The Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic: Incidence, Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
Chapter 1: Introduction......Page 10
Chapter Overview......Page 12
References......Page 13
Chapter 2: Opioids......Page 15
Pharmacology......Page 16
Medical Uses......Page 19
Opioid Prescribing: Past and Present......Page 20
Special Populations......Page 21
Gastrointestinal Adverse Effects......Page 24
Respiratory Adverse Effects......Page 25
Pruritus (Itching)......Page 26
Overdose......Page 27
Risk Factors for Overdose......Page 28
Misuse......Page 30
Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder......Page 31
References......Page 32
Introduction and Therapeutic Uses......Page 40
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics......Page 41
Pharmacology......Page 43
Physiologic and Adverse Effects......Page 45
Acute versus Chronic Effects......Page 46
Abuse Potential......Page 47
Pharmacokinetic Contribution......Page 48
Individual Characteristics......Page 49
Summary......Page 51
References......Page 52
Chapter 4: Benzodiazepines......Page 56
Uses......Page 57
Self-Medication......Page 58
Sedative Use Disorder......Page 60
Risk Factors for Misuse......Page 63
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs......Page 64
Urine Drug Screening......Page 65
Medication Monitoring......Page 66
Intoxication......Page 67
Presentation......Page 68
Pharmacologic Treatment......Page 70
Treatment of Sedative Use Disorder......Page 71
References......Page 72
Introduction......Page 78
Key Categories of OTC Medicines of Abuse and Misuse......Page 79
Opioids and Compound Analgesics......Page 80
Stimulants......Page 81
Dextromethorphan......Page 82
Laxatives......Page 83
Preventing Harm and Providing Support......Page 84
Relationship between OTC and Prescription Medicine Use and Abuse......Page 86
Summary......Page 87
References......Page 88
Chapter 6: Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use in Adolescents and Young Adults......Page 92
Health Burden of Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use in the United States......Page 94
Historical Trends among Adolescents......Page 95
Public Health Significance and Correlates of NMPO among Adolescents......Page 96
Historical Trends among Young Adults......Page 98
Public Health Significance and Correlates of NMPO among Young Adults......Page 99
Public Health Significance and Correlates of NMPS among Adolescents......Page 101
Historical Trends among Young Adults......Page 103
Public Health Significance and Correlates of NMPS among Young Adults......Page 104
Historical Trends among Adolescents......Page 106
Public Health Significance and Correlates of Nonmedical Prescription Tranquilizer and Sedative Use among Adolescents......Page 107
Historical Trends among Young Adults......Page 109
Public Health Significance and Correlates of Nonmedical Prescription Tranquilizer\and Sedative Use among Young Adults......Page 110
Conclusion......Page 113
References......Page 114
Epidemiology and Trends of Prescription Drug Misuse among Young Adults......Page 124
Transitions from Adolescence to Adulthood......Page 127
Acquisition of Prescription Drugs......Page 129
The Role of Peers in PDM......Page 131
Prescription Drugs and Nightlife Involvement among Young Adults......Page 132
Incorporation of Prescription Pills into the Polydrug Routines of Young Adults......Page 134
Escalation......Page 135
Conclusions......Page 136
References......Page 138
Chapter 8: Prescription Drug Misuse in Older Adults......Page 142
Opioid Epidemic in the United States......Page 143
Opioid Misuse in Older Adults......Page 144
Prescription Opioid Misuse in Older Adults with Chronic Nonmalignant Pain......Page 145
Use of Benzodiazepines in Older Adults......Page 146
Correlates of Prescription Opioid Misuse......Page 147
Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Prescription Opioid Misuse in Older Adults......Page 149
Conclusion......Page 151
References......Page 152
Introduction......Page 159
Terminology......Page 160
Opioid Use Disorder......Page 161
Morbidity and Mortality......Page 162
Evolving Guidance on the Use of Opioids in the Treatment of Chronic Pain......Page 163
Assessing Risks and Benefits......Page 164
Limiting Opioid Exposure......Page 165
Drug Testing......Page 166
Addressing Opioid Misuse......Page 167
Conclusions......Page 168
References......Page 169
Chapter 10: Opioids in the Emergency Setting......Page 173
Opioids for Acute Pain......Page 174
Opioids and Chronic Pain......Page 175
Risk of Use......Page 177
Responsible Prescribing Practices......Page 179
Pain Management in Patients with Substance Use Disorders......Page 181
Alternatives and Nonopioid Adjuncts......Page 183
Best Practices in Opioid Overdose......Page 187
Conclusion......Page 189
References......Page 190
Opioid Problem in the United States......Page 202
Government Regulations......Page 204
Regulatory Response to the Current Opioid Problem in the United States......Page 205
Urine Drug Screening......Page 208
Transitions of Care in Chronic Opioid Management......Page 210
Conclusion......Page 211
References......Page 212
Chapter 12: Promoting Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs for Population Health: Research and Policy Implications......Page 215
Development of the Modern PDMP......Page 216
Early Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs......Page 217
PDMPs in the Digital Age......Page 218
Effect of PDMPs on Prescribing Behavior......Page 220
Attenuated Effect of PDMPs on Opioid Prescribing......Page 222
Effect of PDMPs on Population Health......Page 223
Fatal Drug-Related Overdose......Page 224
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs: Operational Characteristics......Page 226
Can PDMPs Have Unintended Negative Consequences?......Page 227
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs and Health Disparities......Page 228
Challenges in Existing Research and Directions for Future Research......Page 229
References......Page 230
Opioid History......Page 236
The Prescription Epidemic......Page 238
The Illicit Epidemic......Page 240
Overdose Prevention......Page 242
Operation Naloxone......Page 244
Policy Recommendations......Page 245
References......Page 247
Chapter 14: A Comparison of Recent Trends in Prescription Drug Misuse in the United States and the United Kingdom......Page 251
Trends in the General Population......Page 253
Trends among Prisoners......Page 254
Trends in Drug-Related Deaths......Page 255
Trends in the Number of Prescriptions Dispensed in the Community......Page 256
Trends in Seizures of Prescription Drugs......Page 257
Summary of PDM Trends in the United Kingdom......Page 258
Trends in the General Population......Page 259
Trends among Prisoners......Page 260
Trends in Drug-Related Deaths......Page 261
Trends in Seizures of Prescription Drugs......Page 262
PDM Trends in the United States and United Kingdom Compared......Page 263
Trends in PDM among Prisoners......Page 264
Trends in the Number of Prescriptions Dispensed in the Community......Page 265
Explanations......Page 266
Prevention......Page 268
Conclusions......Page 270
References......Page 271
Health, Health Behavior, and Health Behavior Theory......Page 274
The Theory of Planned Behavior—Applied to Prescription Stimulant Misuse......Page 275
The Theory of Planned Behavior—Applied to Prescription Opioid Misuse......Page 277
The Theory of Planned Behavior—Applied to Prescription Benzodiazepine Misuse......Page 278
Social Cognitive Theory—Applied to Prescription Stimulant Misuse......Page 279
Social Cognitive Theory—Applied to Prescription Opioid Misuse......Page 281
Ecological Health Behavior Theory—The Theory of Triadic Influence......Page 282
The Theory of Triadic Influence—Applied to Prescription Opioid Misuse......Page 283
The Theory of Triadic Influence—Applied to Prescription Benzodiazepine Misuse......Page 284
Prescription Opioids......Page 285
Summary and Next Steps......Page 286
References......Page 287
Chapter 16: Understanding Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use: The Importance of Criminological Theory......Page 292
Social Learning Theory......Page 293
Social Learning and NMPDU......Page 295
Self-Control......Page 296
Strain Theories......Page 297
Anomie Theory......Page 298
Strain Theory and NMPDU......Page 299
Life Course Theories......Page 300
Life Course Theories and NMPDU......Page 301
Rational Choice Theory......Page 302
Social Disorganization Theory......Page 303
Developmental Theory......Page 304
Biosocial Theory......Page 305
Conflict Theory......Page 306
Discussion......Page 307
References......Page 308
Chapter 17: Conclusions......Page 312
References......Page 314
Contributors......Page 316
Index......Page 328