The process of parenting

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 4
Table of Content......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 25
PART I General Concepts, Goals, and Strategies of Parenting......Page 36
CHAPTER 1 Parenting Is a Process......Page 37
WHY DO ADULTS TAKE ON THE JOB OF PARENTING?......Page 38
Joys and Problems with Children......Page 40
PARENTING IS A PROCESS......Page 41
The Role of the Child......Page 42
The Role of Society......Page 43
What Do Parents Want Society to Provide?......Page 47
How Do Partners in the Process of Parenting View Each Other?......Page 48
Changes in Family Life in the Last Two Hundred Years......Page 49
Living Arrangements of Contemporary Families......Page 51
Ethnic and Racial Diversity of Families......Page 53
Economic Diversity......Page 54
Twenty-first Century Challenges for Parents......Page 55
Twenty-first Century Social Supports for Parents......Page 57
Launching Children on Extended Pathways of Development......Page 59
Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting......Page 60
MUST PARENTS REPEAT THEIR PARENTS’ BEHAVIORS?......Page 62
HOW RAISING CHILDREN HELPS PARENTS GROW......Page 63
MAIN POINTS......Page 65
EXERCISES......Page 66
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 67
CHAPTER 2 Cultural Influences on Parenting......Page 68
Two Cultural Models......Page 69
Variations in Cultural Themes......Page 71
The Dynamic Nature of Culture......Page 72
THE TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL VALUES......Page 73
Everyday Activities That Teach Young Children Cultural Values......Page 75
Race......Page 77
Religion......Page 79
Personal Identity and Reference Group Orientation......Page 80
IMMIGRANT FAMILIES......Page 82
Unauthorized Immigrants......Page 84
An Integrative Model of the Experiences of Immigrant and Ethnic Minority Groups......Page 85
Negative Stereotype Threat......Page 87
Discrimination......Page 88
Actions Parents Can Take to Promote Fairness and Justice......Page 89
The Self-Esteem of Ethnic Groups......Page 90
THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS......Page 93
Who Are the Poor?......Page 97
The Effects of Poverty on Children’s Development......Page 98
Ways to Intervene......Page 99
PRACTICAL QUESTION: WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PARENT EDUCATORS AND PARENTS HAVE DIFFERENT VALUES?......Page 101
MAIN POINTS......Page 102
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 104
CHAPTER 3 Learning to Parent......Page 105
WHAT PARENTS LEARN IN CHILDHOOD......Page 106
LEARNING FROM THE MEDIA......Page 107
LEARNING FROM HISTORY......Page 109
Genetics......Page 111
Neurobiology......Page 112
Temperament......Page 116
Executive Functioning......Page 118
LEARNING FROM THEORIES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 119
Theories Emphasizing Importance of Parents’ and External Influences......Page 120
Theories Emphasizing Importance of Children’s Internal Qualities......Page 123
Theories Emphasizing Both Internal and External Influences......Page 128
CONSULTING EXPERTS......Page 134
RESEARCH THAT GIVES PARENTS DIRECTION AND SUPPORT......Page 136
MAIN POINTS......Page 140
EXERCISES......Page 141
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 142
CHAPTER 4 Becoming Parents......Page 143
Readiness to Parent......Page 144
Pathways to Parenthood......Page 145
Childlessness......Page 146
Married Parents......Page 147
Cohabitating Parents......Page 148
Carefully Planned Babies......Page 149
Unwanted Parenting......Page 150
Age and Conception......Page 151
Assisted Conception......Page 154
Highlights of Prenatal Development......Page 156
A Healthy Lifestyle......Page 157
Parents’ Experiences during Pregancy......Page 159
The Power of Positive Relationships......Page 161
■ Interview with James Levine......Page 162
Forming a Coparenting Alliance......Page 163
Adjustments of Parents Who Have Premature Children......Page 165
Parenting Programs That Ease the Transition to Parenthood......Page 167
PRACTICAL QUESTION: WHAT CHANGES CAN PARENTS ANTICIPATE FOR THEMSELVES?......Page 168
SUPPORT FOR PARENTS......Page 169
MAIN POINTS......Page 170
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 171
CHAPTER 5 Nurturing Close Family Relationships in a Technological Society......Page 172
Physical Touch and Closeness......Page 173
The Power of Positive Feelings......Page 174
CREATING CLOSENESS THROUGH UNDERSTANDING AND EXPRESSING FEELINGS......Page 175
Active Listening......Page 177
l-Messages......Page 178
Transmission of Feelings in the Family......Page 179
Encouraging Closeness and Good Feelings between Sisters and Brothers......Page 180
STORYTELLING......Page 181
MUTUAL PROBLEM SOLVING......Page 182
RESOLVING PARENTAL CONFLICTS CONSTRUCTIVELY......Page 183
EFFECTS OF SUDDEN ECONOMIC LOSS ON FAMILIES......Page 185
Lack of Time......Page 188
PARENTS WITH ONGOING NEGATIVE MOODS......Page 190
Depressed Parents......Page 191
Substance-Dependent Parents......Page 193
Grandparents as Supports......Page 197
How Do Children Define a Good Parent?......Page 199
MAIN POINTS......Page 201
EXERCISES......Page 202
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 203
CHAPTER 6 Supporting Children’s Growth and Development......Page 204
Socializers of Children’s Behavior......Page 205
Initiators of Children’s Developmental Pathways......Page 206
Children’s Qualities......Page 207
Routines......Page 208
Encouragement......Page 209
■ Interview with Susan Harter......Page 212
HEALTHY LIFESTYLES......Page 213
Eating......Page 214
Sleep......Page 217
GETTING THE BENEFITS MEDIA CAN PROVIDE......Page 218
Media Environment......Page 219
Media Use......Page 220
Using Social Media......Page 222
Media’s Impact on Children’ Activities and Development......Page 224
Parents’ Rules about Media Use......Page 226
Family Life and Media Use......Page 227
Community Action......Page 228
Natural and Logical Consequences......Page 229
Negative Consequences......Page 230
Ineffective Forms of Discipline......Page 231
Coercive Discipline......Page 232
PARENTING PROGRAMS......Page 235
The Triple P-Positive Program......Page 236
Parenting Programs for Couples......Page 237
Strong African American Family Program......Page 238
PRACTICAL QUESTION: HOW CAN WE KEEP CHILDREN SAFE?......Page 240
MAIN POINTS......Page 241
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 243
PART II Parenting at Developmental Stages......Page 244
CHAPTER 7 Parenting Children from Birth to Two Years......Page 245
Early Social Reactions......Page 246
■ Voices of Experience: What I Wish I Had Known about the First Two Years......Page 247
Early Parent-Child Relationships......Page 249
Managing When Babies Are Born Prematurely......Page 250
Intellectual Development......Page 252
Language Development......Page 253
Emotional Development......Page 254
Development of the Self......Page 256
THE PROCESS OF ATTACHMENT......Page 257
Crying......Page 260
■ Voices of Experience: The Joys of Parenting Children in the First Two Years......Page 261
Sleep......Page 262
Parenting, Infant Crying, and Sleeping......Page 264
Establishing Rules......Page 267
Play, Reading, and Fun......Page 268
PARENTS’ EXPERIENCES IN FACING TRANSITIONS......Page 269
Effectiveness of Parenting Programs for Expectant and New Parents......Page 270
Parents at Risk for Abuse of Infants......Page 271
MAIN POINTS......Page 273
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 275
CHAPTER 8 Parenting Children in Early Childhood: The Years from Two to Five......Page 276
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 277
■ Voices of Experience: What I Wish I Had Known about the Years from Two to Five......Page 278
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 279
Aggressiveness......Page 280
Fear......Page 281
Empathy......Page 282
Gender Identity......Page 283
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REGULATION......Page 284
Positive Parenting......Page 286
Socializing Gender Roles......Page 287
Promoting Empathy, Fairness, and Inclusiveness......Page 289
PARENTS’ STIMULATION OF CHILDREN’S COMPETENCE......Page 291
RELATIONSHIPS WITH SIBLINGS......Page 292
PEER RELATIONSHIPS......Page 293
Sleeping......Page 294
■ Voices of Experience: The Joys of Parenting Children Ages Two to Five......Page 295
Temper Tantrums......Page 297
Sibling Rivalry......Page 298
Social Withdrawal and Inhibition......Page 299
A PRACTICAL QUESTION: HOW CAN PARENTS HELP WHEN CHILDREN HAVE DISABILITIES OR DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS?......Page 300
PARENTS’ EXPERIENCES IN FACING TRANSITIONS......Page 303
MAIN POINTS......Page 305
EXERCISES......Page 306
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 307
CHAPTER 9 Parenting Elementary School Children......Page 308
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 309
■ Voices of Experience: What I Wish I Had Known about the Elementary School Years......Page 310
Parents’ Role......Page 311
Children’s Role......Page 313
When Home and School Cultures Differ......Page 314
Stressful Life Events......Page 315
Cascading Events......Page 318
Gender Identity......Page 319
Ethnic Identity......Page 320
Self-Esteem......Page 321
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REGULATION......Page 322
Attachment......Page 323
Mothers’ and Fathers’ Roles......Page 324
RELATIONSHIPS WITH SIBLINGS......Page 325
Bullying......Page 327
TASKS AND CONCERNS OF PARENTS......Page 328
HELPING CHILDREN REGULATE FEELINGS AND BEHAVIOR......Page 329
■ Voices of Experience: The Joys of Parenting Elementary School Children......Page 330
Discouragement......Page 331
Promoting Positive Social Relationships......Page 332
Controlling Bullying......Page 333
The Partnership of Families and Schools......Page 335
A PRACTICAL QUESTION: WHAT CAN PARENTS DO WHEN SCHOOL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES INTERFERE WITH ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT?......Page 336
PARENTS’ EXPERIENCES IN FACING TRANSITIONS......Page 337
SUPPORT FOR PARENTS......Page 338
MAIN POINTS......Page 339
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 341
CHAPTER 10 Parenting Early Adolescents......Page 342
Changes in Body and Physical Appearance......Page 343
Changes in Emotions......Page 344
Changes in Brain Structure and Functioning......Page 345
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 346
SCHOOL......Page 347
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 348
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF......Page 349
Ethnic Identity......Page 350
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REGULATION......Page 352
Parents’ Respect for Early Adolescents’ Self-Assertion and Autonomy......Page 353
Regulating and Monitoring Behavior......Page 354
Promoting Gender Identity......Page 355
Promoting Ethnic Identity......Page 356
Family Stressors That Interfere with Effective Parenting and Impact Children’s Behavior......Page 357
■ Voices of Experience: The Joys of Parenting Early Adolescents......Page 358
RELATIONSHIPS WITH SIBLINGS......Page 359
PEER RELATIONSHIPS......Page 360
Communicating with the Noncommunicative Early Adolescent......Page 363
Using Mutual Problem Solving to Handle Disputes......Page 364
Promoting Initiative......Page 365
Promoting Positive Peer Relationships......Page 366
Handling School Problems......Page 367
PARENTS’ EXPERIENCES IN FACING TRANSITIONS......Page 368
SUPPORT FOR PARENTS......Page 369
MAIN POINTS......Page 370
EXERCISES......Page 371
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 372
CHAPTER 11 Parenting Late Adolescents and Young Adults......Page 373
Adolescent Sexual Activity......Page 374
Substance Use......Page 375
Healthy Behaviors......Page 377
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 378
■ Voices of Experience: What I Wish I Had Known about Late Adolescence......Page 379
WORKING......Page 380
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 381
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF......Page 382
Gender Identity......Page 383
Gay/Lesbian Identity......Page 384
Ethnic Identity......Page 385
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REGULATION......Page 386
Attachment......Page 387
Ethnic Differences in Emotional and Behavioral Autonomy......Page 388
RELATIONSHIPS WITH SIBLINGS......Page 389
Friendships......Page 390
Dating......Page 391
Promoting Healthy Behaviors......Page 392
Promoting Healthy Sleep Habits......Page 393
Promoting Later and Protected Sexual Activity......Page 394
Discouraging Substance Use......Page 395
Helping Children Control Aggressive Feelings......Page 396
Helping Children Cope with Feelings of Depression......Page 397
Helping Teens Develop a Sense of Purpose......Page 399
A PRACTICAL QUESTION: HOW CAN PARENTS TELL WHETHER THEIR TEEN HAS A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM?......Page 400
CRITERIA FOR ADULTHOOD......Page 401
Trends Common to Those Entering Adulthood......Page 402
Paths to Adulthood......Page 403
Those Who Need Special Support in the Transition to Adulthood......Page 405
Pathways to Adulthood for Youths from Immigrant Groups......Page 406
Negotiating the Issues of Growing Autonomy......Page 408
MAIN POINTS......Page 409
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 411
PART III Parenting in Varying Life Circumstances......Page 412
CHAPTER 12 Parenting and Working......Page 413
Benefits Available for Parents......Page 414
Reasons for Current Benefits......Page 415
DIVERSITY IN WORK-FAMILY PATTERNS......Page 416
Positive Spillover from Work and Community to Family......Page 417
Negative Spillover from Work to Home......Page 419
Negative Spillover from Family to Work......Page 420
Resilience in the Sandwich Generation......Page 421
Patterns of Daily Interactions......Page 423
Special Demands on Single Parents......Page 425
Agreements and Divergences in Children’s and Parents’ Perceptions of Parents’ Work......Page 426
PARENTING STRATEGIES......Page 428
Patterns of Nonmaternal Care......Page 429
Quality of Care during Infancy and Early Childhood......Page 430
Availability of Good Quality Care......Page 431
Adaptation to Nonmaternal Care......Page 432
Cognitive and Social Stimulation......Page 433
National Study on the Effects of Day Care......Page 434
INTEGRATING FAMILY AND WORK TO GET AN ADAPTIVE FIT......Page 435
Dual-Earner Families......Page 436
Parenting Programs......Page 437
Flexible Working Hours and Places......Page 438
MAIN POINTS......Page 439
EXERCISES......Page 440
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 441
CHAPTER 13 Parents by Adoption and Parents by Reproductive Technology......Page 442
Changes in the Nature of Adoption......Page 443
Transracial Adoptions within the United States......Page 445
International Adoptions......Page 447
Talking about Adoption and Children’s Understanding of It......Page 449
Searching for Birth Parents......Page 451
Parenting Behaviors of Adopting Parents......Page 452
Children’s Behaviors......Page 454
A PRACTICAL QUESTION: CAN A THREE-SESSION INTERVENTION ENHANCE ADOPTIVE PARENTS’ SENSITIVITY TO PROMOTE SECURE ATTACHMENT?......Page 455
PARENTS WHO USE ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY......Page 456
Parenting of Parents Relying on ART......Page 458
Telling Children......Page 459
MAIN POINTS......Page 461
EXERCISES......Page 462
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 463
CHAPTER 14 Parenting When Unmarried......Page 464
CHANGING FAMILY STRUCTURES......Page 465
The Stressful Road to Teen Parenthood......Page 466
Teen Parents’ Transitions to Parenthood......Page 467
Teen Mothers’ Relationships with Their Own Mothers......Page 468
Relationships with Babies’ Fathers......Page 469
Resilient Teens’ Parenting......Page 470
Programs for Adolescent Parents......Page 472
UNMARRIED COHABITING AND SINGLE PARENTS......Page 473
Children of Unmarried Parents......Page 475
Programs to Promote Parents’ and Children’s Effectiveness......Page 476
Children of Advantaged Single Mothers......Page 477
Fathers’ Presence or Absence......Page 480
Fathers’ Contributions to Children’s Lives......Page 481
Unmarried Fathers......Page 482
Encouraging Fathers’ Participation......Page 483
MAIN POINTS......Page 484
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 485
CHAPTER 15 Parenting in Divorced Families and Remarried Families......Page 486
The Grief Process......Page 487
The Process of Divorce......Page 489
Telling Children......Page 490
Children’s Immediate Reactions to Divorce......Page 491
Parents’ Reactions to Divorce......Page 492
Protective Factors for Children......Page 494
Long-Term Consequences for Children of Divorce......Page 495
A Collaborative Divorce Process......Page 497
Challenges of Stepfamilies......Page 498
Types of Mother and Stepfather Families......Page 501
Types of Father and Stepmother Families......Page 502
■ Interview with the late Emily Visher and the late John Visher......Page 503
Parents’ Behaviors over Time......Page 505
Children’s Behavior over Time......Page 506
MAIN POINTS......Page 508
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 509
CHAPTER 16 Parenting in Lesbian and Gay Families......Page 510
STRESS IN THE ABSENCE OF LEGAL PROTECTIONS......Page 511
DECISION TO PARENT AND PATHWAYS TO PARENTHOOD......Page 512
Pathways to Parenthood......Page 513
TRANSITION TO PARENTING......Page 514
PARENTING OF LESBIAN AND GAY PARENTS......Page 516
Special Challenges......Page 518
Benefits of Growing Up in Lesbian and Gay Families......Page 519
Responding to Parents’ Sexual Orientations......Page 520
Psychological Adjustment of Children......Page 522
DISSOLUTIONS OF PARENTS’ RELATIONSHIPS......Page 523
MAIN POINTS......Page 524
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 525
CHAPTER 17 Parenting in Challenging Times......Page 526
ILLNESS AND DEATH......Page 527
Children’s Understanding of Their Bodies and Illness......Page 529
Guilt......Page 530
Pain......Page 531
Sources of Stress for Parents and Strategies for Successful Coping......Page 532
Death in the Family......Page 533
VICTIMIZATION AND ADVERSITY......Page 537
Bioecological View of Maltreatment......Page 538
Incidence and Definitions of Maltreatment......Page 539
Prevalence......Page 541
Children’s Neurobiological Responses to Maltreatment......Page 542
Children’s Psychological Responses to Maltreatment......Page 543
Intervention and Prevention......Page 545
Strengths of Effective Programs......Page 548
FOSTER FAMILIES......Page 549
The Web of Foster Care Relationships......Page 550
Foster Children......Page 551
Termination of Parental Rights......Page 553
Natural Disasters......Page 555
Managing Fears of National Violence......Page 557
HOMELESS FAMILIES......Page 558
Homeless Children......Page 559
Interventions......Page 560
MILITARY FAMILIES......Page 561
Deployment Cycle......Page 562
Family Challenges......Page 563
THE CHALLENGE MODEL......Page 564
MAIN POINTS......Page 565
EXERCISES......Page 567
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 568
EPILOGUE......Page 570
NOTES......Page 572
CREDITS......Page 632
INDEX......Page 634
Back Cover......Page 658