The Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Energy Storage and Intelligent Vehicles (ICEIV 2022)

Contents
Capacity Fading Characteristics of Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Under Different Precooling Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Model Development
		2.1 Battery Parameters
		2.2 Electrochemical Model
		2.3 3D Thermal Model
		2.4 Side Reaction Model
		2.5 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Model Validation
		3.2 Impact of Pre-cooling
		3.3 Resting Time
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research on Detection Method of Metal Foreign Objects in Electric Vehicle Wireless Power Transfer System
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Analysis
		2.1 Detection Sensitivity Analysis
		2.2 Long Rectangular Detection Coils
	3 Long Rectangular Interconnection Coil Group
		3.1 Direct Connection and Reverse Connection of Detection Coil
		3.2 Magnetic Field Distribution and Magnetic Line of Force Direction
		3.3 Long Rectangular Interconnecting Coil Group
	4 Experimental Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Adaptive Equivalent Heat Minimization Strategy for Hybrid Electric Trucks Braking Considering Brake Temperature Rise in Long Downhills
	1 Introduction
	2 Vehicle Models
		2.1 Vehicle Models
		2.2 Electric Drive System Model
		2.3 Brake System Model
	3 Adaptive Equivalent Heat Minimization Strategy
		3.1 Braking Control Problem Description
		3.2 The Optimal Solution Method
	4 Simulation Results and Discussion
		4.1 Results
		4.2 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Field-Oriented Control Strategy Verification Based on Power Hardware in Loop Simulation Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Induction Motor Mathematical Model
	3 Indirect Field-Oriented Control
	4 SVPWM Method in PWM Inverter
	5 Typhoon Hil Real-Time Modeling
	6 Test Bench Layout
	7 Results
	8 Conclusion
	References
Hybrid Estimation of Residual Capacity for Retired LFP Batteries
	1 Introduction
	2 Estimation Model Establishment
		2.1 Capacity Loss Mechanism Model
		2.2 Support Vector Regression Method
		2.3 SVR Parameters Optimized Using Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm
		2.4 The Framework of Residual Capacity Estimation Method
	3 Results Verification and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design of a Full-Time Security Protection System for Energy Storage Stations Based on Digital Twin Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Twin Technology
		2.1 Digital Twin Battery Energy Storage Stations
		2.2 Features of the Digital Twin BESS
	3 Digital Twin Technology
		3.1 BESS Full-Time Security Protection Method
		3.2 TR Early Warning Method Based on Multi-feature Parameter BESS
		3.3 Full-Time Multi-level Security Protection System Design
	4 Design of BESS Security Protection System Based on Digital Twin
		4.1 Framework Design
		4.2 Digital Twin Security Protection System Implementation Solution
	5 Conclusion
	References
Online Electrical Fault Diagnosis and Low-Cost State Estimation for Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Based Electric Drive System
	1 Introduction
	2 Workflow of Proposed Method
	3 Data Preparation
	4 Theory of Proposed Method
	5 Experimental Validations and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Capacity Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on HGWO-SVR
	1 Introduction
	2 HGWO-SVR
		2.1 DE
		2.2 GWO
		2.3 SVR
	3 Simulation Result
		3.1 Influence of HGWO Optimization Algorithm on Prediction Results
		3.2 Influence of Different Neural Networks on Prediction Results
		3.3 HGWO-SVR Algorithm Predicting Impact of Different Proportional Capacity Training Data
	4 Conclusions
	References
Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Assessment of Power Transmission Equipment
	1 Introduction
	2 Life Cycle Carbon Footprint of Power Transmission Equipment Definition and Calculation Process
		2.1 Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Definition of Power Transmission Equipment
		2.2 Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Calculation Process of Power Transmission Equipment
	3 Carbon Footprint Assessment Model of Power Transmission Equipment Based on Life Cycle
		3.1 Raw Material Acquisition Stage
		3.2 Manufacturing and Assembly Stage
		3.3 Transportation Stage
		3.4 Operation and Maintenance Stage
		3.5 Decommissioning and Scrapping Stage
	4 Proposed Conversion Method for Life Cycle Carbon Footprint
	5 Case Study
		5.1 Parameter Setting
		5.2 Numerical Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Performance Optimization of Tesla Valve Microchannel Cold Plates for Li-Ion Battery
	1 Introduction
	2 Battery Microchannel Cooling Simulation
	3 Battery Microchannel Cooling Experiments
	4 Conclusions
	References
Data-Driven Method Based Wind Power Characteristic Analysis and Climbing Identification
	1 Introduction
	2 Data-Driven based Wind Power Characteristic Analysis and Climbing Identification Method
		2.1 Wind Power Output Characteristics
		2.2 Extraction for Climbing Threshold
		2.3 2D Convolutional Neural Network-Based Climbing Identification
	3 Case Study
		3.1 Analysis Results for Climbing Threshold Extraction
		3.2 Analysis Results for Climbing Identification
	4 Conclusion
	References
Nonlinear-Drift-Driven Wiener Process–Markov Chain Switching Model for Predicting Lithium-Ion Battery Remaining Useful Life
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation
		1.2 Literature Review
		1.3 Research Gaps and Contributions
		1.4 Organization
	2 Nonlinear-Drift-Driven Wiener Process–Markov Chain Switching Model
		2.1 Collective Structure
		2.2 Degradation Model Based on Nonlinear-Drift-Driven Wiener Process
		2.3 Switching Model Based on Markov Chain
		2.4 Combined Model Based on Fuzzy System
		2.5 Parameter Identification
	3 Algorithm Verification
		3.1 Battery Degradation Data
		3.2 RUL Prediction Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Estimation of Battery State Based on Discharge Voltage Drop and AC Impedance at Full Charge
	1 Introduction
	2 Discharge Voltage Drop and AC Impedance of Lead-Acid Batteries Under Full Charge
		2.1 The Coup De Fouet Phenomenon in Lead-Acid Batteries
		2.2 Discharge Performance of Batteries in Different Health States
		2.3 AC Impedance Characteristics of Lead-Acid Batteries
		2.4 Estimation of the Dischargeable Capacity of a Battery by Combining Voltage Drop and AC Impedance
	3 Analysis of Algorithms
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on Ferromagnetic Noise of EMU Traction Transformer
	1 Introduction
	2 Ferromagnetic Noise Generation Mechanism of Traction Transformer
	3 Principle of Four-Quadrant Rectifier
	4 Analysis with Simulation
		4.1 Modeling
		4.2 Leakage Inductor and Secondary Side Resistor
		4.3 DC Link Voltage
		4.4 Switching Frequency of Four-Quadrant Rectifier
		4.5 Switching off Four-Quadrant Rectifier
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Driving Cycle Recognition Strategy Based on Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Construction of Comprehensive Driving Cycle Database
		2.1 Analysis of Driving Cycles Data
		2.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
		2.3 K-means Clustering Analysis of Driving Cycles
	3 Driving Cycles Identification Based on Machine Learning Intelligent Algorithm
		3.1 Selection of Driving Cycles Identification Parameters
		3.2 Analysis and Comparison of Driving Cycle Recognition Strategies Based on Machine Learning Algorithms
		3.3 Analysis and Comparison of Different Driving Cycle Identification Strategies
	4 Identify the Recognition Period
	5 Summary
	References
Research on Energy Management Strategy of Fuel Cell Buses In and Out of Bus Stop Based on Speed Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Construction of Traffic Simulation Environment
	3 FCHEB Model
		3.1 Drive Motor Model
		3.2 Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System Model
	4 Energy Management of FCHEB with Optimized Speed
		4.1 Speed Optimization Based on DP
		4.2 Energy Management Based on MPC
	5 Simulation Results and Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
A DFT Study on Electronic and Optical Properties of La/Ce-Doped CaTiO3 Perovskite
	1 Introduction
	2 Computational Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Structural Phase Transformation and Defect Formation Energy
		3.2 Electronic Structure
		3.3 Optical Properties
	4 Conclusion
	References
Charging Pile Sharing Scheme Based on Blockchain Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Introduction to Blockchain
		2.1 The Origin of Blockchain
		2.2 The Advantages of Blockchain Technology
		2.3 The Application of Blockchain
	3 Charging Pile Sharing Scheme Based on Blockchain Technology
		3.1 The Solution of Blockchain
		3.2 Shared Advantage
	4 Blockchain Technology Charging Pile Sharing Solution Platform
	5 Conclusions
	References
An Electric Vehicle Charging Station Based on SiC MOSFETs and Si IGBTs Hybrid Cascaded Three-Level H-Bridge Converter
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Topology and Control Schemes
		2.1 Proposed Topology
		2.2 Modulation Scheme for Hybrid Cascaded Three-Level H-Bridge Converter
		2.3 System-Level Control Schemes
	3 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Simulation Study on Magnetic Field Distribution of Two-Cells Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling and Simulation of PEMFC
		2.1 Background Theory of Numerical Analysis
		2.2 Modeling of PEMFC
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 The Polarization Curve and Power Curve of PEMFC Model
		3.2 Magnetic Field Distribution of PEMFC Stack
		3.3 Influence of Cell Distance on Magnetic Field
	4 Conclusion
	References
3D Modeling and Performance Analysis of a PEM Water Electrolyzer Based on Multiphysics Couplings
	1 Introduction
	2 Model Description
		2.1 Basics of PEMWE and Geometric Model
		2.2 Numerical Model
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Operating Temperature
		3.2 Operating Pressure
		3.3 Membrane Thickness
	4 Conclusion
	References
State of Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Considering Random Charging
	1 Introduction
	2 Voltage Estimation of the CC Charging Phase
		2.1 Voltage Estimation Method
		2.2 Verification for Different Cycles
		2.3 Verification for Different Cycles
	3 SOH Estimation
		3.1 Gaussian Process Regression Algorithm
		3.2 SOH Estimation Based on Different Voltage Ranges
		3.3 SOH Estimation in Random Charging Scenarios
	4 Conclusion
	References
Unified Control of Bidirectional H4 Bridge Converter in Single-Phase Energy Storage Inverter
	1 Introduction
	2 Rectification Operating Principle of Single-Phase H4 Bridge Converter
	3 Control Method of Bidirectional H4 Bridge Converter
		3.1 Modeling and Control of Current Inner Loop
		3.2 Parameter Tuning of Voltage Outer Loop Controller Based on Power Balance
		3.3 Control Method of Inverter State Voltage Outer Loop
		3.4 Design of Phase Locked Loop Based on Second-Order Generalized Integrator (SOGI)
	4 Analysis of Simulation and Experimental Results
		4.1 Simulation of Rectifier and Grid Connected Inverter of Bidirectional H4 Bridge Converter
		4.2 Grid Connected Inverter and Rectifier Experiment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimal Siting and Capacity Allocation of BESS Based on Improved Multi-objective Particle Swarm Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Optimal Siting and Capacity Model for BESS
		2.1 Target Function
		2.2 Binding Conditions
		2.3 Economic Analysis
	3 Adaptive Multi-target Particle Swarm
		3.1 Adaptive Inertia Weights
		3.2 Crossover Variation
		3.3 Non-disadvantageous Solution Set Update
		3.4 Multi-attribute Decision Making Based on TOPSIS Method
		3.5 Problem Solving
	4 Analysis and Study of Algorithms
		4.1 Simulation Analysis
		4.2 Access to 2 Battery Energy Storage Systems Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Coupling Forecasting of Short-Term Power Load and Renewable Energy Sources Generation Based on State-Space Equations
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 State-Space Equations
		2.2 Error Correction Model
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Coupling Relationship
		3.2 Analysis of Forecast Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Active Equalization of Lithium Battery Based on WOA and FLC Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Equalizing Circuit Topology
	3 Circuit Equilibrium Strategy and Algorithm
		3.1 Energy Balance Path Optimization Based on Whale Algorithm
		3.2 Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy
	4 Simulation Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Bi-level Optimal Sizing and Scheduling of Hybrid Thermal Power-Energy Storage System for Peak Shaving
	1 Introduction
	2 System Configuration
	3 Optimization Model
		3.1 Objective Function of Lower-Layer Model
		3.2 Constraints of Lower-Layer Model
		3.3 Objective Function of Upper-Layer Model
		3.4 Constraints of Upper-Layer Model
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Data Descriptions
		4.2 Optimization Results
		4.3 Operation Analysis
		4.4 Economic Sensitivity Analysis of Different Sizing
	5 Conclusions
	References
Economic Optimal Dispatch of Integrated Energy System Considering Market Plan
	1 Introduction
	2 Integrated Energy System Model
		2.1 System Physical Model
		2.2 Landscape Uncertainty
	3 Economic Optimization Model of Integrated Energy System
		3.1 Optimize the Target
		3.2 Restrictions
	4 Case Analysis
		4.1 Example Introduction
		4.2 Optimization Results and Analysis
	5 Summarize
	References
Analysis of Energy Loss and Heat Generation Characteristics of Supercapacitors
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Device and Method
	3 Calibration of Measuring Devices
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Electrical Analysis of SCs
		4.2 Thermal Analysis of SCs
		4.3 Energy Loss Analysis of SCs
	5 Conclusions
	References
Grid-Supported Modular Multi-level Energy Storage Power Conversion System
	1 Introduction
	2 Topology of MMC-ESS
	3 Grid-Supported Control Strategy of MMC-ESS
		3.1 The Principle of Grid-Supported Control
		3.2 Grid-Supported Control Strategy
	4 Simulation and Experiment of the System
		4.1 Load Sudden Change
		4.2 Frequency Sudden Change
	5 Conclusion
	References
On-line Monitoring and State of Health Estimation Technology of Lead-Acid Battery
	1 Introduction
	2 VRLA Battery Working Principle
		2.1 VRLA Battery Electromotive Force (EMF)
		2.2 VRLA Battery Voltage “steep drop and rise again” (Coup de fouet)
	3 Battery SOH Estimation Method
		3.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
		3.2 SOH Estimation Model
	4 Experimental Validation
		4.1 Online Monitoring Platform
		4.2 SOH Estimation Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Distributed Optimal Allocation of Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Based on Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers
	1 Introduction
	2 Centralized Optimization Model
		2.1 Objective Function
		2.2 Constraints
	3 ADMM-Based Distributed Cooperative Optimization Model
		3.1 Decomposition of Synergistic Mechanisms
		3.2 Distributed Collaborative Optimal Allocation Algorithm
	4 Example Analysis
		4.1 Distributed Collaborative Optimal Allocation Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of Moisture Absorption of High Temperature Composite Phase Change Thermal Storage Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 High Temperature Composite Form-Stable Phase Change Material System Screening
		2.1 Screening of Phase Change Materials and Their Hygroscopicity
		2.2 Screening of Skeleton Materials
		2.3  Screening of Thermally Conductive Materials
	3  Experimental Materials and Methods
		3.1  Sample Preparation Process
		3.2 Measurement Method
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1  Material Modification
		4.2 Material Surface Treatment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research Progress of Coordination Control Strategy for Flywheel Array Energy Storage System
	1 Introduction
	2 FAESS Topology
	3 FAESS Power Coordination Control Strategy
		3.1 DC Bus Parallel FAESS Power Coordination Control
		3.2 AC Bus Parallel FAESS Power Coordination Control
	4 FAESS Array Parallel Control Strategy
	5 FAESS Coordinated Control Strategy Application Extension
	6 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Lifetime Test Platform of Mica Paper Capacitors Under Microsecond Pulse
	1 Introduction
	2 Operation Principle
	3 The Design of Subsystems
		3.1 Air-Core Pulse Transformer
		3.2 Low Jitter Triggered Gas Switch
	4 Experimental Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
Simulation Study of External Short Circuit Characteristics for Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Electrochemical-Thermal Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Platform and Test Procedures
	3 Modeling
		3.1 Electrochemical Model
		3.2 Thermal Model
		3.3 Parameter Acquisition and Model Validation
	4 Simulation Research on ESC Characteristics
		4.1 Influence of Initial SOC on ESC Characteristics
		4.2 Influence of Ambient Temperature on ESC Characteristics
		4.3 Influence of Particle Radius on ESC Characteristics
		4.4 Influence of Exchange Current Density on ESC Characteristics
	5 Conclusion
	References
Operation Analysis and Optimization Suggestions of User-Side Battery Energy Storage Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Evaluation Indexes of Operation Performance
	3 Evaluation Indexes of Charge-Discharge Performance
		3.1 Evaluation Indexes of Energy Efficiency Performance
		3.2 Evaluation Indexes of Safety Performance
		3.3 Evaluation Indexes of Reliability Performance
		3.4 Evaluation Indexes of Economic Performance
	4 Operation Analysis and Evaluation of a Typical User-Side BESS for Peak-Load Shifting
		4.1 Basic Information About the User-Side BESS
		4.2 Calculation Results of the Operation Evaluation Indexes
		4.3 Results Analysis and Optimization Suggestions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Discussion on Key Components Design for Off-Grid Photovoltaic Electrolysis Hydrogen Production System
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of Off-Grid Photovoltaic Electrolysis Hydrogen Production System
	3 Power Supply System
		3.1 Photovoltaic DC Power Supply Unit for Electrolyzers
		3.2 AC Power Supply Unit for Hydrogen Production Auxiliary System
	4 Control System Design
		4.1 Hardware Design
		4.2 Software Design of Auxiliary Power Supply Control System
	5 Conclusions
	References
Minimization Design of Energy Storage Capacitor of Electromagnetic Switch Control Module Based on Zero-Current Opening Strategy
	1 Introduction
	2 Zero-Current Opening Control Strategy
	3 Capacity and Maintenance Operation Time
		3.1 Iterative Model
		3.2 Simulation Analysis
	4 Experimental Verification
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Pulse and Alternating Current Low Temperature Charging Based on Optimal Charging Frequency
	1 Introduction
	2 AC Impedance Model and Data Introduction
		2.1 AC Impedance Model and Optimal Frequency
		2.2 Data Introduction and Basic Information of Cell
	3 Battery Model
		3.1 Equivalent Circuit Model
		3.2 Thermal Model
	4 Simulation and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Axial Magnetic Field Simulation and Structure Optimization of Contacts in Vacuum Interrupter with Iron Core
	1 Introduction
	2 Contact Model Establishment
	3 Analysis of Simulation Results
	4 Simulation Analysis of Transient Magnetic Field After Contact Optimization
		4.1 AMF Distribution at Peak Current
		4.2 AMF Distribution at Current Zero
		4.3 AMF Lag Time Distribution
	5 Conclusions
	References
Balancing Topology Research of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack
	1 Introduction
	2 Battery Balance
		2.1 Balanced Topology
		2.2 Balancing Strategy
		2.3 Passive Balancing
	3 Active Balancing
		3.1 Capacitor Based Battery Pack Balancing Topology
		3.2 Inductance Based Battery Pack Balance Topology
		3.3 Transformer Based Battery Pack Balancing Topology
		3.4 Converter Based Battery Pack Balancing Topology
	4 Balanced Topology Comparison
	5 Conclusion
	References
Coordinated Control Strategy of Secondary Ripple in DC Microgrid Based on Impedance Model
	1 Introduction
	2 DC Microgrid System Structure
	3 Impedance Modeling of Conventionally Controlled DC/DC Converters
		3.1 Modeling of Output Impedance of Energy Storage Bidirectional Buck/boost Converter
		3.2 Modeling of Input Impedance of DC Load Buck Converter
	4 Impedance Coordination Control Strategy
		4.1 Improved Energy Storage Bidirectional Buck/boost Converter
		4.2 Improved Active Capacitor Boost1 Converter
	5 Simulation
	6 Conclusion
	References
Research on Coordinated Control Strategy for Islanded Operation of Household Photovoltaic-Storage Micro-grid
	1 Introduction
	2 The Topology of Household Photovoltaic-Storage Micro-grid
	3 Control Strategy for Islanded Operation of Photovoltaic-Storage Micro-grid
		3.1 Inner Loop Current Control Based on d-q Coordinate System
		3.2 P-f and Q-V Droop Control Based on d-q Coordinate System
		3.3 Constant Voltage Frequency Control Based on d-q Coordinate System
		3.4 Coordinated Control of Islanded Operation of Photovoltaic-Storage Micro-grid
	4 Simulation Analysis
		4.1 Operating Condition 1 of Household Photovoltaic-Storage Micro-grid
		4.2 Operating Condition 2 of Household Photovoltaic-Storage Micro-grid
		4.3 Operating Condition 3 of Household Photovoltaic-Storage Micro-grid
	5 Conclusion
	References
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation on Hydraulic High Voltage Circuit Breaker Mechanical Characteristics in Smart Substation
	1 Introduction
	2 Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Principles
	3 Establishment of Fuzzy Evaluation Model for Hydraulic High Voltage Circuit Breaker
		3.1 Establishment of Evaluation Factor Set
		3.2 Establishment of Evaluation Level
		3.3 Determination of Weight
		3.4 Establishment of Membership Function
	4 Case Analysis
		4.1 Normal Working Condition
		4.2 Abnormal Working Condition
	5 Conclusion
	References
State of Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Multi-Kernel Relevance Vector Machine
	1 Introduction
	2 SOC Estimation Model Based on PSO-MKRVM
		2.1 Multicore Relevance Vector Machine Algorithm
		2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms
		2.3 PSO-MKRVM Algorithm Steps
	3 Experimental Results and Analysis
		3.1 Data Pre-processing
		3.2 Evaluation Indicators
		3.3 Estimated Results from One Measurement
		3.4 Estimated Results from Multiple Measurements
	4 Conclusions
	References
Research on Variation Rules of Characteristic Parameters and Early Warning Method of Thermal Runaway of Lithium Titanate Battery
	1 Introduction
	2 Development Process and Judging Method of Thermal Runaway of Lithium Battery
		2.1 Thermal Runaway Development Process of Lithium Ion Batteries
		2.2 Thermal Runaway Judging Criterias of Lithium Ion Batteries
	3 Design of Experiment
		3.1 Samples of the Battery
		3.2 Experimental Facility and Design
	4 Analysis of Characteristic Parameters of Thermal Runaway
		4.1 Thermal Runaway Phenomenon
		4.2 Analysis of Characteristic Parameters of Heating Thermal Runaway
		4.3 Analysis of Characteristic Parameters of Overcharging Thermal Runaway
	5 Conclusion
	References
Study on Parameter Characteristics and Sensitivity of Equivalent Circuit Model of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery in Decay Dimension
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Bench and Experimental Procedures
	3 Battery Model
		3.1 Difference Analysis
		3.2 Change of Euclidean Distance Analysis Parameters
	4 Simulation Verification
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Defect Simulation and Diagnosis Method of On-Load Tap Changer
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment Preparation
		2.1 Detection Platform Construction
		2.2 Signal Processing Short Time Energy Method
	3 Defect Simulation of OLTCs
	4 Diagnosis Method of OLTCs
	5 Conclusion
	References
Internal Short Circuit Warning Method of Parallel Lithium-Ion Module Based on Loop Current Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 Internal Short Circuit Loop Current Characteristic Experiment
		2.1 Acupuncture Simulation of Internal Short Circuit Experiments of Parallel Lithium-Ion Batteries
		2.2 4-Series 2-Parallel Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Acupuncture to Simulate Internal Short Circuit Experiment
	3 Conclusion
	References
Prediction Method of Ohmic Resistance and Charge Transfer Resistance for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on CSA-SVR
	1 Introduction
	2 Feature Extraction and Analysis
		2.1 Experimental Data of Cycle Life Attenuation of Lithium Ion Battery
		2.2 Feature Extraction Based on Charging Curve
		2.3 Feature Extraction Based on Incremental Capacity Curve
		2.4 Grey Relation Analysis of Features
	3 CSA Optimized SVR Prediction Model
		3.1 Cuckoo Search Algorithm
		3.2 Support Vector Regression
		3.3 CSA-SVR Method
	4 Simulation Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Research on Experimental System of Magnetically Mediated Thermoacoustic Detecting Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle of MMTDM
	3 Construction of Experimental System
	4 Experimental Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Mobile Energy Storage Vehicles Planning with Multi-scenario and Multi-objective Requirements
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of MESV
	3 Models and Algorithms
		3.1 MESV Target Model
		3.2 MESV Constrained Boundary Model
		3.3 Solving Algorithm
	4 Case Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Novel Control Strategy of Air-Core Pulsed Alternators for Driving Electromagnetic Railgun
	1 Introduction
	2 Single-Phase Short-Circuit Discharge
	3 Discharge with Inductive Load
	4 Speed Control
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimal Dispatch Strategy of a Flexible Energy Aggregator Considering Virtual Energy Storage
	1 Introduction
	2 Model
		2.1 Data Center Model
		2.2 Flexible Scheduling Model of Data Load in Data Center
		2.3 Data Center Power Consumption Model Based on DVFS Technology
		2.4 Data Center Model Based on the First Law of Thermodynamics
		2.5 Residential Building Model
		2.6 Demand-Side and Supply-Side Equilibrium Equations
		2.7 Generalized Energy Storage Model
		2.8 Battery Storage
		2.9 Virtual Energy Storage
		2.10 Aggregator Objective Function
	3 Case Study
		3.1 Comparison of Power Purchase, PV Output Curve and Load Curve
		3.2 Thermal Characteristics and Power Consumption of Data Centers and Buildings Under Different Operation Models
		3.3 Hourly SOC of Virtual Energy Storage
	4 Conclusion
	References
State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on EKF with Adaptive Fading Factor
	1 Introduction
	2 Equivalent Model and Parameter Identification of Lithium-Ion Battery
		2.1 Equivalent Circuit Model of Lithium-Ion Battery
		2.2 SOC-OCV Relationship Curve of Battery
		2.3 Parameter Identification of Battery Model
	3 Extended Kalman Filter with Adaptive Fading Factor
		3.1 Traditional Extended Kalman Filter
		3.2 Analysis of EKF with Adaptive Fading Factor
	4 Experiment and Simulation Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
On-Line Evaluation Method of Battery Bank Inconsistency for DC Power System
	1 Introduction
	2 Comprehensive Weighting Method and Grey Clustering
	3 Establishment of Evaluation Model for Battery Bank
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Coordinated Control Strategy for PV-BESS Combined System and Optimal Configuration of Energy Storage System
	1 Introduction
	2 Coordinated Control Strategy of PV-BESS System
		2.1 Definition of the Inertial Constant of PV-BESS System
		2.2 Dynamic Control Strategy Based on VSG
	3 Control Verification and Impacts Analysis of Different Control Parameters
		3.1 Verification of Dynamic Control Scheme
		3.2 Impact Analysis of Control Parameters
	4 Conclusions
	References
Multi-objective Optimal Scheduling Strategy of EVs Considering Customer Satisfaction and Demand Response
	1 Introduction
	2 Demand Response Model of Electric Vehicle
		2.1 Overall Framework of the System
		2.2 User Trip Characteristics
		2.3 Period Shift Model and User Psychological Model
		2.4 Customer Satisfaction Model of Electric Vehicle
	3 Optimal Scheduling Model of Electric Vehicle
		3.1 Objective Functions and Constraints
		3.2 Solution Method
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Parameter Setting
		4.2 Optimization Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Deep-Learning Network-Based Method for SOH Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles
	1 Introduction
	2 Datasets For SOH Estimation.
	3 Methodologies
		3.1 Model Description
		3.2 Full Architecture for SOH Estimation
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Experimental Platform
		4.2 Results on NASA Dataset
		4.3 Results on Oxford Dataset
	5 Conclusions
	References
Research on Optimal Allocation of Energy Storage in Active Distribution Network Based on Differential Particle Swarm Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Optimization Model of Energy Storage Location Based on Standard Deviation of Network Loss Sensitivity
	3 Energy Storage Capacity Optimization Model
		3.1 Objective Function
		3.2 Binding Conditions
	4 Model Solving Method Based on Differential Particle Swarm Algorithm
		4.1 Differential Particle Swarm Algorithm
		4.2 Algorithm Flow
	5 Example Analysis
		5.1 Test System
		5.2 Energy Storage Location Optimization
		5.3 Optimal Allocation of Capacity
	6 Conclusion
	References
Adjusting Energy Storage Performance of PMMA/P(VDF-HFP) Composites by Improving Compatibility Through Molecular Weight Regulation
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Section
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Fabricating Process of Polymer Films
		2.3 Characterization
	3 Results
		3.1 Microstructure and Compatibility
		3.2 Dielectric and Energy Storage Performance
	4 Conclusion
	References
Composite Micro Energy System for Wireless Sensor Network Nodes
	1 Introduction
	2 Prototype Design and Fabrication of Hybrid Micro-energy System
		2.1 General System Design
		2.2 System Integration
		2.3 Design and Fabrication of Vibration Generator
		2.4 Circuit Design and Fabrication of Vibration Energy Collection Unit
		2.5 Solar Collection Unit Design
	3 Testing and Demonstration Verification of Hybrid Micro-energy System
		3.1 Vibration Energy Collection Unit Test
		3.2 Solar Energy Collection Unit Test
		3.3 Demonstration and Verification of Power Supply for WSN Nodes
	4 Conclusions
	References
Research on Map Construction and Location Technology Based on Multi-line LiDAR
	1 Introduction
	2 Map Building
		2.1 Point Cloud Preprocessing
		2.2 Inter-Frame Point Cloud Matching
	3 Location
	4 Experiment and Analysis
		4.1 Accuracy and Time Comparison
		4.2 Positioning Experiment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Isolated ISOP Control of a Medium Voltage Lithium Battery Storage Converter for Railroad Engine Rooms
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Output Voltage Equalization Performance of Boost Converter
		2.1 Small-Signal Model of a Boost Converter
		2.2 Output Voltage Equalization Characteristics of Three-Level Boost Converters
	3 Full-Bridge LLC Output Current Performance Analysis
	4 Co-occupancy Ratio Control Strategy for ISOP Systems
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Deep-Learning Based Method for Real-Time Insulator Detection in Power System
	1 Introduction
	2 Network Architecture
		2.1 Overall Structure
		2.2 Network Architecture
		2.3 Aggregation
	3 Experiments and Results
		3.1 Experiments Setup
		3.2 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Corrosion Defect Detection in Multi-color Space by Channel Exchanging
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Backbone Networks with Channels Exchanging
		2.2 Feature Pyramid Networks
		2.3 Detection Head Networks
	3 Experiments
		3.1 Implementation Details
		3.2 Experimental Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Data-Efficient Matching for Object Detection with Transformer in Pin Defect Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Data-Efficient Hungarian Match
		2.2 Group Object Query
	3 Experiments
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Implement Details
		3.3 Comparison Result
		3.4 Ablation Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
Heterogeneous Parallel Computing Based Thermal Fault Detection Model for Substation Equipment Using Infrared and Visible Image
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
		2.1 Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Methods
		2.2 Target Detection Methods
	3 Method
		3.1 Architecture of Detection Method
		3.2 Fusion Network
		3.3 Faults Detection Network
		3.4 Heterogeneous Parallel Computing Implement
		3.5 Training and Network Deployment
	4 Experiments and Results
		4.1 Experiment Setup
		4.2 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Bullet Recognition Technology Based on Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Introduction to Bullet Recognition Algorithm Interface
		2.1 Dark Channel Prior Algorithm
		2.2 YOLO V3 Algorithm
	3 Dataset and Model Training
	4 Model Building
	5 Experiments and Analyses
	6 Summary
	References
An Investigation of ASC Peak Current Suppression Method for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
	1 Introduction
	2 ASC Analysis
		2.1 Principles of ASC
		2.2 Mathematical Model of PMSM After ASC
	3 Experiment and Simulation
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Power Distribution Method for Multi-stack Fuel Cell Considering Operating Efficiency and Aging
	1 Introduction
	2 Object Description
		2.1 System Introduction
		2.2 Modeling of MFC
	3 Design of Power Distribution Method
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Hybrid Domain Adaptation-Based Method for State of Health Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries
	1 Introduction
	2 The Methodology
		2.1 Overview of the Proposed Method
		2.2 CNN-GRU Network
		2.3 Domain Adaptation Method
		2.4 Optimization Objective
	3 Experiments
		3.1 Degeneration Data
		3.2 Experiment Details
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 SOH Estimation with Different Approaches
		4.2 Ablation Experiment
	5 Conclusions
	References
Risk Assessment of Retired Power Battery Energy Storage System
	1 Introduction
	2 Comprehensive Evaluation Index
		2.1 Battery Data Source
		2.2 Evaluation Indicators
	3 Comprehensive Security Assessment Model
		3.1 Comprehensive Scoring Model
	4 Comprehensive Scoring Model
		4.1 Estimated Results of Evaluation Indicators
		4.2 Subjective and Objective Weight Calculation Results
		4.3 Comprehensive Evaluation Results Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Stability Improvement Method for Interline Power Flow Controller
	1 Introduction
	2 The Safety Boundary of IPFC’S Converter and Its Impact Factors
	3 The IPFC and Virtual Impedance Method
	4 Case Study
	5 Conclusions
	References
Annealing Effect on Thermal-Electrical Performance of XLPE Insulation from Retired Power Cables
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Details
		2.1 Cable Preparation
		2.2 Aging Test and Heat Treatment
		2.3 Character Measurements
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
		3.2 Electrical Conductivity
	4 Conclusion
	References
Modification Method for Guide Vane Opening and Speed Optimizer of Variable-Speed Pumped Storage Under Pump Condition
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of DFVSPS Under Pump Condition
	3 Guide Vane Opening and Speed Optimization Modification
		3.1 Pump Model Experiment
		3.2 Guide Vane Opening and Speed Optimization Modification
	4 Simulation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Energy Management Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on Multi-objective Model Predictive Control
	1 Introduction
	2 Semi-active Hybrid Energy Storage System
	3 Hybrid Energy Storage System Modeling and Model Predictive Control Strategy
		3.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Model
		3.2 DC/DC Converter Loss Model
		3.3 DC Bus Voltage Model
		3.4 Multi-objective Model Predictive Control of Hybrid Energy Storage System
	4 Experiment and Result Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Pressure Difference Control Between Cathode and Anode of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Based on Fuzzy PID Controller
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling and Control Method for PEMFC Systems
		2.1 System Modeling
		2.2 Control Target
		2.3 PID Control
		2.4 Adaptive Fuzzy PID Controller
	3 Simulation and Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Additional Charge Throughput Reduction Method Based on Circulating Current Injection for the MMC Battery Energy Storage System
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Additional Charge Throughput for MMC-BESS
		2.1 Topology of MMC-BESS
		2.2 Principles of MMC-BESS
		2.3 Analysis on Charge Throughput of MMC-BESS
	3 Second-Order Circulating Current Injection Scheme
	4 Experimental Verification
		4.1 Experimental Parameters
		4.2 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Rapid Impedance Spectroscopy Reconstruction Based on M Sequence for SOH Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery
	1 Introduction
	2 Brief Description of M Sequence
	3 Fast Impedance Spectroscopy Testing and Reconstruction
		3.1 Fast Impedance Spectroscopy Testing
		3.2 Impedance Spectroscopy Reconstruction and Validation Analysis
	4 Fractional Order Model Building and SOH Estimation
		4.1 Fractional Order Modeling Based on Impedance Spectroscopy
		4.2 SOH Estimation Based on Equivalent Impedance Model
	5 Conclusion
	References
Monitoring Method of Multi-band Oscillation Based on Synchronous Wavelet Compression Transform and Gaussian Naive Bayes Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Multi-band Oscillation Monitoring System Based on Two-Stage Gaussian Naive Bayes
		2.1 Gaussian Naive Bayes
		2.2 Online Monitoring System Operation Steps
	3 Feature Extraction Based on Simulated PMU Data
		3.1 The Feature Vectors of the First-Stage Classifier
		3.2 The Feature Vectors of the Second-Stage Classifier
	4 Simulation Verification of Four-Machine Two-Area System
		4.1 Collection of Sample Data
		4.2 Verification Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
Health Status Estimation with Hybrid Neural Network for Lithium-Ion Battery
	1 Introduction
	2 Health Features Sequence
		2.1 Detail of Battery Datasets
		2.2 Health Features Extraction
	3 Hybrid Neural Network
		3.1 Convolution Layer
		3.2 Long Short-Term Memory Layer
	4 Results and Discussion
	References
Numerical Analysis on Thermal Management Performance of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack with Liquid Cooling
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Model Validation
		2.1 Geometric Model
		2.2 Govern Equations
		2.3 Boundary Conditions
		2.4 Numerical Model Validation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 High-Speed Climbing Operational Condition
		3.2 Overspeed Operational Condition
		3.3 Driving Durability Operational Condition
		3.4 Heating Operational Condition
	4 Conclusions
	References
Design and Optimization of a Novel Dual-Motor Coupling Propulsion System with Composite Transmission
	1 Introduction
	2 Architecture of the Propulsion System
		2.1 Conventional Dual-Motor Transmission Architecture
		2.2 A Novel Composite Transmission Architecture
	3 Operating Principle
	4 Parameter Optimization
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Marine Electrochemical Energy Storage System Under Ship-Shore Connected Cable Faults in Ship-Shore Power System
	1 Introduction
	2 Shore Power System
		2.1 Structure Composition
		2.2 Shore Power System Model
	3 Marine Electric Power System Design
		3.1 Diesel Generator Design
		3.2 Ship Shore Power System Design
	4 Simulation Results and Analysis
		4.1 Diesel Generator as Standby Power Supply
		4.2 Battery Energy Storage System as Standby Power Supply
	5 Conclusion
	References
Sodium-Ion Batteries State of Charge Estimation Based on Recurrent Deep Forest
	1 Introduction
	2 SoC of Sodium Battery Estimation Method Based on Recurrent Deep Forest
	3 Experimental Data and Results
		3.1 Experimental Data Background
		3.2 Description of Experimental Data
		3.3 Data Preprocessing, Training and Testing
		3.4 Experimental Results and Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on Ultrasonic Transmission Characteristics and Failure Modes of a Lithium-Ion Battery
	1 Introduction
	2 Ultrasonic Transmission Principle of Battery
	3 Establishment of Finite Element Model of Battery
		3.1 Battery Reference Model
		3.2 Battery Comparison Model
	4 Analysis of Simulation and Experimental Results
		4.1 Influence of Battery Structure on Ultrasonic Signal
		4.2 Influence of Process Problems on Ultrasonic Signals
		4.3 Influence of Internal Faults of Battery on Ultrasonic Signal
		4.4 Comparison and Analysis of Simulation and Experimental Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Parameter Matching Optimization of All-Terrain Vehicle Battery System Considering Multi-objective Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Performance Requirements of the Target Vehicle
		2.1 Power Demand Calculation
		2.2 Energy Demand Calculation
		2.3 Lithium Battery Pack Parameter Configuration
	3 Parameter Matching and Optimization of Lithium Battery Pack
		3.1 Optimization Model
		3.2 Optimistic Algorithm
		3.3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on Water Content and Water Saturation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Under Dynamic Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Three-Dimensional Non-isothermal Two-Phase Model
		2.1 Theory of Model
		2.2 Model Validation
		2.3 Setting of Dynamic Conditions
	3 Water Content and Water Saturation
		3.1 Average Water Content and Average Water Saturation
		3.2 Location of Lowest Water Content
		3.3 Location of Highest Water Saturation
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Intelligent Loading Method of Air Containers for Air Express Transportation Based on Modular Assembling
	1 Introduction
	2 Intelligent Loading Method
		2.1 Loading Object Analysis
		2.2 Air Container Dimensional Analysis
		2.3 Modularity of Express Packages
	3 Experiment
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Passenger Safety Status Detection Method for Rail Transit Stations Based on Machine Learning
	1 Background
	2 Related Work
	3 Introduction
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Human Post Estimation
		3.3 Platform
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of the Clearance Between Corner Fittings and Locks on Longitudinal Acceleration of Freight
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Research Status of Loading Reinforcement for Container Freight
	2 Container Corner Fittings and Locks on Flat Car
	3 Impact Test Simulation Modelling Based on SIMPACK
		3.1 Modelling of MT-2 Buffer
		3.2 Establishment of Vehicle Model
		3.3 Establishment of Impact Test Model
	4 Simulation Results and Analysis of Impact Test
		4.1 Impact Test Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Multimodal Transport Route Optimization of the New Western Land-Sea Corridor
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis on Influencing Factors of Path Optimization
		2.1 Transportation Time Analysis
		2.2 Transportation Cost Analysis
		2.3 Time Value of Goods Analysis
	3 Model
		3.1 Model Assumptions
		3.2 Model Building
		3.3 Model Solution
	4 Case Analysis
		4.1 Example Introduction
		4.2 Data Processing
		4.3 Example Calculation
		4.4 Result Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Active Vibration Control of Cylindrical Structures Using Piezoelectric Patches
	1 Foreword
		1.1 Design Research Background and Research Significance
		1.2 Scheme Ideas
	2 Piezoelectric Actuators and Controllability Gramian Method
		2.1 Properties of Piezoelectric Materials
		2.2 Controllable Gramian Method
	3 Software Simulation
		3.1 Cylinder Structure Modeling and Modal Analysis
		3.2 Random Vibration Analysis of Cylindrical Structure
		3.3 Simulation Analysis of Piezoelectric Effect of Piezoelectric Patch Actuator and Sensor
		3.4 System Simulation Analysis
	4 Summary
	References
High-Speed Railway Express Collection and Distribution Scheme Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of Collection and Distribution Scheme for High-Speed Railway Express
		2.1 Problem Description
		2.2 Establishment of the Model
		2.3 Numerical Experiment
		2.4 Discussion
	3 Conclusion
	References
Analyzing the Air Dual-Hub Connectivity: A Case Study of Beijing Dual Airports
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Flight Connection Between Dual Airports
		2.1 Hub Connectivity Indicator Evaluation of the Dual Airport
	3 Case Study—Evaluation of Flight Connection of Beijing Dual Airports
		3.1 Operation Status of Beijing Double Airport
		3.2 Evaluation of the Connecting Quality of Beijing Double Airports
	4 Conclusions
	References
Recognition of Remote and Small Intrusion Targets Around High-Speed Railway Based on Deep Learning Method
	1 Foreword
		1.1 Research Background and Significance
		1.2 Research Status at Home and Abroad
		1.3 Main Contents of This Article
	2 Target Detection Algorithm Based on Deep Learning
		2.1 Single State Target Detection Network
		2.2 Two-Stage Target Detection Network
	3 Experiment Data Set
		3.1 Definition of Small Target
		3.2 Data Set Construction
	4 Analysis of Experimental Results
	5 Remote and Small Intrusion Target Detection System for High Speed Railway Perimeter
	6 Summary
	References
Facial Expression Recognition Algorithm Based on Multi-source Information Fusion
	1 Introduce
	2 Related Works
		2.1 Facial Expression Recognition
		2.2 Multi-source Information Fusion
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Data Preprocessing
		3.3 Training
	4 Experimental Results and Analysis
		4.1 Single-Mode Expression Recognition Experiment
		4.2 Single-Mode Expression Recognition Experiment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of Township Logistics Distribution Route Based on Simulated Annealing Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model
		2.1 Problem Description and Model Assumptions
		2.2 Modeling
	3 Solution Algorithm
		3.1 Simulated Annealing Algorithm Theory
		3.2 Encoding Method
		3.3 Neighborhood Search
		3.4 Cooling Function
		3.5 Algorithm Termination Criterion
	4 Case Analysis
		4.1 Model Solving
		4.2 Solution Result
	5 Conclusions
	References
Study and Experimental Verification of the Effect of Assembly Pressure on the Electrical Efficiency of PEM Fuel Cells
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 W-M Fractal Function
		2.2 Electrical Efficiency Model
		2.3 Experiment
	3 Fuel Cell Model Construction
		3.1 Model Assumptions
		3.2 Simulation Model
		3.3 Boundary Conditions
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Interface Contact Characteristics
		4.2 Effect of Clamping Pressure
	5 Conclusions
	References
Design of Non-intrusive Type Load-Monitor System for Smart Grid
	1 Introduction
	2 Ease of Use
		2.1 System Requirements Analysis
		2.2 System Technical Architecture Design
	3 Overall System Design
		3.1 Introduction to the Core Modules of the System
		3.2 System Operation Process Analysis
	4 System Function Module Design
		4.1 Design of Data Acquisition Module
		4.2 Main Control Module Design
		4.3 Communication Module Design
	5 System Test
		5.1 System Performance Test
		5.2 Cloud Platform Online Monitoring Test
	6 Epilogue
	References
Application of Digital Twin Model in Monitoring the Steady State Operation of DC Bus Capacitor Bank
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Twin Model of DC Bus Capacitor Bank
	3 Digital Twin Model of DC Bus Capacitor Bank and Its Application in Condition Monitoring
	4 Verification
	5 Conclusion
	References
Improve the Temperature Stability of PVDF/PMMA Energy Storage Performance by Crosslinking
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Preparation Principle and Process of Crosslinked PVDF/PMMA Film
		2.3 Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Surface Topography and Energy Spectroscopy Analysis
		3.2 Thermal Properties
		3.3 Crystal Structure Properties of Crosslinked Samples
		3.4 Dielectric Properties of Crosslinked Samples
		3.5 Variable Temperature Energy Storage Performance of Crosslinked Samples
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research on the Main Motor Pre- and Post-switchable Configuration Based on DCT Hybrid Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Configuration Analysis of a DCT Hybrid Vehicle
		2.1 Configuration Classification
		2.2 Working Principle of Main Motor Pre- and Post-switchable Configuration
	3 Model Building and Control Strategy Optimization
		3.1 Development of the Vehicle Model Based on CRUISE
		3.2 Rule Based Control Strategy Design
		3.3 Transmission Parameter Optimization Based on Isight
	4 Simulation Analysis and Optimization
		4.1 Simulation Analysis
		4.2 Optimization Analysis of Transmission Parameters
	5 Conclusions
	References
Application of Lane Detection Based on Point Instance Network in Autonomous Driving
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Traditional Methods
		2.2 Deep Learning Methods
		2.3 Stacked Hourglass Network
		2.4 Key Points Estimation
	3 Model Evaluation
		3.1 Confidence Loss
		3.2 Offset Loss
		3.3 Embedding Feature Loss
		3.4 Distillation Loss
	4 Experimental Results
		4.1 Dataset
		4.2 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Lithium Rich Manganese Based Materials Coated Carbon Nanotubes Graphene Hybrid
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment
		2.1 Preparation of Lithium Rich Manganese Based Materials
		2.2 Preparation of LLOs Coated with Carbon Nanotube Graphene Hybrid
		2.3 Preparation of LLOs Coated with Carbon Nanotube Graphene Hybrid
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Carbon Nanotube Graphene Hybrid Coating on Material Structure
		3.2 Effect of Carbon Nanotube Graphene Hybrid Coating on Material Structure
		3.3 Effect of Carbon Nanotube Graphene Hybrid Coating on Capacity and Magnification Properties of Materials
	4 Conclusions Summary and Prospect
	References
State of Health Prediction of Lithium Battery Based on Extreme Learning Machine Optimized by Genetic Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Correlation Coefficient
		2.1 Pearson Correlation Coefficient
		2.2 Establishment of Finite Element Model
		2.3 Kendall Correlation Coefficient
	3 Build SOH Prediction Model
		3.1 Extreme Learning Machine Algorithm
		3.2 ELM Optimized by Genetic Algorithm
		3.3 The Prediction Model of SOH
		3.4 Criteria for Assessment
	4 Experiment and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Suppression Technology of Thrust Fluctuation for Long-Stroke Segmented Linear Motor
	1 Introduction
	2 The Thrust Fluctuation Characteristics of DSMPMLSM
		2.1 Cogging Force Analysis
		2.2 End Force Analysis
		2.3 Detent Force Analysis for Between-Segment
	3 Experimental Evaluation
		3.1 Experimental Setup
		3.2 Experimental Results
		3.3 Thrust Fluctuation Suppression
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Uniformity Sorting Strategy for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Impedance Spectroscopy
	1 Introduction
	2 Impedance Spectrum Measurement of Lithium-Ion Battery
	3 Feature Extraction and Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Sorting
	4 Classification Method and Effect Verification
	5 Conclusions
	References
Integrated Dynamics Control for Path Tracking and Obstacle Avoidance of Four-Wheel Intelligent Distributed Drive Vehicles Based on Time-Varying Predictive Control
	1 Introduction
	2 Vehicle System Model
	3 Integrated Dynamics Control
		3.1 Time-Varying Predictive Model
		3.2 Linear Adaptive Time-Varying Predictive Control
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Communication Mechanism of Cloud-Edge-End Distributed Energy Storage System
	1 Introduction
	2 Distributed Energy Storage System Communication Networking Method
	3 Distributed Energy Storage System Information Model
		3.1 IEC61850-Based Virtual Logic Device Modeling
		3.2 IOT Terminal Model
	4 Cloud-Side Interaction Mechanism Based on MQTT Protocol
		4.1 Distributed Energy Storage System Communication Model
		4.2 IEC61850-MQTT Protocol Conversion
		4.3 Cloud-Side Interaction Architecture
	5 Example Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Predictive Cruise Control Algorithm Design for Commercial Vehicle Energy Saving Based on Quadratic Programming
	1 Introduction
	2 Lower Layer Gear Optimization Controller Design
		2.1 Gear Optimization Map Design
		2.2 Fuel Consumption Model Fitting
	3 Upper Layer PCC Controller Design
		3.1 Vehicle Model Conversion
		3.2 Optimized Problem Establishment
		3.3 Optimization Problem Solving
	4 Simulation
		4.1 Simulation Results
		4.2 Analysis of Simulation Results
	5 Summary and Future Work
	References
Charge Transport and Energy Accumulation Breakdown Probability Distribution Characteristics of Polyimide
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment
		2.1 The Sample Processing
		2.2 Characterization and Performance Testing
		2.3 A Subsection Sample
	3 Modeling and Simulation of CTMD
		3.1 Charge Transport and Molecular Chain Energy Accumulation Modulation Model
		3.2 Parameter Extraction
		3.3 Simulation and Results Analysis
		3.4 Discussion on Simulation Results of Weibull Distribution
	4 Conclution
	References
State of Health Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Random Charging Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Voltage Fitting and Feather Extraction
	3 State of Health Estimation Framework
	4 Validation and Discussion
		4.1 Voltage Fitting Validation
		4.2 SOH Estimation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Capacity Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on an Optimal Voltage Section and LSTM Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Battery Dataset and Feasibility Analysis
		2.1 Battery Dataset
		2.2 Feasibility Analysis and HF Extraction
	3 Proposed Method
		3.1 Voltage Section Optimization with QPSO
		3.2 Estimation Model Construction
	4 Experimental Validation and Discussion
		4.1 Validation for the Voltage Section Optimization
		4.2 Validation for Capacity Estimation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Enhancing Specific Capacitance and Structural Durability of VO2 Through Rationally Constructed Core-Shell Heterostructures
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Section
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Determination Method of Solid-State Diffusion Coefficient for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Electrochemical Impedance Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Model Development
		2.1 Model Description
		2.2 Model Parameter Identification
	3 Experimental
		3.1 Fabrication of Positive and Negative Half Cells
		3.2 Electrochemical Performance Tests of Positive and Negative Half Cells
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Analysis of Electrochemical Characteristics of Half Cells
		4.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of Different Lithium Intercalation States
		4.3 Identification of Lithium Ion Solid-Phase Diffusion Coefficient
	5 Conclusions
	References
Remaining Capacity Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Differential Temperature Curve and Hybrid Deep Learning Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Battery Cycle Data
	3 Health Features Generation
	4 Remaining Capacity Estimation
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System Considering Fuel Cell Recoverable Performance Loss
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of Fuel Cell Hybrid System
		2.1 Fuel Cell Degradation Model
		2.2 Hydrogen Consumption Model
		2.3 PEMFC Recoverable Performance Loss Model
		2.4 Battery Equivalent Hydrogen Consumption Model
	3 Proposed EMS Approach
		3.1 Description of Objective Function
		3.2 Proposed DDPG Based EMS
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Collaborative Eco-Routing Optimization for Continuous Traffic Flow in a Road Network
	1 Introduction
	2 The Collaborative Eco-Routing Optimization Strategy
	3 Simulation and Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Lithium-Ion Battery SOC Estimation Based on OWA Operator Fusion Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Battery Modeling and Parameter Identification
	3 Kalman Filter
		3.1 Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter
		3.2 The Central Difference Filter
		3.3 H-Infinity Filter
	4 OWA Operator Fusion Algorithm
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Model Predictive Control Based Frequency Regulation for Power Systems Containing Massive Energy Storage Clusters
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 The Lower Layer
		2.2 The Upper Layer
	3 Experimental Validation and Results Comparison
		3.1 Case 1: Dynamic Performance
		3.2 Case 2: Control Scheme Comparisons
	4 Conclusion
	References
Analysis and Application of Energy-Saving Approaches for Mining Dump Trucks Based on the Reuse of Braking Energy
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of the Transmission System and Operating Conditions
		2.1 Vehicle Longitudinal Dynamics Model
		2.2 Engine-Generator Model
		2.3 Drive Motor Model
		2.4 Operating Case Model
	3 Reuse of Braking Energy
		3.1 Motor Light Overload
		3.2 Electrification of Cooling Fans
		3.3 Reverse Drag Engine
	4 Theoretical Analysis and Comparison of Energy-Saving Effect
		4.1 Comparative Analysis of Energy-Saving Solutions
		4.2 Results Comparison
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimal Scheduling of Integrated Energy System Considering Gas Pipeline Leakage Failure
	1 Introduction
	2 System Network Model
		2.1 Gas Flow Model Considering the Small Hole Leakage Failure
		2.2 The Optimal Scheduling Model for IES
		2.3 Objective Function
		2.4 Gas System Constraints
		2.5 Power System Constraints
	3 Case Studies
		3.1 System Description and Data Sources
	References
Multi-index Thermal Safety Warning Based on Real Vehicle Big Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Introduction and Cleaning
		2.1 Data Introduction
		2.2 Data Cleaning
	3 Multi-index Selection
		3.1 3Methodology
		3.2 Voltage Polarity
		3.3 Temperature Extremes
		3.4 Voltage Entropy
		3.5 Maximum Temperature
	4 Potential Risk Cell Screening Strategy
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Fault Diagnosis Method for Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Kolmogorov Complexity
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Kolmogorov Complexity Calculation Process
		3.1 Symbol Sequence Conversion
		3.2 Single Voltage Sequence Component Count Calculation
		3.3 Complexity Calculation of Single Voltage Sequence
		3.4 Complexity Calculation for Battery Life Cycle
	4 Analysis of Fault Diagnosis Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Power Capability Prediction and Energy Management Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System with Air-Cooled System
	1 Introduction
	2 System Model
		2.1 Battery Model
		2.2 SC Model
		2.3 Battery Pack Electro-thermal Model
	3 SOP Estimation Under Temperature Constraints
	4 Energy Management Strategy
	5 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Signaling Game Approach for Energy Scheduling in the Community Microgrid
	1 Introduction
	2 System Model of the Community Microgrid
		2.1 Scheduling Structure for the Community Microgrid
		2.2 Utility Model of the Shared Energy Storage Provider
		2.3 Utility Model of Prosumers
	3 Scheduling Strategy Based on a Signaling Game
		3.1 Formulation of Signaling Game
		3.2 Solution for Game Equilibrium
	4 Performance Evaluation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Lithium-Ion Battery Fast Charging Strategy Based on Reinforcement Learning Algorithm in Electric Vehicles
	1 Introduction
	2 Introduction of the Fast Charging Strategy
		2.1 Model Establishment
	3 State Observer
	4 Establishment of Target Function
	5 DDPG Algorithm Battery Fast Charging
	6 Conclusions
	References
Differential Drive Based Cooperate Steering Control Strategy Considering Energy Efficiency for Multi-axle Distributed Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of Vehicle System
		2.1 2DOF Dynamic Model
		2.2 Steering System Model
		2.3 Tracking Error Model
	3 Strategy of Cooperate Steering Control
		3.1 MPC Based Path Tracking Control
		3.2 Optimal Torque Allocation
	4 Experiment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Hysteresis Characteristics Analysis and SOC Estimation of Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Under Energy Storage Frequency Regulation Conditions and Automotive Dynamic Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Battery Experiment
		2.1 Standard Capacity Test
		2.2 Hysteresis Experiment
		2.3 HPPC Experiment
		2.4 Energy Storage Frequency Regulation Working Condition and Vehicle Dynamic Working Condition Experiment
	3 Battery Modeling and Parameter Identification
		3.1 First-Order RC Equivalent Circuit Model
		3.2 Hysteresis Voltage Reconstruction Model
		3.3 Model Parameter Identification
	4 Model Accuracy Validation and Analysis of Hysteresis Characteristics
		4.1 Model Accuracy Comparison Analysis
		4.2 Analysis of Hysteresis Characteristics
	5 SOC Estimation Based on the EKF Algorithm
	6 Conclusion
	References
Using Frequency-Dependent Integer Order Models to Simulate Fractional Order Model for Battery Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Integer Order Model
		2.2 Fractional Order Model
		2.3 Frequency-Dependent Model
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
An Adaptive Load Baseline Prediction Method for Power Users as Virtual Energy Storage Elements
	1 Introduction
	2 The Relationship Between Multi-dimensional Factors and VESE Power
		2.1 Temperature Factor
		2.2 Date Attribute Factor
		2.3 Electricity Price Factor
	3 Adaptive VESE Baseline Prediction Method Considering Multi-dimensional Factors
		3.1 BP Neural Network
		3.2 SVR
		3.3 LSTM Neural Network
		3.4 Adaptive VESE Baseline Prediction Method
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Small Sample Range Case
		4.2 Large Sample Range Case
	5 Conclusion
	References
Time Series Prediction of New Energy Battery SOC Based on LSTM Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Method
		3.1 Visualization
		3.2 LSTM Network Algorithm
	4 Experiments
		4.1 Data Preparation and Processing
		4.2 Analysis of Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Fault Diagnosis for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles Based on VMD and Edit Distance
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle of the Proposed Method
		2.1 Variational Mode Decomposition
		2.2 Edit Distance
	3 Data Acquisition and Introduction
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Results
		4.2 Clustering with DBSCAN
		4.3 Comparison
	5 Conclusion
	References
Joint Estimation of State-of-Charge and State-of-Health for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on OLS-UKF Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Joint SOC-SOH Estimation
		2.1 SOH Estimation
		2.2 SOC Estimation
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Author Index