The Psychology of Driving on Rural Roads: Development and Testing of a Model

Cover......Page 1
The Psychology of Driving on Rural Roads......Page 2
Verkehrspsychologie......Page 3
ISBN 3531175297......Page 5
Acknowledgements......Page 6
Zusammenfassung auf Deutsch......Page 7
Abstract in English......Page 11
Contents......Page 15
List of Tables......Page 19
List of Figures......Page 23
List of Abbreviations......Page 26
1 Driving on Rural Roads: The Current Situation......Page 29
2.1 A Framework......Page 30
2.2 Individual Differences: Traits and Demographic Variables......Page 33
2.3.1 Introduction......Page 35
2.3.2 Behavioural Adaptation......Page 36
2.3.3 Control Theory Applied to Motivational Regulation......Page 38
2.3.4 Risk Models......Page 41
2.3.5 Workload Models\r......Page 50
2.3.6 A Brief Overview of the Measurement of Workload \r......Page 60
2.3.7 Motivational Target Variables: Can They be Distinguished? \r......Page 61
2.3.8 How is the Target Defined?\r......Page 63
2.3.9.1 Preliminary Summary of Existing Theories With Respect to Practical Application to Rural Road Safety \r......Page 65
2.3.9.2 Existing Findings Concerning the Effect of Road Width Discussed With Relation to the Existing Theories \r......Page 67
2.3.9.3 Existing Findings Concerning the Effect of Curve Radius Discussed With Relation to the Existing Theories\r......Page 72
2.4 Perception and Information Processing......Page 76
2.4.1 A Framework for Cognitive Models: Rumar’s Model......Page 77
2.4.2 Expectations and Mental Models......Page 79
2.4.3 Attention......Page 82
2.4.4 The Direct Approach to Perception......Page 84
2.4.5 The Perception of Ego Speed......Page 87
3 A Psychological Model for Driving on Rural Roads......Page 89
4.1 Overview and General Course of Events......Page 92
4.2.1 Introduction and Rationale of the Laboratory Study......Page 93
4.2.2 The Original Road Environment Construct List (RECL)......Page 94
4.2.3 The German Version of the RECL......Page 98
4.2.4.3 General Course of Events\r......Page 99
4.2.4.4 Introductory Remarks to Statistical Testing\r......Page 100
4.2.4.5 Statistical Methods Used for the Research Questions\r......Page 101
4.2.4.6 Statistical Background: Factor Analysis\r......Page 108
4.2.5.1 Replication of the RECL Structure\r......Page 114
4.2.5.2 Does This Factor Solution Allow the Prediction of Behaviour?\r......Page 117
4.2.5.3 Replication of the RECL Structure With the Simulator Data \r......Page 118
4.2.5.4 Conclusions Concerning the Factor Structure \r......Page 121
4.2.5.5 Selection of Marker Items \r......Page 122
4.2.5.7 The Role of Individual Factors\r......Page 125
4.2.6 Summary, Conclusions and Discussion of the Results \r......Page 136
4.3.2 Hypotheses and Additional Research Questions......Page 138
4.3.3.1 The Experimental Paradigm Used......Page 140
4.3.3.2 General Course of Events\r......Page 141
4.3.3.3 The Simulated Course......Page 142
4.3.3.5 Assignment of Participants to Different Driver  Groups  \r......Page 143
4.3.3.7 The Dependent Variables: Initial Considerations\r......Page 145
4.3.3.9 Issues Relating to Reduced Sample Size for Subjective Ratings\r......Page 148
4.3.3.10 The Role of Simulator Sickness\r......Page 149
4.3.3.11 Familiarisation With and Behavioural Adaptation to the Simulator \r......Page 151
4.3.3.12 The Role of Element Order and Preceding Element on Behaviour\r......Page 155
4.3.3.13 Ecological Validity of the Driving Simulator Study\r......Page 167
4.3.3.14 The Dependent Variables: Final Version \r......Page 171
4.3.3.15 Statistical Methods of Data Analysis \r......Page 172
4.3.4.1 Speed on Straight Road Sections: Hypotheses 1a and 1b \r......Page 175
4.3.4.2 Differences in Speed Between Driver Groups on Straight Road Sections \r......Page 177
4.3.4.3 Perception and Expectations on Straight Road Sections: Hypotheses 2a \r......Page 179
4.3.4.4 Differences in Perception Between Driver Groups for Straight Road Sections \r......Page 181
4.3.4.5 Summary and Discussion of Results for the Straight Road Sections \r......Page 182
4.3.4.6 Differences in Speed Between the Curves:  Hypothesis 1c \r......Page 183
4.3.4.7 Differences in Speed Between Driver Groups in Curves \r......Page 185
4.3.4.8 Perception of Curves and Expectations for Curves: Hypothesis 2b \r......Page 187
4.3.4.9 Differences in Perception Between Driver Groups in Curves \r......Page 189
4.3.4.10 Summary and Discussion of Results for the Curves\r......Page 191
4.3.5 Overall Conclusions of the Simulator Study With Respect to the Model......Page 192
4.4.1 Introduction: Rationale Behind the Driving Experiments......Page 194
4.4.2 Hypotheses and Further Research Questions......Page 195
4.4.3.2 The Test Route\r......Page 199
4.4.3.3 Characteristics of the Curves Used as Independent Variables\r......Page 203
4.4.3.4 Implications of Course and Accident Characteristics for the Study \r......Page 207
4.4.3.5 Preparation of the Raw Data for Statistical Analysis \r......Page 208
4.4.3.6 The Dependant Variables: Overview \r......Page 209
4.4.3.7 The Measurement Vehicle \r......Page 210
4.4.3.8 The Peripheral Detection Task\r......Page 211
4.4.3.9 The Gaze Data \r......Page 213
4.4.3.10 The Sample\r......Page 217
4.4.3.11 Ensuring Data Quality\r......Page 218
4.4.3.12 Statistical Methods of Data Analysis \r......Page 225
4.4.3.13 Statistical Background: Binary Logistic Regression \r......Page 226
4.4.4.1 Additional Research Question 2: Influence of the PDT on Behaviour \r......Page 232
4.4.4.2 Prototypical Application for the Functionality of IVIS & ADAS \r......Page 248
4.4.4.3 Summary and Discussion of Results Concerning the Influence of the PDT \r......Page 251
4.4.4.4 Differences in Behaviour Between High and Low Accident Rate Curves (Hypotheses 1 to 5) \r......Page 253
4.4.4.5 Hypotheses 1 to 5: Summary and Discussion of Results\r......Page 258
4.4.4.7 Are Workload and Speed Related? \r......Page 264
4.4.4.8 Summary and Discussion of Results for the Relationship Between Speed and Reaction Time\r......Page 267
4.4.5 Summary and Discussion of the Results for the Field Study......Page 269
5 Empirical Validation: Summary and Conclusions......Page 274
References......Page 281
Appendix......Page 309
Contents Appendix......Page 310