The Practice of Consumer Exposure Assessment

Preface\nAcknowledgements\nContents\nEditors and Contributors\nAbbreviations\nList of Figures\nList of Tables\nChapter 1: General Introduction\n	1.1 Aims and Objectives of This Textbook\nChapter 2: Major Principles and Concepts of Risk Assessment\n	2.1 Introduction\n	2.2 Approaches for Risk Assessment\n		2.2.1 Hazard Identification\n			Type of Studies and Endpoints for Hazard Identification\n				Acute Toxicity Testing\n				Genotoxicity\n				Subacute/Subchronic Toxicity Testing/Chronic Toxicity Testing\n				Carcinogenicity Studies\n				Fertility Studies\n				Developmental Toxicity\n				Neurotoxicity\n				Developmental Neurotoxicity Study\n				Immunotoxicity\n				Use of the Results of Hazard Identification\n		2.2.2 Hazard Assessment\n			Derivation of a Reference Point or Point of Departure\n			Derivation of a Health-Based Guidance Value\n		2.2.3 Margin of Safety\n			Alternatives\n		2.2.4 Exposure Assessment\n		2.2.5 Risk Characterisation\n		2.2.6 Risk Management\n	2.3 Risk Communication\n	2.4 Impact of Exposure on Risk Management\n	2.5 The Precautionary Principle\n	2.6 Risk Assessment for Intermittent or Continuous Exposures\n		2.6.1 Introduction to Risk Assessment of Long-Term Exposure\n		2.6.2 Long-Term, Intermittent and Fluctuating Exposures\n		2.6.3 Time Extrapolation\n		2.6.4 Internal Exposure: Role of Toxicokinetics and Mode of Action\n		2.6.5 Matching Exposure and Limit Values in Risk Assessment\n	2.7 Epidemiology and Exposure\n		2.7.1 Principles and Application Examples of Epidemiologic Studies in the Context of Chemical Safety\n			Experimental Epidemiologic Studies\n			Observational Epidemiologic Studies\n			Cross-Sectional Studies\n			Cohort Studies\n			Case-Control Studies\n		2.7.2 Differences and Similarities Between the Epidemiologic Approach and Scenario Modelling\n			Causation: Goal of Inference Versus Model Requirement\n			Statistical Inference: Changing the Perspective May Be Fruitful\n		2.7.3 Epidemiology, Risk Assessment and Evidence\n			Reliability\n			Relevance\n			Consistency\n		2.7.4 Further Comparative Aspects that May Support Good Practices in Risk Assessment\n			Ecologic Fallacy\n			Survey Sampling and Analysis\n			Bias and Uncertainty\n	References\nChapter 3: General Aspects of Exposure Evaluation\n	3.1 Introduction\n	3.2 Exposure Scenario\n		3.2.1 Characterising Exposure Scenarios\n			Conservatism Versus Central Tendencies in Exposure Scenarios\n		3.2.2 Site/Place of Exposure\n		3.2.3 Activity Pattern Data: Human Activity and Behaviour\n		3.2.4 Duration and Frequency of Exposure\n		3.2.5 Sources of Exposure\n		3.2.6 Amount of Agent\n		3.2.7 Pathways and Routes of Exposure\n		3.2.8 Aggregated and Cumulated Exposure Scenarios\n		3.2.9 Background Exposure Levels\n		3.2.10 Iteration of Exposure Scenarios (Tiered Approach)\n			Iterated Exposure Scenario A\n			Iterated Exposure Scenario B\n		3.2.11 Short-Term Versus Long-Term Exposure\n		3.2.12 Human Populations\n		3.2.13 Documentation of Exposure Scenarios\n		3.2.14 Special Aspects of Exposure Scenario Characterisation\n	3.3 Exposure Models and Measurements\n		3.3.1 Definition of Exposure Model\n		3.3.2 Concepts of Modelling Exposure\n		3.3.3 Empirical Models\n			Principles of Empirical Models\n				Credibility and Applicability\n				Examples\n		3.3.4 Mechanistic Models\n			Principles of Mechanistic Models\n			Tiered Approaches to Exposure Modelling\n				Examples\n			Probabilistic Models\n		3.3.5 Life Cycle Impact Assessment Models\n		3.3.6 Model Selection Criteria\n		3.3.7 Exposure Measurements vs. Modelling, Is There a Contradiction?\n		3.3.8 Documentation of Exposure Models\n	3.4 Exposure Parameters\n		3.4.1 Exposure Factors\n			Populations\n			Age\n			Gender\n			Body Masses [Body Weight (BW), Body Height (BH), Body Surface (BS) and Body Mass Index (BMI)]\n			Physiologic Functions\n			Ethnical Background\n		3.4.2 Activity Pattern Data: Behavioural Data\n			Amounts Used\n			Exposure Frequency: Frequency of Use\n			Duration of Use: Exposure Duration\n			Duration of (External) Contact\n			House Dust Intake\n			Housing/Environmental Conditions\n			Place of Exposure\n			Size of the Place of Exposure\n				Ventilation (Air Exchange) Rate\n				Type of Room\n		3.4.3 Region of Exposure and Other Areas\n		3.4.4 Seasonal Influences on Exposure\n		3.4.5 Exposure Data\n			Consumer Products\n			Food\n			Other\n		3.4.6 Data from Human Biomonitoring Studies\n		3.4.7 Sources of Exposure Factors and Data\n		3.4.8 Statistical Characterisation of Exposure Parameters\n			Sample Size\n		3.4.9 Impact of Tiered Approach for Exposure Parameters, Shown by an Example for a Systematic Application of the Tiered Approa...\n	3.5 The Impact of Internal Exposure in Consumer Exposure Assessment\n		3.5.1 Basic Principles for the Assessment of the Internal Dose\n			Methods to Evaluate the Internal Dose of Substances\n		3.5.2 The Use of Human Biomonitoring Data for Exposure Assessment\n			Volume-Adjusted Extrapolation of Spot Urine Data to 24 h\n			Extrapolations of Daily Excretion Based on Urinary Excretion per Time\n			Creatinine\n			Substance-Specific Approaches\n		3.5.3 Balancing External Versus Internal Exposure\n			DEHP\n			PFOS/PFOA\n			Cadmium\n			Mercury\n	3.6 Results of Exposure Assessment\n		3.6.1 Presentation of Exposure Assessment Results\n			Central Tendency and Conservative Estimates\n	3.7 Ensuring Quality of Exposure Data\n		3.7.1 Appropriateness\n		3.7.2 Transparency\n		3.7.3 Accuracy\n		3.7.4 Integrity\n	3.8 Uncertainty Analysis\n		3.8.1 Introduction\n		3.8.2 The Scope of the Assessment and Translation to Exposure Terminology\n		3.8.3 Planning the Assessment Strategy\n		3.8.4 Taking Heterogeneity, Variability and Uncertainty into Account\n		3.8.5 Evaluation of the Confidence in the Knowledge Base and the Subjectivity of Choices\n		3.8.6 Identification of the Sources with High Contribution of Variability and Uncertainty to the Exposure Distribution\n		3.8.7 Exposure Models\n		3.8.8 Type of Distributions and Inherent Uncertainties\n			Evaluation of Combined Variation and Uncertainties: Identification of the Sources with High Contribution of Variability and Un...\n		3.8.9 Refining or Reducing the Model Complexity of the Exposure Assessment?\n		3.8.10 Summary\n	3.9 Exposure Calculation Strategies in Exposure Analysis\n		3.9.1 Role of Exposure Assessment\n		3.9.2 Tiered Approach\n		3.9.3 Modelling of Exposure\n		3.9.4 General-Purpose Modelling Software\n	References\nChapter 4: Exposure to Substances via Food Consumption\n	4.1 Scenario of Exposure via Food Consumption\n	4.2 Modelling Exposure via Food Consumption\n	4.3 Parameters for Estimation of Exposure via Food Consumption\n	4.4 Food Listing and Food Classification\n		4.4.1 Systematic Classification Systems\n			Eurocode 2\n			BLS (Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel)\n			ADV Catalogues System\n			LanguaL\n			FoodEx\n		4.4.2 Importance of Matching Food Entries at a Detailed Level\n		4.4.3 Impact of the Aggregation Level on the Exposure Estimate\n		4.4.4 Conclusions\n	4.5 Population Aspects in Food Risk Assessment\n		4.5.1 Calculating Dietary Exposure for ``at Risk´´ Consumer Groups\n		4.5.2 Vulnerable and Sensitive Populations\n		4.5.3 Rarely Consumed Foods\n		4.5.4 Special Considerations for Subpopulations\n		4.5.5 Local Consumption\n		4.5.6 Conclusions\n	4.6 Activity Pattern Data: Assessing Food Consumption\n		4.6.1 Dietary Recall\n			Computerized Tools and Programs\n		4.6.2 Dietary Food Records\n			Computerized Tools and Programs\n		4.6.3 Diet History\n			Computerized Tools and Programs\n		4.6.4 Food Frequency/Propensity Questionnaire\n			Computerized Tools and Programs\n		4.6.5 Which Dietary Assessment Methods Are Appropriate for National Food Consumption Surveys?\n			Comparison of Different Dietary Assessment Methods\n			Which Dietary Assessment Method Is Appropriate for Children?\n			Which Aids to Quantify Portion Sizes Exist?\n	4.7 Which Dietary Assessment Data Are Appropriate for Exposure Assessments?\n		4.7.1 Short-Term Exposures\n			Portion Size\n			Incidence of Food Consumption\n		4.7.2 Long-Term Exposures\n			Incidence of Exposure\n			Mean and High Consumption Over Long Periods of Time\n			Aggregation Level\n			Identification of Food Regularly Consumed in Small Populations\n			Sample Size\n		4.7.3 Toxicokinetic Properties of the Substance Under Evaluation\n		4.7.4 Needs for Food Consumption Data That Go Beyond Systematic Surveys\n			Small and Particular (Sub)populations\n			Consumption of Particular Food Containing Substances of Concern\n				Coumarin\n				Lead\n				Energy Drinks\n				Substances Formed During the Heating Process\n			Conclusion\n	4.8 Chemical Occurrence Data: Substances (Agents) in Food\n		4.8.1 Classification and Aggregation\n		4.8.2 Strategies for Evaluating Concentrations of Substances in Food\n		4.8.3 Food Monitoring Data\n		4.8.4 Total Diet Study Data\n		4.8.5 Uncertainties\n		4.8.6 Food Monitoring or Total Diet Study?\n	4.9 Censoring of Food Concentration Data\n		4.9.1 Testing Food and Environmental Samples for Residues and Contaminants\n			Left-Censored Data\n		4.9.2 What to Do About Left-Censored Data?\n			The Substitution Method\n		4.9.3 Advanced Statistical Methods\n			Comparing Left-Censored Imputation Methods\n			Conclusions\n	4.10 Modelling of Food Exposure and Computerized Tools for Food Exposure Assessment\n		4.10.1 Input Data\n		4.10.2 Lower Tier Models to Estimate Exposure via Food\n		4.10.3 Higher Tier Models to Estimate Exposure via Food\n			Long-Term Exposure\n			Short-Term Exposure\n			Variability and Uncertainty\n			Empirical Versus Parametric Modelling\n		4.10.4 Cumulative and Aggregate Dietary Exposure\n		4.10.5 Computerized Tools for Dietary Exposure Assessment\n			Crème\n			DEEM\n			FACET\n			MCRA\n	4.11 Modelling Usual Dietary Intake Using Repeated Short-Term Measurements\n		4.11.1 Measurement Error in Dietary Assessment\n		4.11.2 Statistical Methods to Estimate Usual Dietary Intake\n	4.12 Impact of Downstream Use for the Food Chain and Downstream Use for Consumer Exposure\n	4.13 Hazard Assessment and Derivation of Health-Based Guidance Values\n	4.14 Risk Characterisation in Food Risk Assessment\n	4.15 Food Regulations\n		4.15.1 Introduction\n		4.15.2 Risk vs. Benefit Evaluations Behind Food Safety Risk Management Option\n		4.15.3 From Risk Assessment to Risk Management: The Regulatory Levels in Food\n		4.15.4 From Risk Management to Risk Assessment\n		4.15.5 Towards an Improvement of the Regulatory Approach to Support Risk Assessment\n	4.16 Contaminants\n	4.17 Food Additives\n		4.17.1 Introduction\n		4.17.2 Legal Background\n		4.17.3 International Scientific Expert Committees Evaluating the Safety of the Use of Food Additives\n		4.17.4 Data Required for the Risk Assessment of Food Additives\n		4.17.5 Derivation of an Acceptable Daily Intake\n		4.17.6 Requirement for Data on Exposure Assessment\n		4.17.7 Approaches for the Exposure Assessment of Food Additives\n		4.17.8 Guidance Documents of International Expert Committees on the Estimation of Food Additive Intake\n			Recent Exposure Assessments for Food Additives\n		4.17.9 Challenges Related to the Exposure Estimation for Food Additives and the Monitoring of Food Additive Intake\n	4.18 Process Contaminants\n		4.18.1 Introduction\n		4.18.2 Acylamide\n		4.18.3 Furan\n		4.18.4 MCPD and Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters\n		4.18.5 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural\n		4.18.6 Acrolein\n		4.18.7 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)\n		4.18.8 Implications for Exposure Estimation of Process Contaminants\n	4.19 Natural Substances in Food\n		4.19.1 Introduction\n		4.19.2 Specifics in the Risk Assessment of Botanicals: Some Examples\n			Substance of Concern\n			Complex Mixture: Importance of the Definition of Identity and Specifications\n			Interactions, Matrix Effects, and Cumulative Approaches\n			Experiences and Data from Human Exposure via Herbal Medicinal Products\n			Low Intake in the Traditional Diet Versus High Intake with Food Supplements\n		4.19.3 Guidance for Safety Evaluation: An Approach by EFSA\n			The Data Set Needed\n			The Tiered Approach\n		4.19.4 Regulations and Legal Background\n			Global Framework\n			EU Legislation\n			Plant-Derived Food Additives\n			Botanicals and Botanical Preparations in Food Supplements\n			Botanical Contaminants\n		4.19.5 Future Perspectives\n	4.20 Nutrients\n		4.20.1 Exposure Assessment in the Framework of the Directive 2002/46/EC and the Regulation 1925/2006/EC\n		4.20.2 Exposure Assessment According to Legislations Related to Novel Foods or Food Ingredients, and to Genetically Modified F...\n	4.21 Pesticide Residues\n		4.21.1 Introduction\n		4.21.2 Residue Behaviour Assessment Principles for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Pesticides\n		4.21.3 Principles of Consumer Exposure Assessment for Pesticide Residues\n			Long-Term Dietary Exposure\n			Short-Term Dietary Exposure\n			Revision of the IESTI-Concept\n			Drinking Water and Aggregate Risk Assessments\n			Multiple Residues, Cumulative Risk Assessment, and Probabilistic Methods\n	4.22 Nanoparticles in Food\n		4.22.1 Naturally Occurring Particles of Biological Origin Versus Environmental Particles\n		4.22.2 Man-Made Particles\n		4.22.3 Dietary Exposure Assessment of Man-Made Nanoparticles\n		4.22.4 Different Scenarios for Human Exposure to Man-Made Nanoparticles\n		4.22.5 Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Particulate Food Additives\n	References\nChapter 5: Exposure to Substances by Use of Consumer Products\n	5.1 Introduction\n	5.2 Definition and Characteristics of Consumer Products\n		5.2.1 Systematic Classification of Consumer Products\n			Category Systems in Regulations\n			Global Developments for Product and Article Use Categories\n			Product Category Systems Used by Poison Centres\n			Product Classification in Exposure Assessment\n			National Product Categories for Monitoring\n			Conclusion\n		5.2.2 Activity Pattern Data: Use of Consumer Products\n	5.3 Exposure from Mixtures/Preparations\n		5.3.1 Exposure Scenario\n		5.3.2 Exposure Models\n			Inhalation Exposure\n			Dermal Exposure\n			Oral Exposure\n	5.4 Exposure from Articles\n		5.4.1 Characteristics and Definition of Articles\n			Dermal Exposure Assessment Approaches for Articles\n			Oral Exposure Assessment Approaches for Articles\n			Inhalation Exposure Assessment Approaches for Articles\n				Practical Example 1: Dermal Exposure to Permethrin in Impregnated Clothing\n				Practical Example 2: Inhalation Exposure to Nickel in Candles\n	5.5 Cosmetics Regulation\n		5.5.1 Definition of a Cosmetic Product\n		5.5.2 Exposure Scenarios\n			Dermal Route\n			Oral Route\n			Inhalation Route\n		5.5.3 Models and Parameters\n			Dermal Exposure\n			Oral Exposure\n			Inhalation\n			Practical Examples\n				Example 1: Exposure to 2-Nitro-p-Phenylenediamine in Hair Dye\n				Example 2: Exposure to Benzene in Nail Polish\n	5.6 Chemicals Regulation (REACH)\n		5.6.1 Basic Principles in the REACH Regulation\n			Regulatory Situation in the EU Before REACH\n			Authorities and Key Players\n				European Commission\n				European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)\n				Member States and National Authorities\n		5.6.2 Instruments of the REACH Regulation\n			Registration: No Data, No Market\n			Evaluation: Data Gaps and Risk Assessment\n			Authorisation: Driving Force for Substitution\n			Restriction: A Complex Task\n			Other Processes\n				RMOA\n		5.6.3 The REACH Exposure Scenario\n			Tiered Approach (CS-Reporting, Restriction, and Approval)\n				Short-Term and Long-Term Exposures\n		5.6.4 REACH Exposure Models\n		5.6.5 Exposure Parameters in the REACH Regulation\n			Anthropometrics\n			Product-Related Parameters\n			Building-Related Parameters\n			Activity Pattern Data (Consumers)\n			Parameters Characterising Contact\n	5.7 Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials\n		5.7.1 What Is ``Nano´´ About?\n		5.7.2 Where Is the Difference in Exposure Assessment?\n		5.7.3 Characterisation\n		5.7.4 Information on Uses\n		5.7.5 Release\n		5.7.6 Measurement\n		5.7.7 Activity Pattern Data: Data on Consumer Behaviour\n		5.7.8 Exposure Models and Tools\n		5.7.9 Tiered Approach\n		5.7.10 Conclusions\n	5.8 Exposure via the House Dust Path\n		5.8.1 Introduction\n		5.8.2 Definition of House Dust and Characterisation of Exposure via House Dust\n		5.8.3 Scenario Characterisation of House Dust Exposure\n		5.8.4 Modelling House Dust Exposure\n		5.8.5 Parameters for House Dust Exposure Assessment\n			Concentrations of Substances in House Dust\n			Recommendations and Assumptions of Oral House Dust Intake to Assess Exposure\n			Body Weight\n			Factors\n	5.9 Sprays, Aerosols\n		5.9.1 Introduction\n		5.9.2 Definitions and Boundary Parameters\n			Aerosol and Spray\n			Air Concentration, Distribution, and Deposition in the Respiratory Tract\n		5.9.3 Sources of Exposure\n			Spray Products on the Market\n			Special Characteristics of Spray Products\n			Exposed Population\n		5.9.4 Typical Exposure Scenarios and Calculations\n			Characterisation of the Spray Process\n				Characterisation of the Native Spray Droplet Distribution\n				Secondary Aerosol Mass Balance Method\n		5.9.5 Models and Tools for Exposure Calculations\n			Tier 1 Tools Used in a Regulatory Context\n			Mechanistic Models\n			Calculation Using SprayExpo\n				Short Introduction of SprayExpo\n				Calculation of the Given Scenario\n			Calculation Using the Spray Module in ConsExpo\n				Short Introduction of the Spray Module\n				Calculation of the Given Scenario\n	5.10 Dedicated Tools for Estimation of Exposure from Consumer Products\n		5.10.1 List of Dedicated Exposure Modelling Tools\n		5.10.2 CEM\n		5.10.3 Multi-Chamber Consumer Exposure Model\n		5.10.4 US-EPA Wall Paint Exposure Model WPEM\n		5.10.5 ADL Polymer Migration Estimation Model (AMEM)\n		5.10.6 ConsExpo\n			Inhalation\n			Dermal\n			Oral\n				Fact Sheets and Default Model Input\n			Tools for Uncertainty Analysis\n		5.10.7 ConsExpo Nano\n		5.10.8 SHEDS\n		5.10.9 Probabilistic Aggregate Exposure Assessment Model (PACEM)\n		5.10.10 ECETOC TRA Version 3.1\n		5.10.11 EGRET\n		5.10.12 Specific Consumer Exposure Determinants (SCEDS) as Refined Input for Exposure Modelling: Predominantly for ECETOC TRA\n		5.10.13 REACH Exposure Assessment Consumer Tool (REACT) from A.I.S.E.\n		5.10.14 Further Tools\n		5.10.15 Further Tools Specifically for Application in Consumer Exposure\n			BAMA/FEA Indoor Air Model\n			RIFM 2-Box Indoor Air Dispersion Model\n			CEPST\n	References\nChapter 6: Data Availability and Data Generation Concepts\n	6.1 Introduction\n	6.2 How to Use Existing Data and Improve These for Exposure Assessment\n	6.3 Food\n		6.3.1 Activity Pattern: Food Consumption Data\n			Special Approaches to Create Food Consumption Data for Exposure Assessment\n			Designing Food Consumption Studies on National and International Basis for Exposure Assessments\n		6.3.2 Database of Concentrations of Substances in Food\n			New Emerging Issues\n	6.4 Consumer Products\n		6.4.1 Time-Activity Data: Targeting the Use of Consumer Products\n		6.4.2 Substances In and Releases from Consumer Products\n		6.4.3 Challenges for the Future\n	6.5 Uncertainty Analysis\n	6.6 Harmonisation of Exposure Assessment Methodology\n		6.6.1 Terminology of Exposure Parameters in Different Regulations\n		6.6.2 Classification of Consumer Products\n	6.7 Exposure Scenarios and Models\n	6.8 Communication and Co-operation Among Exposure Assessors\n		6.8.1 Communication and Co-operation on National Levels\n	6.9 The Exposome\n	References\nChapter 7: Activities Encountered by European and Other International Authorities\n	7.1 EFSA\n		7.1.1 EFSA Databases and Data Collection\n			Chemical Occurrence Databases\n		7.1.2 EFSA´s Approaches to Dietary Exposure Assessment of Regulated Products and Contaminants\n			Food Additives\n			Flavourings\n			Smoke Flavourings\n			Food Enzymes\n			Food Contact Materials\n			Feed Additives\n			Genetically Modified (GMs) Foods\n			Novel Foods\n			Nutrients Sources Added to Food\n			Other Substances Added to Food (e.g. Botanicals)\n			Pesticides\n			Contaminants\n			Specific Examples\n	7.2 ECHA\n		7.2.1 Introduction\n		7.2.2 What Is New?\n		7.2.3 REACH Processes, Consumer Exposure Assessment, ECHA´s Role\n			Registration\n			Dissemination\n			Dossier Compliance Check\n			Substance Evaluation\n			Classification and Labelling\n			Determine Candidates for Authorisation\n			Inclusion of Substances into the Authorisation List\n			Restriction\n		7.2.4 Committees\n			Committee for Risk Assessment\n			Member State Committee\n			Committee for Socio-economic Analysis\n			The Forum\n	7.3 Activities of the European Commission: Joint Research Centre\n		7.3.1 The EIS-ChemRisks Toolbox\n			Concept\n			Architecture\n			Implementation\n		7.3.2 EXPO-Facts\n			Introduction\n			Components of the System\n			Issues in Interpreting European Exposure Determinants´ Values of the EXPO-Facts Database\n			Recommendations for Systematic Approach to the Interpretation of the EXPO-Facts Exposure Determinants´ Values\n			Conclusions\n	7.4 Activities by the WHO\n		7.4.1 Exposure Assessment Harmonisation in the Frame of the International Programme on Chemical Safety\n	7.5 Activities by OECD\n		7.5.1 OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD)\n		7.5.2 OECD Harmonised Templates (OHTs)\n		7.5.3 OECD Guidance Documents\n		7.5.4 OECD Surveys and Workshops\n	7.6 Anchoring Exposure Science in Europe\n		7.6.1 Introduction\n		7.6.2 The International Society of Exposure Science (ISES): Corporate\n		7.6.3 ISES Annual Meetings\n		7.6.4 The International Society of Exposure Science (ISES): Regional Chapters\n			North America\n			California Chapter\n			Asia\n		7.6.5 Europe\n			ISES-Europe´s Key Objectives\n		7.6.6 An Increasing Need for International Exposure Information\n		7.6.7 The Vision of Exposure Science in Europe\n	References\nAppendices\n	Appendix A: Web Resources\n	Appendix B: Example of the Documentation of Exposure Information as Extracted from the EIS-ChemRisks Toolbox\n	References\nIndex