The Proceedings of the 2021 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2021), Volume 2

About APISAT 2021
Organization
Contents
Editor Bios
Dynamics/Control/Avionics
Gaussian Process-Based Feedback Linearization Control for Quad-Tiltrotor
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modelling
		2.1 Kinematics of Quad-Tiltrotor
		2.2 Dynamics of Quad-Tiltrotor
		2.3 Force and Moment of Quad-Tiltrotor
	3 Gaussian Process-Based Feedback Linearization Control
		3.1 Feedback Linearization Control
		3.2 Gaussian Process-Based Feedback Linearization Control
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of the Lateral-Directional Stability of Gliding Peregrine Falcon
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Lateral-directional Dynamic Stability Analysis Method
		2.2 Geometric Model Building
		2.3 Mass Model Building
		2.4 Vortex Lattice Method
	3 Results
		3.1 Analysis of Lateral-directional Dynamic Stability for Peregrine Falcon Model
		3.2 Influence of the Dihedral Angle Spanwise Distribution on the Lateral-directional Dynamic Stability for Peregrine Falcon Model
	4 Conclusion
	References
Traffic Navigation for Urban Air Mobility with Reinforcement Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Quadrotor Dynamics
		2.2 PID Controller
	3 Reinforcement Learning Algorithms
		3.1 Trust Region Policy Optimization
		3.2 Proximal Policy Optimization
		3.3 Soft Actor-Critic Algorithms
	4 Simulation
		4.1 Simulation Environment
		4.2 Task Formulation
	5 Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Control for Aircraft with Disturbance Observer Based on Gaussian Process Regression
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modelling of the Fixed-Wing Aircraft
		2.1 Kinematics of the Fixed-Wing Aircraft
		2.2 Dynamics of the Fixed-Wing Aircraft
		2.3 Force and Moment of the Fixed-Wing Aircraft
	3 Dryden Turbulence Model
	4 Gaussian Process Based Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Control
		4.1 Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Control
		4.2 Gaussian Process Regression
	5 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Distributed 6-DOF Adaptive Control of Multi-spacecraft Formation Using Scaled Twistors
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Scaled-Twistor Based 6-DOF Dynamic Model of Spacecraft
		2.2 Gravity Model
		2.3 Communication Topology
	3 Distributed 6-DOF Adaptive Controller Design
	4 Simulation
	5 Conclusion
	References
High Vacuum Circumferentially Distributed Quad Mass MEMS Gyroscope Based on All-Silicon Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure Design
	3 Technology Process
	4 Chip Test
		4.1 Q-value Test Principle
		4.2 Amplitude Attenuation Method
		4.3 Test Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Efficient Gain Parameter Selection Approach for Sliding Mode Control with Application to Rotorcraft Trajectory Tracking Control Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Flight Dynamics
	3 Trajectory Tracking Control
		3.1 Under-Actuated System
		3.2 Trajectory Tracking Control Design Using Sliding Mode Control (SMC)
		3.3 Efficient Design Method for Gain Parameter Selection
	4 Application
	5 Conclusive Remark
	References
A Study on Path Planning Using Bi-Directional PQ-RRT* Algorithm and Trajectory Tracking Technique Using Incremental Backstepping Control
	1 Introduction
	2 Bi-PQ-RRT*
		2.1 Performance Analysis
		2.2 Path Optimization
	3 Flyable Trajectory Generation
	4 Trajectory Tracking Controller Based on IBSC
	5 Trajectory Tracking Simulation
	6 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Wingless eVTOL Dynamics and Design Low-Level Controller
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamics of the Wingless eVTOL and Motor Modelling
		2.1 Our Wingless eVTOL Configurations
		2.2 6-DOF Kinematics and Motor Model
		2.3 Electric DC Motor Modelling
	3 Theoretical Aerodynamic Model of Fixed-Pitch Propellers
		3.1 Momentum Theory
		3.2 Blade Element Theory
		3.3 Coaxial Rotor Mutual Interference
	4 Control System Architecture for Pilot Command
		4.1 Mixing Technique with Considering Rotor Inertia
	5 Flying and Handling Qualities with ADS-33E
		5.1 Hover and Low Speed Requirements for Small-Amplitude Attitude Changes
		5.2 Hover and Low Speed Requirements for Moderate-Amplitude Attitude Changes
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Visual Semantic Context of Semantically Segmented Aerial Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Visual Semantic Context
	3 Measures of Differences
		3.1 Measure of Difference Between Two Probability Mass Function
		3.2 Measure of Difference Between Two Gaussian Distributions
	4 Error Characteristics of the Visual Semantic Context
	5 Conclusion
	References
Real-Time Optimal Control Using Flight Path Coordinates
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Equations of Motion
		2.2 Flight Path Coordinates
		2.3 Real-Time Optimal Control
	3 Numerical Simulation
		3.1 Definition of Arrival Route
		3.2 Real-Time Optimal Control Algorithm
		3.3 Real-Time Optimal Control Without Wind
		3.4 Real-Time Optimal Control in Constant Wind
	4 Conclusions
	References
Reference Path Planning for UAVs Formation Flight Based on PH Curve
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Reference Path Planning for UAV Formation Flight
		2.2 Pythagorean Hodograph Curve
		2.3 Delaunay Triangulation
	3 Kinematic Constraints of UAV Formation
	4 Formation Reference Path Planning
		4.1 Intermediate Waypoints Search
		4.2 Path Optimization
	5 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
An All-Silicon Comb-Tooth Capacitive MEMS Accelerometer
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle and Structure Design
	3 Fabrication Process
	4 ASIC and Package
	5 Performance
	6 Conclusion
	References
Pseudospectral Convex Optimization for Reentry Vehicle Guidance with No-Fly Zone Constraints
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Dynamics of Hypersonic Vehicle
		2.2 Control Inputs
		2.3 Flight Constraints and Boundary Conditions
		2.4 Minimum-Time Optimal Control Problem
	3 Pseudospectral Convex Programming Formulation
		3.1 Convexification Process
		3.2 Pseudospectral Method
		3.3 Modifications
		3.4 Sequential Convex Programming Method
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance Control and Decision-Making of Fighter Base on Deep Reinforcement Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System
	3 The Framework of Deep Reinforcement Learning
	4 Auto GCAS Control and Decision-Making of Fighter Base on DRL
	5 Parameter Optimization Method of DRL for Auto GCAS Based on GA
	6 Simulation
	7 Conclusion
	References
Practical Rules for the Stability Analysis of Flight Control Electrically Actuation System
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrical Actuation System Description
		2.1 Actuators Architecture
		2.2 Linear Models
	3 Typical Nonlinearities Analysis
		3.1 EHA Nonlinearities
		3.2 EMA Nonlinearities
	4 Typical Nonlinear Effects Analysis
		4.1 Simulation and Analysis of EHA Nonlinearities
		4.2 Simulation and Analysis of EMA Nonlinearities
	5 Conclusion
	References
Control Allocation Switching Scheme for Fault Tolerant Control of Hexacopter
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminaries
		2.1 Dynamical Equations of Hexacopter with Actuator Fault
		2.2 Problem Description
	3 Control Allocation Switching Scheme
		3.1 Projection-Based Adaptive Control Allocation Without Fault Information
		3.2 Constrained Optimisation-Based Control Allocation with Fault Information
		3.3 Control Allocation Switching for Compensation of Fault Information Delay
	4 Numerical Simulation
	5 Conclusion
	References
3D Reconstruction by Pretrained Features and Visual-Inertial Odometry
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Implements
		3.1 Sliding Windowed PnP Algorithm
		3.2 ARS (Attitude Reference System)
		3.3 Scene Analysis
		3.4 Integration from Estimated Parameters
		3.5 Detailed Implement
		3.6 Result of Experiments
	4 Conclusion
	5 Discussion of Future Works
	References
Modeling and Fault Diagnosis of Aviation Hydraulic Servo Actuator
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of Hydraulic Servo Actuator
		2.1 Introduction of Hydraulic Servo Actuator
		2.2 Modeling Process of HSA
	3 Fault Analysis and Simulation
		3.1 Fault Analysis
		3.2 Fault Simulation
	4 Fault Diagnosis
		4.1 Data Acquisition
		4.2 Fault Sample Establishment
		4.3 Realization of BP Neural Network Fault Diagnosis
	5 Conclusion
	References
A MA-AT Based Fault Diagnosis Method of Large Aircraft
	1 Introduction
	2 EMA Modeling
	3 Multi-agent Modeling and Fault Detection
		3.1 Multi-agent Modeling
		3.2 Fault Detection
		3.3 Adaptive Threshold
	4 Simulation
		4.1 Step Fault Signal
		4.2 Sinusoidal Fault Signal
	5 Conclusion
	References
Parametric Study on the Magnetic Properties of the Electropermanent Magnetorquer
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Results
		3.1 Magnetization
		3.2 Wiping Strategy
		3.3 Other Input Responses
	4 Summary
	References
Fault Tolerant Controller for Hexacopter Using Reinforcement Learning and Extended State Observer
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statements
		2.1 Dynamic Model of Hexacopter
		2.2 Extended State Observer Design
		2.3 Optimal Control Problem
	3 Fault Tolerant Controller Design
		3.1 Inner-Loop Controller Design
		3.2 Outer-Loop Controller Design
		3.3 Control Allocation
	4 Numerical Simulations
	5 Conclusions
	References
Path-Following Guidance Using Model Predictive Path Integral Control
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 UAV Dynamics Model
		2.2 Virtual Target
	3 MPPI Control
	4 Simulation Results
		4.1 Comparison of an MPPI Controller and Pursuit Guidance
		4.2 Complex Cost Function
		4.3 Simulation with Wind Disturbances
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Adaptive In-Flight Load Distribution Control Using Pressure Field Sensing
	1 Introduction
	2 Benefit of In-Flight Load Distribution Feedback Control
	3 Model Aircraft and Wind Tunnel Setup
	4 Pressure Field Sensing and Adaptive Aerodynamic Load Distribution Control
		4.1 Overview of Control System
		4.2 In-Flight Partial Pressure Observation and Command Generation
		4.3 AR Modeling of Unsteady Aerodynamics
		4.4 Optimal Regulator for the Error Equation
	5 Demonstration by Wind Tunnel Experiments
		5.1 Experimental System Setup
		5.2 Switching Target Load Distributions
		5.3 Experimental Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Modeling Low Level Flight Patterns of Manned Aircraft from Actual Flight Tracking Data
	1 Background
	2 Modelling Approach
		2.1 Missions
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Pattern Identification and Algorithm Development
	3 Results
	4 Assumptions and Limitations
	5 Summary
	References
A Review of Reasoning Techniques for Onboard Maintenance System
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Reasoning
		1.3 Onboard Maintenance System
	2 Reasoning Strategies
	3 Reasoning Methods
		3.1 Knowledge-Based Reasoning
		3.2 Model-Based Reasoning
		3.3 Data-Driven Reasoning
		3.4 Hybrid Reasoning
	4 Architectures for Reasoning
	5 Application of Reasoning in Onboard Maintenance System
	6 Summary and Prospects
	References
Attitude Control of a Spaceplane Based on Dynamic Inversion Theory with Quaternion Error Calculation
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition of Attitude Error by Quaternions [6]
	3 Control Law Design by Dynamic Inversion
		3.1 Control Law with Euler Angle as the Control Variable
		3.2 Control Law with the Vector Part of the Quaternion as the Control Variable
		3.3 Control Law with the Vector Part of the Error Quaternion as the Control Variable
	4 Numerical Simulation
		4.1 Simulation Model
		4.2 Simulation Conditions
		4.3 Simulation Results with the Euler Angle as the Control Variable
		4.4 Simulation Results with the Vector Part of the Quaternion as the Control Variable
		4.5 Simulation Results with the Vector Part of the Error Quaternion as the Control Variable
	5 Conclusion
	References
Study on Close Air Support System Based on Information Integration
	1 Introduction
	2 Requirements and Framework of the ICAS System
		2.1 Functional Requirements
		2.2 Overall Framework
	3 Software Architecture of ICAS System
		3.1 Display Control Module
		3.2 Task-Planning Assistance Module
	4 Simulation and Verification
	5 Conclusion
	References
Transition Flight Control of A Small Unmanned Tilt Rotor Aircraft with Distributed Electric Propulsion
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamic Model of Tilt Rotor Aircraft
		2.1 Definition of Control Surface and Coordinates System
		2.2 Extended Dynamics Mathematical Model
	3 Transition Corridor
	4 Flight Control Law
	5 Simulation Result
	6 Conclusion
	References
Augmented Lagrange Based Particle Swarm Optimization for Missile Interception Guidance
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
	3 Augmented Lagrangian Particle Swarm Optimization Solver
		3.1 Hermite-Simpson Method
		3.2 Augmented Lagrangian Method
		3.3 Particle Swarm Optimization
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Flight Situation Conflict Network Modeling Method Based on Three-Dimensional Velocity Obstacle Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Model Construction
		2.1 Basis of Model
		2.2 Principles for Setting Conflicting Edge Rights
		2.3 Principles for Setting Conflicting Edge Rights
	3 Index Selection
	4 Experimental Simulation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design of Guidance Law for Automatic Landing Meeting the CAT III Standard
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of Civil Aircraft Approach Process Based on ILS
		2.1 Lateral Approach via ILS
		2.2 ILS Vertical Approach Process
	3 Calculation of Guidance Errors Based on Spatial Geometric Relationship
		3.1 Definition of Runway Coordinate System
		3.2 Mathematical Description of Glide Path
		3.3 Position Representation of the Aircraft in the Runway Coordinate System
		3.4 The Calculation of Guidance Errors
	4 Design of Automatic Landing Guidance Law Based on GPS-Aided ILS
		4.1 Design of Lateral Guidance Law for Automatic Landing Based on GPS-Aided ILS
		4.2 Design of Vertical Guidance Law for Automatic Landing Based on GPS-Aided ILS
	5 Simulation of Automatic Landing Guidance Based on Monte Carlo Method
		5.1 The Index Requirements Meeting the CAT III Standard
		5.2 Selection of Disturbance Errors for Monte Carlo Methods
		5.3 Simulation of Automatic Landing Guidance
	6 Conclusion
	References
Performance Verification System for Navigation Algorithm~Simulation of Flight Evaluation Profile Specified in RTCA DO-334 MOPS~
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Performance Verification System for Navigation Algorithm
	2 Simplified Reference Trajectory
		2.1 Input
		2.2 Trajectory Logic
		2.3 Trajectory Outputs
	3 Sensor Model
	4 Examples of Navigation Algorithm Evaluation Results
		4.1 Inertial Navigation
		4.2 GPS Navigation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Quantitative Evaluation of Controlled Arrival Flow Connecting into Point Merge System at Tokyo International Airport
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation Assumptions
		2.1 Projected Traffic Simulation
		2.2 ATFM Simulator
		2.3 Translator
		2.4 PMS Simulator
		2.5 Metrics
	3 Simulation Results and Analysis
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Application of Metamodel for Airborne Complex Crosslinked Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Metamodel
		2.1 Metamodel Modeling Technology
		2.2 Development Status of Metamodel
	3 Model Analysis of Complex Functional Cross-Linking System
	4 Complex Function Cross-Linking System Fault Diagnosis
		4.1 Fault Diagnosis Method
		4.2 A Fault Diagnosis Method for Complex Functional Crosslinking Systems
	5 An Example of Fault Diagnosis for an Airborne Complex Crosslinking System Based on Metamodel
	6 Conclusion
	References
Predictive Artificial Potential Field for UAV Obstacle Avoidance
	1 Introduction
	2 Trajectory Generation
		2.1 Conventional Artificial Potential Field Method
		2.2 Predictive APF Method
	3 System Model
	4 Controller Design
	5 Simulations and Results
		5.1 Setting and Assumptions
		5.2 Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Development of No-Back Mechanism Models for Electrical THSA Based on Experimental Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematic Models
		2.1 No-Back Mechanism Model
		2.2 SRFD Model
	3 Experimental Study
		3.1 Test Rig Structure
		3.2 Test Method, Condition and Process
		3.3 Coefficient of Friction
	4 Simulation and Analysis
		4.1 Data-Driven Models
		4.2 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Real-Time Orbit Determination of Geostationary Orbit Satellite Using GNSS Navigation Solution
	1 Introduction
	2 ECEF to ECI Coordinate Transformation
	3 Orbit Determination
		3.1 Orbit Equations of Motion
		3.2 Extended Kalman-Filter Based Orbit Determination
	4 Simulation Results
		4.1 ECEF to ECI Coordinate Transformation Simulation
		4.2 Orbit Determination Simulation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Terrain-Driven Wind Environment Generation for UAM
	1 Introduction
	2 WRF Model
		2.1 WRF Configuration
		2.2 WRF Validation
	3 LES Model
		3.1 LES Configuration
		3.2 LES Urban Geometry Grid Reconstruction
		3.3 LES Result Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research on Obstacle Avoidance Technology of Fire Fighting UAV
	1 Introduction
	2 Motion Model
		2.1 Ground Coordinate and Body Coordinate
		2.2 Establish the Linear Motion Equation
	3 Research on Braking Ability
		3.1 Analysis of Influencing Factors of Braking Ability
		3.2 Relationship Between Pitch Angle and Pulling Force
		3.3 Braking Distance Calculation
	4 Advanced Obstacle Avoidance
		4.1 Obstacle Detection Technology and Path Planning Algorithm
		4.2 VFH Algorithm Implementation Process
		4.3 Simulation
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Study on Optimal Runway Assignment Using Simulated Annealing
	1 Introduction
	2 Operational Procedures at RJTT
	3 Simulation Model
		3.1 Arrival Aircraft
		3.2 Departure Aircraft
	4 Optimization Methods
	5 Results
		5.1 Scenario Setting
		5.2 Optimal Runway Assignment
	6 Conclusion
	References
Legendre Pseudo-Spectral Method for Missile Trajectory Optimization with Free Final Time
	1 Introduction
	2 Legendre Pseudo-Spectral Transcription Method
		2.1 Overview of Pseudo-Spectral Method
		2.2 Pseudo-Spectral Transcription Method
	3 Problem Formulation
		3.1 Dynamics
		3.2 State and Input Constraints
		3.3 Performance Index and Regularization
		3.4 Parameter Data and Lagging Technique
	4 Application
	5 Conclusion
	References
Anomaly Detection for Monte-Carlo Simulation Data of Missile Control System
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Description
		2.1 6DOF Simulation and Data Generation
		2.2 Anomaly Definition
	3 The Proposed Method
		3.1 Overall Procedure
		3.2 Data Pre-processing
		3.3 Feature Generation
		3.4 Clustering-Based Detection Algorithm
	4 Anomaly Detection Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Analysis of Flight Routes and Considerations for Free Route Airspace Implementation in Fukuoka FIR
	1 Introduction
	2 Data and Processing
	3 Japanese Domestic Air Traffic
	4 Fukuoka FIR Overflight Traffic Between Korea and North America
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Trajectory Planning of Tilt-Rotor UAV Based on Hybrid Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Flight Performance Constraints and Threat Modeling
		2.1 Flight Performance Constraint Modeling
		2.2 Flight Environment Threat Modeling
	3 A* Algorithm and Artificial Potential Field Method Optimization
		3.1 A*Algorithm Optimization
		3.2 Artificial Potential Field Method Optimization
		3.3 Smooth Trajectory
	4 Hybrid Algorithm Simulation Verification
		4.1 Two-Dimensional Simulation Experiments
		4.2 Three-Dimensional Simulation Experiments
	5 Conclusion
	References
Re-entry and Gliding Guidance Trajectory Optimization of Suborbital Spaceplane Using Dynamically Distributed Genetic Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Trajectory Optimization Using DynDGA
		2.1 Command Representation with Fourier Series
		2.2 Trajectory Generation
		2.3 DynDGA
	3 Improvements of Algorithm
		3.1 Generation of Continuous Commands
		3.2 Generation of Trimmable AoA Commands
		3.3 Calculation of Objective Function with Hierarchical Fuzzy Logic
	4 Numerical Simulation
		4.1 Condition
		4.2 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Research of Multi UAV Formation Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Selection of Distributed Control Methods
		2.1 Distributed Formation Control Method of Leader Wingman
		2.2 Behavior Based Distributed Formation Control
		2.3 Distributed Formation Control Method Based on Artificial Potential Field
		2.4 Distributed Formation Control Method Based on Virtual Structure
	3 Design of Multi UAV Formation System Based on ROS
		3.1 Software Architecture Design of UAV Formation System
		3.2 Node Design of Formation System
	4 Simulation Verification Based on Gazebo
	5 Conclusion
	References
Performance and Flying Quality Analysis of a Fan-in-Body Compound Rotorcraft in Transition Flight
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of a Fan-In-Body Simulation Model
		2.1 General Rotor (Propeller) Model
		2.2 Ducted Fan Model
		2.3 Aerodynamics
	3 Performance Analysis
		3.1 Performance for Various Flap and Fuselage Attitude Settings
		3.2 Performance as Control Allocation
	4 Flying Quality Analysis
		4.1 Flying Quality—Longitudinal
		4.2 Flying Quality—Lateral/Directional
	5 Conclusion
	References
Maintaining Repeat Ground Track of Low Earth Orbit Satellite
	1 Introduction
	2 Earth’s Atmospheric Drag and Solar Activity
	3 Repeat Ground Track Maintenance and Conditions
		3.1 Reference Longitude
		3.2 Boundary Value
		3.3 Simulation Conditions
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Novel UAV Path Planning Method Based on Layered PER-DDQN
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
		2.1 PER-DDQN Framework
		2.2 Layered PER-DDQN Path Planning Method
	3 Experimental Verification
	4 Conclusion
	References
HMD System for Operational Safety of General Aviation––Outline of the HMD System and Lever Status Recognition
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of the System and Its Component Technologies
		2.1 HMD System
		2.2 Instrument Reading/flight State Estimation
		2.3 Flight Phase Estimation
		2.4 State Recognition of Landing Gears, Flaps and Thrust
		2.5 Human Error Detection
		2.6 HMD⇔Cockpit Relative Position and Attitude Estimation
		2.7 Advisory Image Generation
	3 Recognition of Landing Gear Status
		3.1 Recognition of the Statuses of the Gear Lever and the Gear Lamp
		3.2 Discrimination of the Status of the Landing Gears
	4 Flight Phase Estimation
	5 Future Plans
		5.1 Technology to Determine the Status of Flap and Thrust
		5.2 Relative Position and Attitude Estimation Using Actual Sensor Data
		5.3 Advisory Image Generation Using Relative Position and Attitude Information
		5.4 Obtain pilot’s Comments and Incorporating Them in the System
	6 Conclusion
	References
Control System Design of a High-Altitude Experimental Vehicle for a Mars Exploration
	1 Introduction
	2 Vehicle Dynamics
	3 Flight Sequence
	4 Control System Design
		4.1 Control Parameter Tuning Using Optimization Method
		4.2 Flight Results
	5 Control System Evaluation
		5.1 Independent Error Analysis
		5.2 Influential Input Parameter Detection Method
		5.3 Applying the Method
		5.4 Detection Results for a Specific Case
	6 Conclusion
	References
Uncertain Parameters Performance Evaluation Method for Aviation Electromechanical Actuators
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodological Approach
		2.1 EMA System Description
		2.2 Performance Evaluation Method for EMA
	3 Deterministic Modelling and Simulation of EMA
	4 Modelling and Analysis Considering Parameter Uncertainty
		4.1 AMESim and NESSUS Co-Simulation Modelling
		4.2 Deterministic Simulation Verification
		4.3 Simulation Results and Analysis of Uncertainty
	5 Conclusion
	References
Risk Analysis for Level 4 Drone Maneuvering: Safety in GPS Signal Loss
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Drone Maneuvering at Level 4
	2 Method
		2.1 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
		2.2 Study Environment
		2.3 Experimental Procedure and Scenario Settings
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Positions of Gaze and Intended Final Landing Point After GPS Signal Loss
		3.2 Participants’ Perceived Difficulty
	4 Conclusions
	References
Evaluating the Influence of Weather Prediction Accuracy on Aircraft Performance Estimation
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Sources
		3.2 Analytical Approach
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 NWP Accuracy Analysis
		4.2 Impact on Aircraft Performance Estimation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Stable Deployment Control of a Multi-tethered Formation System Considering the Spinning Motion of Parent Satellite
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modeling
	3 Deployment Control
		3.1 Problem Description
		3.2 Optimal Controller Design
	4 Numerical Simulations and Discussions
		4.1 Simulation Parameters
		4.2 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Adaptive Transition Control of a Tiltrotor UAV Using Dynamic Inversion with Neural Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Tiltrotor UAV
	3 Mathematical Modeling
		3.1 Aerodynamic Modeling
		3.2 Dynamic Modeling
	4 Adaptive Control Based on Neural Network
		4.1 Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Control Approach
		4.2 Adaptive Controller Using Neural Network
		4.3 Control Allocation
	5 Numerical Simulation
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Weight Estimation of Aircraft in Flight by Sensor Fusion with Revised Forward–Backward Smoother
	1 Introduction
	2 Weight Model Building
		2.1 Sensors on Aircraft
		2.2 State Space
	3 Weight Estimation by Sensor Fusion with Revised Forward–Backward Smoother
		3.1 Application of Kalman Filter (Conventional Method 1)
		3.2 Application of Forward–Backward Smoother (Conventional Method 2)
		3.3 Application of Fixed-Interval Smoother (Variant of Conventional Method 2)
		3.4 Proposed Method
	4 Application Examples
		4.1 Numerical Experiment
		4.2 Example of Application to Flight Data
	5 Conclusion
	References
Model Predictive Sliding Mode Control with Neural Network for UAVs
	1 Introduction
	2 UAV Modeling
	3 Attitude Controller Design
		3.1 Model Predictive Control
		3.2 Sliding Mode Control
		3.3 Model Predictive Sliding Mode Control
		3.4 Neural Network
	4 Simulation and Result
	5 Conclusions
	References
Flight Dynamics Modeling and Flight Performance Analysis of Variable Rotor Speed and Variable Diameter of Tilt-Rotor Aircraft
	1 Introduction
	2 Flight Dynamics Model
		2.1 Coordinate Systems
		2.2 Aerodynamic Models
		2.3 Body Motion Equation
	3 Trim Analysis
		3.1 Flight Dynamics Model Verification
		3.2 Variable Speed/Diameter Tilt-Rotor Aircraft Trim Analysis
	4 Performance Analysis
		4.1 Helicopter Mode
		4.2 Transition Mode
		4.3 Fixed-wing Mode
	5 Conclusion
	References
Terrain-Following Guidance Based on Model Predictive Control
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Kinematic Model
		2.2 Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Using Successive Convexification
		2.3 Formulation of Optimization Problem
	3 Simulation and Analysis
		3.1 Simulation Results of the MPC Guidance Algorithm
		3.2 Parametric Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
Bio-Inspired UAV Swarm Coordination Control System Architecture Based on UAF Meta-model
	1 Introduction
	2 Elements Extraction of the Conceptual Control System
	3 Viewpoint Selection and System Description Based on UAF DMM
		3.1 Mission Planning Layer Meta-model
		3.2 Swarm Control Layer Meta-model
		3.3 Bio-Inspired Coordination Layer Meta-model
		3.4 Vehicle Managing Layer Meta-model
	4 Conclusion
	References
Gain-Scheduled Preview Control for Aircraft Gust Alleviation Using Structured Hinfty Control Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Aircraft Load Alleviation with Preview Wind Information
		2.1 Aircraft Model
		2.2 Integration of the Preview Wind Information
	3 Controller Design
		3.1 C* Control Law
		3.2 Structured Hinfty Synthesis and GS Controller Design
		3.3 Design Results
	4 Simulation
		4.1 Condition
		4.2 Gust Alleviation Performance
		4.3 Tracking Performance
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Trajectory Optimizations of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Including Conflict Resolution Under Communication Uncertainty
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
		2.1 Dynamic Model of UASs
		2.2 Merging and Heading Conditions
		2.3 Separation Conditions
		2.4 Decentralized Trajectory Optimization Problem
	3 Numerical Simulations
	4 Conclusion
	References
Semantic Segmentation Technique to Identify Landing Area for Autonomous Spacecraft
	1 Introduction
	2 Semantic Segmentation Model
	3 Improved Procedures in this Study
		3.1 New Process in Unet model
		3.2 Dataset Construction and Augmentation Method
	4 Matching Algorithm for Identification of the Same Area
	5 Result
		5.1 Recognition Result of Semantic Segmentation Model
		5.2 Image Matching Results:
	6 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Model of Coaxial Rotors Performance Degradation Induced by Wake Effect
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Experiment Procedure
		2.2 Test Bench Setup
	3 Data Acquisition with Experiment
	4 Loss of Actuator Effectiveness
		4.1 Nominal Thrust and Torque Estimation
		4.2 Loss of Actuator Effectiveness Estimation
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Comparison of Deep Learning-Based Monocular Visual Odometry Algorithms
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Deep Learning-Based Monocular VO Algorithms
		3.1 DeepVO
		3.2 SfMLearner
		3.3 SC-SfMLearner
		3.4 Df-Vo
	4 Experiment and Analysis
		4.1 KITTI Dataset
		4.2 Author-Collected Dataset
	5 Conclusions
	References
Blockchain Empowered Federated Learning with Edge Computing for Digital Twin Systems in Urban Air Mobility
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Blockchain empowered DTs with FL: state-of-the-art
		3.1 Digital Twins
		3.2 Blockchain
		3.3 Federated Learning
		3.4 Blockchain and FL Empowered DTs
	4 Proposed BlockFE-DT Architecture for UAM
		4.1 Probabilistic Graphical Model Driven DT for UAM
		4.2 Centralized FL
		4.3 BlockFE-DT
	5 Opportunities and Challenges
		5.1 Potentials
		5.2 Explainable AI
		5.3 Dependability and Security Issues in BlockFE-DT
	6 Conclusion
	References
Deep Multi Agent Reinforcement Learning Based Decentralized Swarm UAV Control Framework for Persistent Surveillance
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Bio-Inspired Decentralized Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (B-DMARL) Framework
		3.1 Local Coordination Control
		3.2 Global Coordination Control
	4 Experiment Objective and Environment
	5 Result Analysis and Discussion
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning-Based UAS Control for Logistics Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 UAS-LDS Virtual Environment
	3 Improved-MAAC (iMAAC)
	4 Experimental Simulation and Results
		4.1 Parameters Settings
		4.2 Abstracted Urban Model Setting
	5 Results and Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Simulation Study of Urban Air Mobility Concept in Layered Airspace Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Modelling of Quadrotor
		2.2 Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Control Approach
	3 Method
		3.1 Design of Flight Control Law
		3.2 Design of Layered Airspace
	4 Simulation Results
		4.1 A Single UAM Flight
		4.2 Multiple UAM Flight
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Research on Multi-target Recognition and Classification Strategy Based on Yolo v5 Framework
	1 Introduction
	2 Multi-target Automatic Sorting System Structure
	3 Yolo v5 Target Recognition Model
		3.1 Yolo v5 Algorithm
		3.2 Yolo v5 Algorithm Improvement
	4 Control System Design
	5 Classification and Testing System Construction and Testing
		5.1 Data Set Production
		5.2 Based on the Improved Yolo v5 Model Training and Inference Deployment
	6 System Test
	7 Conclusion
	References
Comparison of Deterministic and Stochastic Global Optimization Methods for Real-Time Generation of Guidance Trajectories
	1 Introduction
	2 Quadratic Programming for Constrained Trajectory Generation
		2.1 Parametric Expression of Trajectory via Bezier Curves
		2.2 Boundary and Continuity Conditions of Trajectory
		2.3 Formulation of Objective Function and Quadratic Programming Problem
	3 Global Optimization of Trajectory Generated by Quadratic Programming
	4 Deterministic and Stochastic Global Optimization Methods
	5 Monte-Carlo Simulation: Return Flight of Suborbital Spaceplane
	6 Simulation Results: Comparison of Optimization Methods
	7 Conclusion
	References
Enhanced-Precision Entry Phase Navigation for Mars Landing Using Surface Radio, IMU, and Environmental Sensors
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Entry Dynamic Equations
		2.2 Measurement Equations
	3 Non-linear Filter Design
		3.1 Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF)
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Operator-Friendly UAV Control System with HMI Using Speech and Gesture Recognition
	1 Introduction
	2 The Process of Adopting Operating Commands
		2.1 Operation Analysis of UAV
		2.2 Process of Selecting Operating Commands
	3 HMI Control System
		3.1 Speech Recognition Module
		3.2 Gesture Recognition Module
		3.3 SITL Module
	4 Validation with SITL
		4.1 Integration for SITL
		4.2 Validation with SITL
	5 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
Operation Volume Determination for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Based on Specific Operation Risk Assessment
	1 Introduction
	2 Operational Volume Model
		2.1 Operational Volume Construction
		2.2 Operational Volume Geography
	3 Determination Method
		3.1 Scenarios in Operational Volume
		3.2 Key Influencing Factors
	4 Application Case of OV
		4.1 Urban Logistical Operation Case
		4.2 Results Calculation and Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Transition Strategy Optimization of Tilt-Rotor VTOL UAV in Conversion Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Aircraft Dynamics Model
		2.1 Rotor Aerodynamic Model
		2.2 Wings Affected by Disturbance
		2.3 Kinetic Equations
	3 Transition Mode Tilt Trajectory Design
		3.1 Basic Assumptions and Calculation of Transition Corridor
		3.2 Design of Tilting Trajectory Based on Gaussian Pseudo Spectral Method
	4 Control Distribution Design
		4.1 Control Efficiency Calculation
		4.2 Weighted Pseudo-Inverse Method Based on Niche Genetic Algorithm
	5 Simulation Verification and Comparison
	References
Comparative Study of Control Concepts for Electrical Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizer Actuator in More Electric Aircraft
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of ETHSA System
	3 Controller Design
		3.1 Mathematical Model of MPT
		3.2 Automatic Current Regulator Design
		3.3 Automatic Speed Regulator Design
	4 System Model
		4.1 Electrical Motor Control Unit
		4.2 Mechanical Power Transmission
		4.3 Overall Model
	5 Comparison of Control Strategies
		5.1 Speed Closed Loop Response
		5.2 Fault Mode Simulation
		5.3 Position Closed Loop Control
	6 Conclusion
	References
Dubins Path Generation and Tracking in 3D for UAVs
	1 Introduction
	2 Path Generation
		2.1 Problem Formulation
		2.2 Algorithm for Path Generation
	3 Path Tracking and Controller
		3.1 Algorithm for Path Tracking
		3.2 Constraint Sliding Mode Controller
	4 Simulation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Development of a Terrain Scan Data Generation Algorithm Using DTED
	1 Introduction
	2 Radar Terrain Scan Data Generation
	3 Validation of the Algorithm
		3.1 Assumption
		3.2 Validation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Combustion and Propulsion
Analysis of a Preliminary Design for Multiple Jointed Combined Cycle Engine
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Concepts of Multiple Jointed Combined Cycle Engine
	2 Model Construction
		2.1 Turbo-Ramjet Model
		2.2 Dual Mode Scramjet Model
		2.3 Rocket Model
	3 Preliminary Design
		3.1 Initial Design Parameter
		3.2 Turbo-Ramjet Design
		3.3 Dual Mode Scramjet Design
		3.4 Rocket Combustor Design
		3.5 Combination of Sub-engine Powers
	4 Conclusion
	References
Concept Study on New Heavy Rocket with Ejector Rocket Engines
	1 Introduction
	2 Study of Ejector Rocket Engine
	3 Calculation of Rocket Flight Performance
		3.1 Calculation Method of Flight Performance
		3.2 Case of Conventional Rocket
		3.3 Case of New Rocket with Ejector Rocket Engine
	4 Study on Propellant Reduction
	5 Study on Payload Increase
	6 Consideration
	7 Summary
	Appendix
	References
Sensitivity Analysis of Bleed and Power Off-Take and Performance Assessment on A Three-Shaft Turbofan Engine
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Transient Model Establishment
		2.2 Method
		2.3 Case Establishment
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Bleed Air Fraction
		3.2 Customer Bleed Position
		3.3 Power Off-Take
		3.4 Flight Mission Assessment
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design of Hypersonic Variable Cycle Turboramjet Engine Based on Hydrogen Fuel Aiming at 2060 Carbon Neutralization
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Engine Design Process
		2.2 Aircraft Requirement
		2.3 Design Constraints
		2.4 Modelling
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Turbojet Design
		3.2 Ramjet Design
		3.3 Performance Comparison
		3.4 Hydrogen and Kerosene Comparison
		3.5 Feasibility Check
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Bluff Body on Combustion Characteristics of Secondary Combustion Chamber of Solid Rocket Scramjet with Boron Contained
	1 Introduction
	2 Calculation Model
		2.1 Physical Model
		2.2 Mathematical Model and Boundary Conditions
	3 Characterization Method of Combustion Efficiency
	4 Analysis of Calculation Results
		4.1 Influence of Different Bluff Body Structures on Combustion Characteristics of Afterburner
		4.2 Influence of Different Bluff Body Cone Angles on Combustion Characteristics of Afterburner
	5 Conclusion
	References
Component Degradation Modeling in An Advanced Three-Shaft Turbofan Engine
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Steady-State Model Establishment
		2.2 Transient Model Establishment
		2.3 Method
		2.4 Case Establishment
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Steady-State Performance Degradation
		3.2 Transient Performance Degradation
		3.3 Flight Mission Assessment
	4 Conclusion
	References
Robust Simulation on the Effects of Critical Parameters on the Performance Level for a Low Specific Thrust Turbofan Engine for EIS 2050
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Engine Design Parameters
		2.2 Dynamic Performance Assessment Method
		2.3 Investigation Cases
		2.4 Aircraft Level Performance Assessment
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Component Efficiency
		3.2 Component Pressure Ratio
		3.3 Flight Mission Performance
	4 Conclusion
	References
Configuration Analysis of the Turbine–Fan High Pressure Water Separation Refrigeration System Based on the Energy Recovery Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 The Design Technology of the Turbine–Fan High-Pressure Water Separation Refrigeration System Configuration
		2.1 General Technical Idea
		2.2 System Parameter Matching
		2.3 System Capability Verification
	3 Health Management
		3.1 The Air Cycle Machine
		3.2 The Electric Regulating Valves
	4 Conclusion
	References
Large Eddy Simulation of Axisymmetric Scramjet Based on Dynamic Zone Flamelet Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Model and Case
		2.1 Experimental Case
		2.2 Flow Solver: Amber
		2.3 Governing Equations
		2.4 Combustion Modeling
		2.5 Computational Domain and Boundary Conditions
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Flow Characteristics
		3.2 Role of the Cavity
		3.3 Pressure Distribution
	4 Conclusions
	References
Review of Gas Turbine Combined Heat and Power Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Working Theory
		2.1 Principle
		2.2 CHP Systems
	3 Performance and Characteristics
		3.1 Design Point Performance
		3.2 Off Design Performance
		3.3 Emissions
	4 Application
	5 Future Development
	6 Conclusions
	References
Regulations and Application of Aeroengine Airworthiness Exemption
	1 Introduction
	2 Requirements of Airworthiness Regulations
	3 Analysis of Exemption Methods
		3.1 Typical Cases Abroad
		3.2 Analysis of Exemption Types
		3.3 Frequency and Difficulty
	4 Discussion on the Application
		4.1 Application Object
		4.2 Correlation Analysis
		4.3 Priority Recommendation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Power Gearbox Modelling and Dynamic Simulation of a Geared Turbofan
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Design Process
		2.2 Modelling
		2.3 Contact Stress Estimation
		2.4 Kinetic Equation
		2.5 Definition of Transmission Error
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Static Analysis
		3.2 Transmission Error and Meshing Stiffness
		3.3 Dynamic Simulation Results
		3.4 Surface Modification
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design and Verification of Turbofan Engine Clearance Measurement Based on High Energy X-ray
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle of High Energy X-ray Measurement
	3 Test Scheme Design
		3.1 Measurement Position Selected
		3.2 Analysis of Imaging Region and Feature Points
		3.3 Measurement Azimuth Analysis
		3.4 Engine Condition Analysis Before Measurement
		3.5 Test Program Analysis
		3.6 Benchmark Tooling Design
	4 Analysis of Test Results
		4.1 Analysis of the Measurement Results of Radial Clearance
		4.2 Analysis of Measurement Results of Axial Clearance
		4.3 Comprehensive Calibration Analysis of Measurement Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Transient Mathematical Modeling and Simulation for an Open Cycle Liquid Rocket Engine
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of KRE-75 Engine
	3 Transient Mathematical Models of the KRE-75 Engine
		3.1 Pipe Model
		3.2 Turbine Model
		3.3 Pump Model
		3.4 Energy Balance Model of a Turbo Pump
		3.5 Combustion Model of a Combustion Chamber and a Gas Generator
		3.6 Gas Flowrate Model
		3.7 Shutoff Valve Model
	4 Description of the Simulation Code
	5 Comparison of Simulation and Experimental Results
		5.1 Steady-State Performance
		5.2 Startup Process
		5.3 Shutdown Process
	6 Conclusions
	References
Effects of Grooved Pintle Tip Applied to a Gas–Liquid Pintle Injector
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Apparatus and Methods
		2.1 Pintle Injector Design
		2.2 Experimental Setup and Methods
		2.3 Experimental Conditions
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Spray Shape
		3.2 Spray Angle
		3.3 Droplet Size
	4 Conclusion
	References
Components Design of an Experimental System for a Lab-Scaled Electric Pump-Fed Cycle
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminary Design
		2.1 Laboratory Scale Design Parameters
		2.2 Run Tank
		2.3 Feed Line
		2.4 Motor Pump Assembly
		2.5 Flow Control Valve
		2.6 Schematic of Experiment
	3 Summary and Conclusions
	References
An Experimental Investigation on Forced Ignition Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Mixture Fuel in Scramjet Combustor
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup and Measurements
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 Experimental Measurements
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effects of Fuel Flow Rate on Forced Ignition Limits
		3.2 Effects of Torch Gas Temperature on Forced Ignition Limits
		3.3 Forced Ignition Process
	4 Conclusion
	References
Multi-objective Design Optimization and Uncertainty Analysis of a Downscaled Cusped Field Thruster
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 CFT Configuration and Thruster Modeling
		2.2 Multi-objective Design Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Performance Optimization
		3.2 Sensitivity Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Phase Change Characteristics of Impinging Hydrocarbon Mixture Jet with Critical Properties
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup and Conditions
		2.1 Experimental Equipment
		2.2 Experimental Conditions
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Summary and Conclusions
	References