The Practice of Surgical Pathology : A Beginner's Guide to the Diagnostic Process

Dedication
Preface
	On This Book
	On What This Book Is Not
	On Learning Pathology
	On Teaching Pathology
	On Practicing Pathology
	On the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Contents
1: Using the Microscope
	Using the Microscope
		Ergonomics
		The Parts of a Microscope
		A Review of Optics
		Achieving Köhler Illumination
		Becoming Parfocal
		Cool Microscope Tricks
		Eyeglasses
		Mechanical Stage Guides
		Motion Sickness
2: Descriptive Terms in Anatomic Pathology
	Common Prefixes and Suffixes and Their Definitions (a Very Short List)
	Interface with the Surrounding Normal Tissue
	Cellularity (Low to High) and Mitotic Rate
	Architectural Pattern
	Presence or Absence of Necrosis
		Cell Shape and Size and Cytoplasm
	Nucleus
	Other Nuclear Adjectives
	Nucleolus
	Cell Membrane
	Stroma of Lesion, If Present
	Other Noncellular Entities
3: Infection and Inflammation
	Acute Inflammation
	Chronic Inflammation
	Granulomatous Inflammation
	Specific Organisms and Their Stains
		Fungi
		Bacteria
		Viruses
		Parasites
4: Interpreting the Complex Epithelium
	Approach to the Epithelium: General Principles
	Nuclear Changes: It’s All About the Nucleus, Remember?
	Definitions of Terms
	Cervix and the Anogenital Mucosa
		Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
		High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
	Urothelium
	Oropharynx, Larynx, and Tongue
	Nasopharynx
	Esophagus
	Skin
5: Ditzels
	Amputated Limbs
	Appendix
	Carotid and Femoral Plaques
	Chalazion of Eyelid
	Cholesteatoma of Middle Ear
	Cornea
	Cysts of the Jaw (Odontogenic)
	Debridement
	Eyelids (Plastic Repair)
	Femoral or Humeral Head, Knee Bones
	Gallbladder
	Ganglion Cyst
	Heart Valves
	Hernia Sac
	Intervertebral Disc
	Lipoma
	Neuroma
	Parathyroid
	Pyogenic Granuloma
	Scar Revision
	Sinus Contents
	Temporal Artery
	Tonsils and Adenoids
6: Esophagus
	Approach to the Slide
	Eosinophils
	Neutrophils
	Ulcers
	Columnar Epithelium
	Goblet Cells
	Dysplasia Within Barrett’s Esophagus
	Squamous Dysplasia
	Polyps
		Benign
		Malignant
	Neoplasms in the Esophagus
7: Stomach and Duodenum
	Stomach
		The Approach to the Biopsy
		Foveolar Hyperplasia and Chemical Gastritis
		Atrophy and Intestinal Metaplasia
		Lymphoma
		Amyloid
		Ulcers
		Polyps
		Dysplasia and Carcinoma
		The Submucosa
	Duodenum
		The Approach to the Biopsy
		Chronic Peptic Duodenitis
		Celiac Disease
		Infections
		Neoplasms
8: Colon and Appendix
	Normal Histology
	Polyps and Masses
		Adenomas
		The Serrated Polyps Family
		Inflammatory Pseudopolyps
		Prolapse-Type Lesions
		Carcinoma
		Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumors
		The Dreaded Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasms (supply your own acronym)
	Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
	Diarrhea
		Microscopic Colidities: Lymphocytic and Collagenous Colitis
		Other Colidities
9: Liver
	Anatomy
	Normal Histology
	Non-neoplastic or Inflammatory Disease Categories
	Pathologic Findings
		Hepatocellular Compartment
		Biliary Compartment
		Vascular Compartment
		Chronic Hepatitis
		Transplant Biopsy for Rejection or Graft-Versus-Host Disease
		Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, and Autoimmune Hepatitis
	Mass Lesions (Neoplasms)
		Hepatocellular Neoplasms and Mimickers
		Biliary Neoplasms and Mimickers
		Vascular Neoplasms and Mimickers
10: Pancreas
	The Normal Pancreas
	The Whipple Procedure
	Chronic Pancreatitis Versus Ductal Adenocarcinoma
	Dysplasia in the Pancreas
	Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN)
	Invasive Adenocarcinoma (Ductal)
	Other Cystic Lesions of the Pancreas
		Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm (MCN)
		Serous Cystadenoma
		Solid-Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
		Pseudocyst
	Other Solid Tumors in the Pancreas
		Acinar Cell Carcinoma
		Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
		Pancreatoblastoma
11: Prostate
	Approach to the Core Biopsy
	Gleason Grading
	Features of Prognostic Importance
	Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
	Mimickers of Prostate Cancer
		Adenosis
		Atrophy
		Basal Cell Hyperplasia
		Cowper’s Glands
		Radiation Changes
		Seminal Vesicle
		Sclerosing Adenosis
	Atypical Glands and Stains
	Approach to the Radical Prostatectomy Specimen
	Other Prostate Neoplasms
12: Bladder
	Normal Variants
	Inflammation (Cystitis)
	Urothelial Neoplasms
		Papilloma
		Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
		Low-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
		High-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
		Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: The Tumor Formerly Known as “Transitional Cell Carcinoma”
13: Kidney
	Neoplasms
	Cystic Lesions
		Simple Cyst
		Cystic Nephroma/Multilocular Cyst
		Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
	Lesions with Multiple Cell Populations
		Angiomyolipoma
		Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor (MEST)
	Solid Neoplasms
		Tumors with Clear Cells
		Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Clear Cell Papillary (or Tubulopapillary) Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma
		Translocation Tumors
		Tumors with Pink Cells
		Oncocytoma
		Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Papillary Adenoma
		Tubulocystic Carcinoma
		Collecting Duct Carcinoma
		Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease-Associated RCC
		Tumors with Blue Cells
		Metanephric Adenoma
		Wilms Tumor
	A Brief Introduction to the Pediatric Kidney
		Definition of Key Terms in Nephroblastoma
		Wilms Tumor
		Other Pediatric Tumors
	A Note on Clear Cell Features: In General (Adults and Children)
	Medical Kidney (Non-neoplastic)
	Acute and Chronic Damage Patterns
		Nephritic Presentations
		Nephrotic Presentations
14: Testis
	Normal Histology
	Orchiectomy in Infants and Children
	Infertility
	Tumors
		Germ Cell Tumors
		Seminoma
		Germ Cell Neoplasia in Situ
		Spermatocytic Tumor
		Embryonal Tumor
		Yolk Sac Tumor
		Choriocarcinoma
		Teratoma
		Sex Cord Stromal Tumors
		Lymphoma
		North of the Testis
15: Ovary
	Normal Histology and Definitions
	Neoplasms
		Epithelial Neoplasms
		Serous Tumors (most common: now divided into low grade and high grade)
		Mucinous Tumors
		Endometrioid Tumors
		Clear Cell Tumors
		Brenner Tumors
	Non-epithelial Neoplasms
		Germ Cell Neoplasms
		Sex Cord Stromal Neoplasms
16: Cervix and Vagina
	Normal Histology of Cervix
	The Approach to the Endocervical Curettage
	The Approach to the Biopsy
	Squamous Lesions
		Ancillary Tests
		Reactive Changes
		Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
	Miscellaneous Benign Entities
	Glandular Lesions
		Invasive Adenocarcinoma
	Vulvar Epithelium
		Papillary Lesions
		Inflammatory Skin Conditions
		Squamous Carcinoma of the Vulva
		For Further Study
17: Uterus
	Hyperplasia
	Dating the Endometrium
	Changes of Pregnancy
	Types of Metaplasia
	Endometrial Malignancies
	Myometrium
18: Placenta
	Approach to the Slides
	Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
19: Breast
	Normal Histology
	Approach to the Biopsy Specimen
	Fibrocystic Changes
	Intraductal Papilloma
	Ductal and Lobular Proliferative Lesions
	Papillary Nomenclature
	The Many Faces of Metaplastic Carcinoma
20: Bone Marrow
	Normal Histology
	Approach to the Biopsy Specimen
	Differential Diagnosis
		Marrow Cellularity
		Myelodysplastic Syndrome
		Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
		Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Disorders
		Acute Leukemia
		Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
		Lymphocytes
21: Lymph Node and Spleen
	Normal Histology of the Lymph Node
	Lymphoma, Conceptually
	Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
	Burkitt Lymphoma
	Follicular Lymphoma
	Other Mature B Cell Neoplasms
		Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
		Marginal Zone Lymphoma
		Mantle Cell Lymphoma
		Markers
	Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
	Hodgkin Lymphoma
	T Cell Lymphomas
	Non-neoplastic Entities
	Spleen
		Lymphomas Involving the Spleen
		Lymphomas Originating in the Spleen
		Leukemias of the Spleen
		Primary Neoplasms
		Non-neoplastic Processes
22: Lungs and Pleura
	Normal Histology
	A Brief Introduction to Non-neoplastic Lung
		Response to Injury in the Lung
		Interstitial Lung Disease
		Allergic Disease
		Diseases of Smokers
	Neoplastic Lung
		Precursor Lesions
		Carcinoma
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Other Lesions (An Incomplete Listing)
	Pleura
		Mesothelioma
23: Thymus and Mediastinum
	Normal Histology
	Neoplasms
	Cysts
	Other Tumors of the Mediastinum
24: Thyroid
	Follicular-Type Lesions
	Papillary Carcinoma
	Neuroendocrine Lesions
	Thymus-Like Lesions
	Cystic Non-neoplastic Lesions of the Neck
25: Salivary Gland
	Anatomy and Histology
	Neoplasms
		Pleomorphic Adenoma: Benign Mixed Tumor
		Warthin Tumor
		Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
		Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
		Acinic Cell Carcinoma
		Tumors Related to the Breast
		Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma
		Miscellaneous Malignant Neoplasms
26: Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
	Neuroendocrine Cells and Neoplasms
	Neuroendocrine Markers
	Neuroendocrine Morphology
		Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors (i.e., Lung Carcinoid)
		Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (i.e., Small Cell Carcinoma)
	A Note on Terminology
	Historic Terminology
	Cytokeratin Expression in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
	Grading of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
	Other Select Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
		Merkel Cell Carcinoma of Skin
		Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid
		Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
		Pheochromocytoma (Adrenal)/Paraganglioma (Extra-adrenal)
	Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Other Types of Carcinoma
27: Brain and Meninges
	General Principle I
	General Principle II
	General Principle III
	Astrocytoma
	Oligodendroglioma
	Meningioma
	Lesions of the Posterior Fossa (Infratentorial)
	Lesions of the Midline
	Lesions of the Ventricular/Periventricular Areas
		Ependymoma
		Other Tumors
	Embryonal Tumors
	Other Tumors
28: Skin
	Melanocytic Lesions
		Terminology
		Other Benign Nevi
		Dysplastic Nevi
		Melanoma
		Features of Malignancy
		Sign-Out Criteria
		Special Types of Melanoma
		Re-excision of Melanomas
		Special Stains
	Nonmelanocytic Lesions
		Sun Damage
		Other Hyperkeratotic but Non-neoplastic Lesions
		Adnexal Tumors
		Merkel Cell Carcinoma
		Cysts
		Dermal Tumors
	A Brief Introduction to Non-neoplastic Skin: Patterns of Inflammation and Injury
		Injury to the Epidermis
		Inflammation of the Dermis
		Inflammation of the Deep Subcutaneous Tissue (Panniculitis)
29: Soft Tissue
	High-Grade Sarcomas
	Tumors of Fat
	Fibrous Tumors and Myxoid Tumors
		Myxoid Tumors
	Smooth Muscle
	Skeletal Muscle
	Peripheral Nerve/Neuroectodermal
	Vascular Tumors
	Malignant Tumors of Unknown Differentiation
30: Bone
	Definitions
	Bone-Forming Tumors (Table 30.1)
	Cartilage-Forming Tumors (Table 30.2)
	Fibrous and Miscellaneous Tumors in Bone (Table 30.3)
	Joint Tumors (Table 30.4)
	Radiologic and Histologic Differential Diagnoses (Table 30.5)
31: A Primer on Immunostains
32: So You Want to Get a Job
	Starting Your Search
	Am I Marketable?
	Some Definitions
	Billing
	Contracts and Compensation
	Comparing Practices
	Reference
Erratum to: Lymph Node and Spleen
	Erratum to: Chapter 21 in: D.W. Molavi, The Practice of Surgical Pathology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59211-4_21
Appendix
Bibliography
Index