of Policy Characteristics and Success
		Judgments of Deservingness
			Criteria for Judging Deservingness
				High Need
				High Want
				Helplessness
				Current Discrimination
				Rights
				Past Discrimination (''Reparations'')
				Righteousness
				Diligence and Blamelessness for Poverty
				Potential for Improvement
				Ingroup Priority
			Deservingness in the Context of Aggressive Poor
			Caveats Concerning Deservingness
				Empathy
Part III Lessons from Pro-Poor Policy Instruments
	4 Conditional Cash Transfers
		Background
		Brazil
			Mexico
			Brazil, Mexico, and Deservingness
	5 Social-Sector Spending Targeting the Poor
		General Background
			Bias in Existing Social-Service Spending
				Education
				Healthcare
				Protection from Employment Disruptions
			Budget and Administrative Dynamics
		Argentina: Populism and Polarization
			Background
			The Transformation of Key Identities
			Urban and Rural Marginality
		Brazil
			Mood Shifts in Brazil
	6 Pro-Poor Subsidies and the Problem of Leakage
		General Background on Subsidies and Leakage
		Reducing Subsidy Leakage
			Subsidized LPG in India
			Subsidized Grains in India
			Colombia's Residency-Based Subsidies
			School Vouchers
			Thai Health Care
	7 Affirmative Action
		General Background
			India's Reservation System
			The ''Creamy Layer'': Relatively Prosperous Indian Jatis As ''Other Backward Classes''
			Exception to Social Identity Theory?
			Ambiguity of Deservingness Criteria
			Reform Efforts
			Still Neglected
		Brazil's Afro-Brazilian Affirmative Action
			Conclusion: Racism Repressed
		Malaysia
			Background
			Consequences
				Economic Trajectory
				Sociopolitical Relations
		Sri Lanka
			Affirmative Action at Its Most Destructive
			Background
			Growing Ethnic Polarization
			Problematic Deservingness
				Need
				Rights
				Reparations
				Superior Rectitude
			Psychology of Mobilization
				Affirmative Action Insights Regarding Social Identity and Self-Categorization
	8 Regional Development Targeting the Poorest Areas
		General Background of the Logic of Pro-Poor Regional Development
		Thailand
			Background
			The Multiple Bases of Resentment in Isaan
				How Isaanese Identity Became So Salient
			Grievance-Based Identity and Attribution of Responsibility for Isaan's Poverty
Part IV Overcoming Obstacles in the Policy Process
	9 How the Wealthy React to Pro-Poor-Labeled Initiatives
		Bases of Resistance to Pro-Poor Initiatives despite Pro-Poor Predispositions
			Doubt Regarding the Sincerity of the Leaders
			Fear of Unacceptable Deprivation due to the Proposed Initiative
			Fear of Unacceptable Deprivation due to Future Policies Enabled by the Current Initiative
			Concern over Inappropriate Recipients
			Preference for Other Pro-Poor Initiatives
			Agent's Commitment to Represent Non-Poor Interests Rather than Preferences
		Strategies to Overcome Resistance to Pro-Poor Initiatives and Reduce Destructive Conflict
			Overcoming Policy Process Malfunctions
				Intelligence Function
				Promotion Function
				Prescription Function
				Invocation Function
				Application Function
				Termination Function
				Appraisal Function
		Appeals Based on Psychodynamic Insights
	10 Lessons and Conclusions
		The Psychology of Instrument Selection
			Subsidizing for the Sake of the Poor
			Affirmative Action Programs
			Cash Transfers
			Social-Sector Spending Targeting the Poor
			Regional Development Targeting the Poorest Areas
		Mapping the Approaches to Conflict-Sensitive Poverty Alleviation
		Recommendations
			Fundamental Recommendations for Growth and Poverty Alleviation
			Recommendations to Promote Altruistic Predispositions
				Gathering and Publicizing Evidence
				Redefining Norms
				Selecting Pro-Poor Programs to Enhance Deservingness Judgments
				Inducing Pro-Poor Engagement
				Engaging the Poor in Responsible Activities
			Recommendations to Reduce Skepticism toward Sound Pro-Poor Policies
				Gathering and Publicizing Evidence
				Pilot Programs
				Hands-Tying
				Linking the Initiative's Success to the Leaders' Success
				Diagnosing and Addressing Decision-Process Malfunctions
			Recommendations to Reduce the Potential for Destructive Conflict
				Gathering and Publicizing Evidence
				Broad Participation in Policymaking
		Final Thoughts
References
Index