The Practice Of Crime Scene Investigation (Taylor & Francis Forensic Science Series)

tf2045_fm.pdf......Page 1
The Practice of Crime Scene Investigation......Page 3
INTERNATIONAL FORENSIC SCIENCE AND INVESTIGATION SERIES......Page 2
This book is dedicated to:......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 14
John Horswell,......Page 16
Craig Fowler,......Page 17
Chris Lennard,......Page 18
Glenn Porter,......Page 19
Dale Clegg,......Page 20
Kevin Lee,......Page 21
David Griffiths,......Page 22
Bruce Nelson,......Page 23
John White,......Page 24
John Kelleher,......Page 25
James F. Wallman,......Page 26
Paul Sheldon,......Page 27
Graeme J. Kinraid,......Page 28
Introduction......Page 29
1.1 The crime scene......Page 30
Table of Contents......Page 0
1.3 Forensic science......Page 32
1.4 Physical evidence......Page 33
1.5 Trace physical evidence......Page 34
1.7 Individuality......Page 35
1.9 Scientific approach to a crime scene investigation......Page 36
1.11 Assessment......Page 37
When?......Page 38
1.12 Examination......Page 39
1.13 Recording......Page 40
1.13.2 Notes......Page 42
1.13.3.2 Method of measuring crime scenes......Page 43
1.14.1 Quantity......Page 44
1.14.3 Reference material......Page 46
1.14.4 Collection case......Page 47
1.14.5.2 Removal of the whole object......Page 48
1.14.5.6 Vacuuming......Page 49
1.14.6.1 Loss......Page 52
1.15.1 Paper......Page 53
1.15.4 Labelling......Page 54
1.15.5 Chain of custody......Page 55
1.16 Collection guidelines for potential evidentiary material......Page 56
1.16.2.2 Bloodstains (wet)......Page 57
1.16.3 Burglary cases......Page 58
1.16.6.1 Exemplars......Page 59
1.16.6.3 Charred documents......Page 60
1.16.8 Fabric, threads and fibres......Page 61
1.16.10 Fingerprints......Page 62
1.16.11 Firearms evidence......Page 63
1.16.11.4 Firearms discharge residue......Page 64
1.16.12 Flammable fluids......Page 65
1.16.14 Glass......Page 66
1.16.15 Hair......Page 67
1.16.17 Hit-and-run cases......Page 68
1.16.21 Shoeprints and tyretracks......Page 69
1.16.22.1 Preservation and packaging of tools......Page 70
Victim......Page 71
1.18 Bibliography......Page 73
2.2 The crime scene......Page 74
2.3 Locard’s exchange principle......Page 75
2.4 Contact or transfer......Page 79
2.5.1 Primary material man......Page 80
2.6 Discussion......Page 81
2.7 Conclusion......Page 83
2.8 Bibliography......Page 84
3.1 Introduction......Page 85
3.2 Diploma of forensic investigation......Page 86
3.3 Degree level education and training......Page 89
3.4 Competency-based training and assessment......Page 90
3.5 Postgraduate forensic education and training......Page 91
3.7 Crime scene investigator training in the AFP......Page 92
3.9 Conclusion......Page 93
3.10 Bibliography......Page 94
4.1 Background......Page 95
4.3 Court testimony monitoring......Page 96
4.4.3 Examination of the crime scene......Page 97
4.6 Internal competency and proficiency test instrument......Page 99
4.8 Crime scene proficiency test......Page 106
4.9 Crime scene investigation......Page 107
4.10 Acknowledgements......Page 108
4.11 References......Page 109
5.2 Crime scene management......Page 110
5.4 Approaches to crime scene investigation......Page 111
5.5 Scene security......Page 112
5.7 Examination records......Page 113
5.10 The ideal computerised system......Page 114
5.10.4 Corrective and preventative action......Page 115
5.10.10 Workload......Page 116
5.12 Forensic science laboratory information management system......Page 117
5.14 Programme features......Page 118
5.15.1.3 Court processing......Page 119
5.15.3 Administration......Page 120
5.19 Technical specifications......Page 121
5.21 Bibliography......Page 122
6.2.1 Introduction......Page 123
6.2.2 Absorption mode......Page 125
6.2.3 Diffused reflection mode......Page 127
6.2.4 Episcopic coaxial illumination......Page 128
6.2.5 Photoluminescence mode......Page 129
6.2.6 UV illumination techniques......Page 131
6.3 Forensic light sources......Page 133
6.4.1.1 Absorption mode......Page 136
6.4.1.4 UV illumination techniques......Page 137
6.4.2 Footwear impressions......Page 138
6.4.3 Fingerprint detection......Page 139
6.4.4.2 Blood......Page 142
6.4.5.1 Textile fibres......Page 144
6.4.5.3 Lubricants......Page 145
6.5 Conclusions......Page 147
6.7 Bibliography......Page 148
7.2 Background......Page 150
7.3 Crime scene photography......Page 151
7.4 Video recording of the scene......Page 157
7.5 Digital photography......Page 158
7.6.1 Graphic photographs of deceased persons......Page 160
7.6.4 Legal implications of photographic evidence......Page 162
7.8 Bibliography......Page 163
8.1 Introduction......Page 164
8.2 Using linear scales in photographs......Page 165
8.3 Distortion considerations......Page 168
8.4 Close-up and photomacrography......Page 171
8.5 Invisible radiation photography......Page 175
8.5.1 Ultraviolet photography......Page 177
8.5.3 Ultraviolet fluorescent photography......Page 178
8.5.4 Infrared photography......Page 181
8.5.5 Invisible radiation photography using digital cameras......Page 182
8.7 References......Page 183
9.1 Introduction......Page 185
9.3 The first fingerprint identification......Page 186
9.5.1 General considerations......Page 187
9.5.1.1 Arches......Page 188
9.5.2.1 The premises of fingerprint identification......Page 189
9.5.3 Establishing identity with ‘traditional’ characteristics......Page 190
9.6.1 Structure of friction ridge skin......Page 192
9.6.3 Edgeoscopy......Page 193
9.6.4 Additional palmar surface detail......Page 194
9.8.1 What is a fingerprint?......Page 196
9.8.2 Jane Doe murder......Page 197
9.8.3 Latent finger marks......Page 198
9.8.4 Duration of a latent finger mark......Page 199
9.11 Forensic light sources......Page 200
9.12 Implications of a fingerprint identification......Page 201
9.14 Conclusion......Page 202
9.15 Bibliography......Page 203
10.1 Introduction......Page 204
10.2 What happens when a firearm is discharged?......Page 205
10.4 What ballistics evidence could be located at a crime scene?......Page 207
10.5 The importance of the ballistics specialist at the scene......Page 208
10.6 Safety......Page 209
10.9 Crime scene interpretation......Page 210
10.10 Intelligence......Page 211
10.10.2 Things are not always as they first might appear......Page 212
10.11 Presentation of evidence......Page 213
10.12 Crime scene interpretation......Page 214
10.13 The ballistics specialist at the mortuary......Page 215
10.14 Bibliography......Page 216
11.1.2 Availability......Page 217
11.3 Investigation process......Page 218
11.4 Functions at a crime scene......Page 219
11.4.2 Basic process......Page 220
11.4.4 Other aspects......Page 221
11.5.2 Viral disease......Page 222
11.5.4 Precautions......Page 223
11.7.1 Arrival......Page 224
11.8.2 Bloodstains......Page 225
11.9.3 Detail......Page 226
11.9.5 Photography......Page 227
11.10.1 What......Page 228
11.10.4 Who......Page 229
11.11.2 Range......Page 230
11.11.4.1 Temperature......Page 231
11.11.4.3 Hypostasis......Page 232
11.12.1.1 Putrefaction......Page 233
11.12.1.4 Skeletonisation......Page 234
11.14 Aboriginal burials......Page 235
11.15 Entomology......Page 236
11.16 Blood spatter......Page 237
11.17.3 Methods......Page 244
11.19 Revisiting the scene......Page 245
11.20.1 Body position......Page 246
11.20.4 Suspicious......Page 247
11.20.6 Suicide scenes......Page 248
11.20.9 Deaths in custody......Page 249
11.20.11 Children......Page 250
11.21 Scene types......Page 251
11.21.2.2 Axe......Page 252
11.21.4.2 Sexual......Page 253
11.21.5 Drug related......Page 254
11.21.6.2 In vehicle......Page 255
11.21.8.2 Road user status......Page 256
11.21.9 Air crashes......Page 257
11.21.11.2 Bathroom......Page 258
11.21.12.2 Other......Page 259
11.23 Bibliography......Page 260
12.1 Background......Page 263
12.2.1 Identification of the unknown body......Page 264
12.2.3 Bite mark analysis......Page 265
12.3 How can dentistry assist at a crime scene?......Page 266
12.4 Dental requirements at a crime scene......Page 267
12.6 Identification of individuals......Page 272
12.7 The dental post-mortem......Page 273
12.8 Obtaining ante-mortem records......Page 275
12.9 Bite marks......Page 276
12.11 The role of the police......Page 277
12.12 Treatment of the bite mark area......Page 279
12.13 What to do if you suspect a bite mark is present?......Page 280
12.14 Saliva sampling......Page 281
12.15 Photography of bite marks......Page 282
12.17 Bite mark analysis......Page 283
12.18 Areas where bite marks may be of particular use......Page 284
12.19 Use of bite marks in assessing the degree of force in an assault......Page 286
12.22 Bibliography......Page 287
13.2 Controlled delivery operations......Page 289
13.3 Substitution......Page 290
13.4.1.2 Soft sided suitcases/carry bags......Page 291
13.4.3 Body packs......Page 292
13.4.4 Internal concealments......Page 293
13.4.5 Parcel post......Page 294
13.5 Drug importations and the forensic examination of the primary crime scene......Page 295
13.6 Preliminary illicit drug identification......Page 297
13.6.2 Presumptive illicit drug identification tests......Page 298
13.7 Pre-analytical illicit drug identification......Page 299
13.8 Purity estimation by solubility testing......Page 300
13.9 Mass measurement (drug bulk and samples)......Page 301
13.11 Preparation of concealment for a controlled delivery operation......Page 302
13.11.2 Controlled delivery operation with substitution......Page 303
13.13 Role of the forensic drug laboratory......Page 304
13.15.1.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)......Page 305
13.15.1.4 Australian Illicit Drug Intelligence Programme (AIDIP)......Page 306
13.16 Conclusion......Page 307
13.17 Bibliography......Page 308
14.1 Introduction......Page 309
14.2 Variables associated with illicit drug production and scientific investigation......Page 310
14.3 Safety issues......Page 312
14.4 Safety education and training programmes......Page 313
14.5 Investigative aspects......Page 314
14.7 Acknowledgements......Page 316
14.8 Bibliography......Page 317
15.2 Scene security......Page 318
15.3 Health and safety issues......Page 319
15.5 Scene recording......Page 320
15.7 Scene examination: location of probable starting point......Page 321
15.8.1 Samples containing petroleum residues......Page 322
15.9 Packaging......Page 323
15.10 Other evidence......Page 324
15.11 Accidental fires......Page 325
15.13 Explosion investigation......Page 326
15.15 Explosion scene searching......Page 328
15.17 Search techniques......Page 329
15.19 Device reconstruction......Page 330
15.20 Bibliography......Page 331
16.1 Introduction......Page 332
16.2.2 Scene screening tests......Page 333
16.3 Exclusion or elimination samples......Page 334
16.5 The collection and examination of clothing......Page 335
16.7 Bibliography......Page 336
17.1 Introduction......Page 338
17.2.1 Vomit, stomach contents and faecal matter......Page 339
17.2.2 Wood......Page 346
17.2.4 Cannabis and other plants used as illicit drugs......Page 347
17.2.6 General plants, pieces, parts or fragments of plants......Page 352
17.3 Soils, pollen and forensic science......Page 356
17.4 Evidence and interpretation issues......Page 357
17.5 Summary and conclusion......Page 358
Case example 1......Page 359
Case example 2......Page 360
Case example 3......Page 361
Case example 4......Page 362
Case example 5......Page 364
17.7 Bibliography......Page 365
18.2.1 Insects and carrion......Page 368
18.2.2.1 Stage of faunal succession in corpses......Page 369
18.2.2.2 Age of blowflies in corpses......Page 370
18.2.4 Manner and cause of death......Page 371
18.6 The role of insects in other criminal investigations......Page 372
18.7.1 General procedures......Page 373
18.7.2 Additional procedures at the death scene......Page 374
18.7.2.1 Collection of specimens on the body......Page 375
18.7.3 Additional procedures at the time of autopsy......Page 376
18.9 Bibliography......Page 377
19.1 Background......Page 381
19.2 Pattern recognition......Page 382
Case study 3......Page 384
Case study 5......Page 385
Case study 6......Page 388
19.3 The comparative process......Page 389
19.4.1 Assessment......Page 390
19.4.5 Recording......Page 391
19.5 Shoemarks......Page 392
19.5.3 Recording......Page 393
19.5.4 Interpretation......Page 394
19.5.6 Enhancement......Page 395
19.6.3 Recording......Page 396
19.6.6 Examination......Page 397
19.7 Toolmarks......Page 398
19.7.3 Photographs......Page 399
19.7.6 Casting......Page 400
19.8 Physical matching......Page 401
19.8.2 Fracture fits......Page 402
19.9 Reporting the results of comparative examinations......Page 403
19.10 Conclusion......Page 404
19.11 Bibliography......Page 405
20.1 Background......Page 406
20.3 Audio enhancement......Page 407
20.4 Tape authentication......Page 409
20.6 Voice identification......Page 411
20.7 Acoustic analysis......Page 413
20.8 Image/video enhancement......Page 414
20.10 Acknowledgement......Page 415
20.11 Bibliography......Page 416
21.1 Setting the ‘scene’......Page 417
21.2 What impact will emerging technologies have?......Page 419
21.3 What type of people will we need and what implications will this have for training?......Page 420
21.4 How do we ensure or assure quality?......Page 422
21.6 Conclusion......Page 423
21.7 References......Page 424